^ ^ x^^ v^^ V y;*, r IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) z. ^^. 1.0 II 1.1 |50 ^^" ■■i itt Uii 12.2 !!f 144 ■" L£ 12.0 us lit IH' L25 fflU 116 sjtei ^;; V '/ Photographic Sciences CorporatiQn 23 WIST MAIN STRUT WIBSTM.N.Y. 14SM (716)»72-4503 ^^r .It {tircftt JtiH.io. l-;^,^ /iv HUSjUoiuii TTfv I'ntfntojftfHon. tf^M.lt^limt^ !■■ H • / ^ r ^ ' * lb .- \ , ', .';■"■ ■"'■■■' ■' % ■■■*(" * ■ ' \ .■ ' ■■,..<■•,, ( ' ■ ' ' * — i . 'j'* • •' ■ 77 '"■ • ' ff JI^^MMjU^<-mAtuimMih,^Jkiit4,i \ * I < • • t>RESENT SITUATION *F TBI United States of Amencai SOUTHERN StATES; J. HtS third, which is li^uch the largeft divifion of the Uniteii. States, comprehends MARYLAND, VIRGINIA, KENTUCKY, NORTH-CAROLINA, TERRltORY S. of the OHIO^ SOUTH-CAROLINA, and GEORGIA; This extenlive divifion is bounded on the north by Pennlylvania and the Ohio river ; on the weft by the Mifliflippi ; on the fouth by Eaft and Weft Florida.; and on the eaft by the Atlantic ocean and the Delaware State. It is interfe j)onc(red ali the fonuen of the ftrfoHt clr^mj^ thtm \ BUT ANY OTilBR FREEMEN, WHO U\M NOT AkVllNT TO THK ELECTION, MIGHT TAKE TH£IK (UATI IN PJIRION. Twclvc bur« geffcs or freemen, with the licutciiant«genernl niidl fccictory, con- Aitiitcd the Adembly or Lcgiiluturu. 'J'hiv Afleinbly int at St. Mary's. Slavery fccms to have gained nn early enabliniment in Mary- land, for au atSt of this Aflcmbly defcribcs <* the jieople" to conllft of all Chriftian inhabitants, " (laves only excepted." Tlie pcrfe- cuting laws which were paiTed by the Viiginiani, foon alter this period, againA the Puritans, made the latter emigrate in confiderabic numbers to Maryland, that they niiglit enjoy, under a Poplfli j^ro- prietary, that liberty of conlcience of which they were dcpnvmodelled, and, in order to promote the effe^lual fettlement of the plantation, licence was given to open lotteries in any part of England. The lotteries ^lone, which were the firfl ever granted in England, brought twenty- nine thoufand pounds into the company's treafury. At length, being confidered as a national evil, they attracted the notice of Par- liament, were prefented by the commons as a grievance, and in March, 1620, fufpended by an order of council. In April, 1613, Mr, John Rolf, a worthy young gentleman, y^M married to Pocahontas, the daughter of Powhatan, the famous In- dian chief. This conneftion, which was very agreeable both to the Englifli and Indians, was the foundation of a friendly and advan- tageous commerce between them. Three years afterwards Mr. Rolf, with his wife Pocahontas, vi- fited England, where flie was treated with that attention and refpeft which fhe had merited by her important fervices to the colony in Virginia. She died the year following at Gravefend, in the twenty- (ccond year of her age, juft as flie was about to embark for America. * See vol, 1. page 162 to iCj. She 6 GENERAL DESCRIPTION She had embraced the Chriftian religion, and in her life and deat^ evidenced the fincerity of her profeffion. She left a fon, who, having received his education in England, went over to Virginia, wiiere Jie lived and died in affluence and honour, leaving behind him an only daughter. ,H^'r delcendants are among the nio& refpe£lable families in Virginia. Tomocomo, a fenfible Indian, brother-in-law to Pocahontas, ac- companied her to England, and was directed by Powhatan to bring him an exaft account of the numbers and ftrength of the Englifh. For this purpofe, when he arrived at Plymouth, he took a long flick, intending to cut a notch in it for every perfon he fliould fee : this he foon found imprafticable, and threw away his ftick. On his re- tnrn, being aflced by Powhatan, how many peojjle there were, he is iiid to have replied, " Count the ftars in the iky, the leaves on the trees, and the fands on the fea fliore ; for fuch is the number of the people of England." In 1612-13, ^'f Thomas Gates was difpatched with fix large ihips, carrying three hundred colonics, one hundred cattle and ufe« ful ftipplics. He arrived in Auguft, and parties were fent out from Jamea-rown to form diftant fettlemeii'ts. He returned the beginning of i6i4,andthe adminiftration devolved once more on SirThomas Dale^ to whom the Virginians owe the introduftion of landed property. Jn 161 5, fifty acres of land were granted to every emigrant and his heirs, and the fame quantity to every perfon imported by others. Dale failed for England in the beginning of 1616, giving up the truft to Sir George Yeardley, as deputy-governor, and in this year the cultivation of tobacco was introduced. Mr. Argal, a new de- puty-governor, was fent out, who arrived in May, 1617. He pub- liflied a variety of edifts, and was guilty of thofe wrongs' and op- preffions,- that the treafurer and council appointed Yeardley captain- general, and empowered him to examine into and redrefs grievances. Sir George arrived in April, 1619, with fevcral inftruftions favour- able to freedom, and foon declared his intention of calling a Gene- ral AflTembly, which gave the grcateft joy to men who had been hi- ■ therto fubjef^ed to the arbitrary orders of their prince, to the inte- refted ordinances of an Englifli corporation, or to the edi£ls of a haughty governor, and who enj«yed none of thofe liberties which Engliflimen claim as their birthright. In June, Yeardley, puri'uant to his inftruAions from the company, jflued writs for the election of delegates, called burgefles. The colony or TH£ SOUTHERN ITATBf. ^ «oIony had been divided into fevcn biindrsdl §f diftifiS Aittl«fMnt«» which reemed to enjoy fome of the pr{vil^g«i ef ber^yghji } itid from this circumftance the democratic brRneb of ths Aflkmbly hai been called to this day, the Houfe of ^mg§^§, tb§»f b €«t»|M)fcd uU moft entirely of the r^prefentatives of coURtiCi* Thi Affemhlyg formed of the governor and council of ftate^ wbd WSff i])|)d)nt«d by the treafurer and company, and of the bUfgifl'fi §b«flfl by the people, met together in one apartment, md tranf^d ifl'ttbs Ilka the parliament of Scotland of old, which mod« €§miRttgd till after the reftoration of Charles II. Thuc Qomemdf MRd thus €6mpof«d» the legiilature *< debated all matters thought iXpedifflt kt tb«^ood of the whole.*' The Jaws were tranfmitted t§ iRflafld f§t the flp« probation of the treafurer and company, w}fh©Ht whefg coflflfina- tion they were of no validity. The introdH^i©fl ef m AffgHibly wai Attended with the happiefl effeds. The emigfante^ f§f (b« Hfft tlme^ refolved to fettle themfelves, and to p«rp6tUftte tbi pUfltAtidtl< Tho AlTembly thanked the company for their hvmf, m4 bigg€d them «< to reduce into a compendious form, with bi§ Majifty'd ippfoba- tion, the laws of England proper for Virginia, with fuJtflble addi- tions ;" giving as a reafon, *' that it wa§ not fit that bi§ fubje£ii ihould be governed by any other rules i\)m fu€b 81 re^eivid their influence from him." This year the treafursr and @6yf1§il iegeived a letter from government, " commanding th§m t© fefld 8 hilfldfed dif- folute perfons (convi£ts) to Virginia," Tb§y Wife a^gdl-ditigl/ tranfported, " and were, at that period, very aeggptftbls fd the colo- nifts." The fubfequent year, i6ao, muft, Oft a€€§Uflt ef thsD SOUTH-CAROLINA. We give the hiftory of the icrtlcment of thcfe States together, a* for a very conlider.ihle periol tlu-y formed but one colony. A few adventurers emigrated from the IMafllichnfetts, and fettled round Cape Fear, about tlu- lime of the reltoration. They confidered mere occupancy, with a transfer from the natives, without any grant from the king, as a good title to the lands which they poflelTed. They deemed themfelves entitled to the fame " civil privileges" as thofe of the country whence they had emigrated. For years tliey experi- enced the complicated miftries cf want. They foUcited the aid of their countrymen; and the general court, with an attention and humanity which did it the greatcft honour, ordered an extenfive con- tribution for their relief. But the final fettlement of the province was effected equally through the rapacity of the courtiers of Charles II. ^afl his own facility in rewarding thofe, to whom be was greatly in- 3 debtcd OF THE SOUTHERN STAtfeS. 1^ ^bted, with a liberality that coft him little. The pretence, which had been ufed on former occafions, of a pious zeal fur the propaga* tion of the ^ofpel among the Indians, was fucccfifully employed to procure a grant of the immenfe region lying between the 36* of north latitude, and the river St. Matheo under the 31", March S4| 1663, this territory was erefted into a province by the name of Ca* roiina, and conferred on Lord Clarendon, the Duke of Albcmnrle^ Lord Craven, Lord Brrk'ey, Lord Alhley, Sir George Carteret^ Sir John Colleton, and Sir William Berkley, as abfolute lords pro* prietaries for ever, faving the fovereign allegiance due to the crown* The charter feems to have been copied from that of Maryland, fo ex* tenfive in its powers, and fo noble in its privileges. The noblemen held their firft meeting in May ; and, at the defire of the New- England people above-mentioned, publifhed propofaU to all that would plant in Carolina. They declared, that all perfoni fettling on Charles river, to the fouthward of Cape Fear, (Iiould have power to fortify its banks, taking the oath of allegiance to the king, and fub' mitting to the government of the proprietaries— that the emigrants might prefent to them thirteen peribns, in order that they might opi point a governor and council of fix for three years— that an afliemblyy compofed of the governor, the council, and delegates of the I'reemenj fliould be called as foon as circuni (lances would allow, with power to make laws, not contrary to thofc of England, nor of ahy validity after the publication of the diflent of the proprietaries— that every ono (hould enjoy the moft perfeA freedom in religion— that during five years, every freeman fhoiild be allowed one hundred acres of landy and fifty for every fervant, paying only an half-penny an acre— >and that the fame freedom from cuftoms, which had been confirmed by ;he royal charter, fhould be allowed to every one. The proprietaries appointed Sir William Berkley, then Governor of Virginia, general fuperintendent of ths affairs of the county of Al- bemarle, within the boundaries of which, a fmall plantation, oftho New-En glanders probably, had been eflabliflicd for fome years, on the north-eal^ern fliores of the rive: Chowan. Sir William Berkley repaired to the county, confirmed and granted lands on the cono ditions before mentioned, appointed Mr. Drummond, the firll go* vernor, and likewife other officers, and then returned to Virginia. The aflTembly being difTatisfied with the tenures by which thet held their lands, petitioned the proprietaries, that the people of Albe« Vol. III. D itMMrl* l8> GENERAL. DESCRIPTION y marie might bold tbeir polTeflloni on the fame terms on which th«, Virginians enjoyed theirif which was granted. % •. t. , T In!i66jt the proprietariei iippointed John Yeamans, a refpedable planter of fiarbadoei, commander in chief of Clarendon county, ftretching from Cape Fear to the river St. Mathco, and he was at the f^me time created a baronet. To fecure its profperity, the fame powers were 'conferred, and the fame conftitution eftabliflied, as thofie which had made Albemarle happy. A fettlement W4S alfo projected to the fouthward of Cape Ro- main, which acquired the name of Carteret. Thus a variety of feparate and independent colonies, each of which had its own govern- ment, its own afl'embly, iu own cuiloms and laws, were eftablithed in Carolina. In June the proprietaries obtained a fecond charter, which recited and confirmed the former. They were enabled to make laws for the province, with the confcnt of the freemen or their delegates ; and likewife to grant titles of honour by the creation of a nobility. No one prerogative of the crown was referred, except the fovereign do- minion. Samuel Stephens, Efq. was appointed governor of Albemarle in OAober 1667, and was commanded to a6t agreeable to the advice of a council of twelve, the one half of which he was to appoint, the other was to be choiien by the aflembly. The AfTembly was to be compofed of the governor, the council, and twelve delegates chofen annually by the frcchuldcrx. Various regulations provided for the fecurity of property } and no taxes were to be impofed without the confent of the Aflembty. The proprietaries might mean no niore, than that neither they, nor the governor and council, ihould impofe taxes without the confent of the Aifcmbly ; but the mode of expreiHon tended to confirm the people at large iu the opinion of their being exempted from all taxes wltkh had not the confent of their own Af- fembly. The fettlers had their lands confirmed, and granted to be now held by the free tenure of foccnge, exprelGng a certain rent and inde> pendence. All men are declared entitled to equal privileges, on taking the oath of allegiance to the king, and of fidelity to the pro. prietaries. It was not tin 1669 that an Afl'embly conflituted as above men- tioned was convened j when it was enaded, " none fliould be fued during five years for any caufe of action arifmg out of the country^ md none fliall accept a power of attorney, to receive the debt* contracted i >s on which the, IS, a refpedable rendon county, id he was at the perity, the faine ibliilied, as thofe d of Cape Ro- lus a variety of I its own govern- wcre eftabliihed r, which recited lake laws for the : delegates ; and a nobility. No ;he fovereign do- of Albemarle in ; to the advice of to appoint, the bmbly was to be delegates chofen provided for the ofed without the t mean no more, I, fliould impofe lode of exprefHon on of their being af their own Af- rranted to be now lin rent and inde« al privileges, on delity to the pro- [ as above men- i fliould be fued It of the country* receive the debt* contracted Ot THE SOUTHERN STATES. 'I9 contrafted abroad." Hence this colony was long confidered as the refuge of the criminal, and the afylum of the fugitive debtor. The proprietaries at length, diflatisfied with every fyftem which they had hitherto devifed for the government of their province, figned in July a body of fundamental conftitutions compiled by the celebrated Locke, giving as a reafon, « That we may eftablifh a government agreeable to the monarchy of which Carolina is a part, and may avoid making too numerous a democracy." By this edift a palatine was to be chofen from among the pro- prietaries for life ; who was to aft as prefident of the palatine court, conipofed of the whole, which was intnifted with the execution of the powers of the charter. A body of hereditary nobility was created, and denominated landgraves and caciques ; the former were to be invefted with four baronies, each confiding of twelve thoufand acres, the latter to have two, containing one half of that quantity ; and thefe eftates were to defcend with the dignities infeparable. There were to be as many landgraves as counties, and twice as many caciques, but no more. Two fifths of the counties, ftyled fig- niories and baronies, were to be poflefled by the nobility; the other three fifths, called the colonies, were to be left among the people. The provincial legiflature, dignified with the name of Parliament, was to be biennial, and to confift of the proprietaries or landgraves, or the deputy of each, of the cacique nobility and of the repre- fentatives of the freeholders of every diftri£^, who were to meet in one apartment, and every member to enji\y Q'\ '■ petmy per acre annual rent, for ever, according to the uiligci ant": cuftoms of the province. Upon their arrival Governor Tynte granted them a tiaiTt of land in North-Carolina, fince called Albemjule and Bath prccini^s, where they fettled, and flattered thcmfclves with having found in the hideous wildernefs, a happy re- treat from the dcfobtions of a war which then raged in Europe. tablilliing; a4 GENERAL DESCRIPTION In the year 1712, a dangerous confpiracy was formed by the Coree mud Tufcorora tribes of Indians, to murder and expel this infant colony. The foundation for this confpiracy is not known ; pro- bably they were oft'ended at the incroachments upon their hunting ground. They managed their confpiracy with great cunning and profound fecrecy. They furroundcd their principal town with a bread work to fecure their families. Here the warriors convened to the number of twelve hundred. From this place of rendezvous they &nt out fmall parties, by different roads, who entered the fettlement under the maik of friendihip. At the change of the full moon all of them had agreed to begin their murderous operations the fame night. When the night came, they entered the houfes of the planters, de- manding provifions ; and pretending to be offended, fell to mur- dering men, wonneii, and ciiildren, without mercy or diftinftion One himdred and tliirty-feven fettlers, among whom were a Swifs baron, and almofiall the poor Palatines that had lately come into the country, were flaughtered the firft night. Such was the fecrecy and difpatch of the Indians in this expedition, that none knew what had befallen his neighbour until the barbarians had reached his own door. Some few, however, efcaped, and gave the alarm. The mi- litia affembled in arms, and kept watch day and night, until the news of the fad difafter had reached the province of South-Carolina. Governor Craven loft no time in fending a force to their relief. The Aflembly voted four thoufand pounds for the fervice of the war. A body of fix hundred miiitin, under the command of Colonel Barn- well, and three hundred and fixty-fix Indians of different tribes, with different commanders, marched with great expedition through a hideous wildernefs to their afliflance. In their firft encounter with the Indians they killed three hundred and took one hundred pri- foners. After this defeat, the Tufcororas retreated to their fortified town, which was fliortly after furrendered to Colonel Barnwell. In this expedition it was computed that near a thoufand Tufcororas were killed, wounded, and taken. The remainder of the tribe foon after abandoned their country, and joined the Five Nations, with whom they have ever fince remained. After this, the infant colony remained in peace, and continued to flourifli till about the year 1729, when feven of the proprietors, for a valuable confideration, vefted their property and jurifdidion in the crown, and the colony was di- vided into two feparate provinces, by the name o J North and South- Carolina, and their prefent limits eftabliflied by an order of 4 Georg© |comi ' •' leac V Uni SSr each by the Coree I this infant iowi» ; pro- heir hunting cunning and town with a convened to dczvous they he fettlement II moon all of le fame night. planters, de- fell to mur- 3r diftinftion . were a Swifs come into the he fecrecy and e knew what ached his own rm. The mi- ight, until the outh-CaroUna. ir relief. The f the war. A. Colonel Barn- ifFerent tribes, dition through encounter with J hundred pri- 0 their fortified 1 Barnwell. In and Tufcororas if the tribe foon Nations, with \e infant colony It the year 1729* deration, vefted colony was di- orth and South- )y an order of George OF THE SOUTHERN, STATES. CII5. George II. From this period to the revolution in 1776, the hiftorjr of North-Carolina is unpublilhed, and of courfe, in a great meal'ure, unknown, except to thofc who have had accefs to the records of the province. Some of the moft important events that have fince taken place, have, however, been already mentioned in the general hiftory of the United States. 1 : South-Carolina, from the period of its becoming a feparate co- lony, began to flourifli. It was prote^ed by a government, formed on the plan of the Englifli conftitutlon. Under the foftering care of the Mother Country, its growth was aftonifliingly rapid. Between the years 1763 and 1775, the number of inhabitants was more than, doubled. No one indulged a willi for a change in their political , conftitution, till the memorable ilairp aft pafled in 1765, From this period till 1775, as we have feen, various attempts were. made by Grcat-Britain to tax her colonies, without their confent; th^fe attempts were invariably oppofed. The Congrefs, who met at Philadelphia, unanimoufly approved the oppofition, and on the 19th of April war commenced* During the vigorous conteft for independence this State was a !:^reat fufferer. For three years it was the feat of war. It feels and Inments the lofs of many refpeftable citizens, who fell in the glorious ftruggle for the rights of man. Since the peace, it has been emerging from that melancholy confufion and poverty, in which it was gene- rally involved by the devaftations of a relentlefs enemy. The in- habitants are faft multiplying by emigrations fi"om other States ; the agricultural interefts of the State are reviving 5 commerce is flourilh- ing ; economy is becoming more fafliionable ; and fcience begins to fpread her falutary influences amongft the citizens. And under the operation of the prefent government, this State, from her natural* commercial and agricultural advantages, and the abilities of her I- leading charafters, promifes to become one of the richeft in the I Union.* TERRITORY S. OF THE OHid. The eaiiern parts of this diftrift were explored by Colonels Woodj tatton, Buchanan, Captain Charles Campbell and Dr. T. Walker, each of whom were concerned in large grants of lands from the go- * See Ramfay's Hiftory of the Revolution in South-Carolina, and the Hiftory of _^ C.irolina and Georgia, anonymous, fuppofed to be by Hcwctr. ^ Vol* III. E vernmcDi^ i6 6ENEftAL tt^ttlPTtdiX vcrnmeht, as early as between the years of 1740 and 1750. tft xj^t at the commencement of the French war, not more than fifty families had fettled here, who were either deftroyed or driven off by the Indians before the clofe of the following year. It remained unin« habited till 1765, when the fettlement of it re-commenced ; and, in 1773, fuch was the vaft acccflion of emigrants, that the country, as far weft as the long, ifland of Holftein, an extent of more than one hundred and twenty miles in length from eaft to weft, was well peopled. In 1774, a War broke out with the northern Indians over the Ohio, which ifliied in their fixing for peace, which was granted them on eafy terms. The year X776 was fignalifed by a formidable invafion of the Che- rokecs, contrived by the Britifli fuperintendant, Mr. Steuart. Their intention was to depopulate the country as far as the Kanhawa, be- caufe this brave people had reje(fled, with a noble firmnefs and in- dignation, the propofals of Henry Steuart and Alexander Camerfon for joining the Britifli ftandard, and were almoft unanimous in their refolution to fupport the meafures of Congrcfs. This invafion tei« Sninated in a total defeat of the Indians. In 1780, the Tories of the wcftern parts of North Carolina r, id Virginia, emboldened by the rcduftion of Charlefton by the Britifl), embodied in armed parties, and proceeded towards the lead mines on the Kanhawa, to take polTeirion of fome lead ftores at that place, but were defeated in their attempt by the vigilance of Colonel A. Campbell and Colonel Choclcctt. Various other naovenients took place in the courfe of this year, but the moft'intercfting and brilliant was the battle of King's moun- tain, which was fought and won by about nine hundred mountain- eers, as the veteran fons of this diftrift were called, commanded by the brave General William Campbell, againft a party of the Britifli under the command of Colonel Fergufon. Upwards of one thoufand one hundred of the enemy were either killed, wounded, or taken ; among the former was Colonel Fergufon, an officer of diftingniflied merit.* In aroufing the inhabitants, ilTuing orders, Golledling the forces, and in arranging and animating the men, at the place of rendezvous, previous to this fuccefsful expedition, muck * Soe Ramfay'sRevol. South Carolina, vol/ ii. page 18 r. ■•■.'i J^M was jf Kind's moun- OF THE SOUTHERN STATES. was done by the z&'mty and decifion of Colonel Arthur Campbell^ the fcnior ofHcer of the diftri£t, to whom much praife is due. Soon after this, to defeat a meditated iiivafion of tlic Cherokee Indians, which was difcovered by Nancy Ward, an Indian woman, called, from this drcumftance, the weltcrn Poca/jonta, Colonel A. Campbell, with feven hundred mountaineer*, well mounted, pene* trated far into the Cherokee country, introiluced the new and fuc- celiiful mode of fighting Indjans on hori'eback, accompliflied his d^- figns, and returned in January, 1781. In the celebrated battle at Guildford, March 15, 1781, the moun- taineers, under General W. Campbell, who on that day conunanded with great applaufe the left wing of the army, behaved with their ' ufual gallantry. This nearly clofcd the a£live part v^hicl) the moun* tain men took in the American war. In 1782, the legiflature of North>Carolina appohited commiffion- er.i to explore the weftern part of the State, by which it meant the lands included in Davidfon coimty, thofe between the fouth boun* dary of this county, and thofe between the rivers MiiTiflTippi and Tenneilee, and their orders were to report to the fu^ceeding legi^a- tyre, which part was beft for the payment of the bounty promifed to the officers and foldiers of the continental line of that State ; an4 they accordingly did explore the before-defcribcd ti a£l of country, and reported to the legiflature in the fpring of the year 1783. A few families had fettled in this country in the year 1^80, under the guid- ance of Colonel James Robertfun, on Cumberland river, and called the place Nafliville, in honour of Brigadier>generai Francis Nafli, who fell at German town in the year 1777 ; but their numbers were trivial until the year 1783, after the peace had taken place, and after an z£k had pafled, direfling the military or bounty warrants of the officers and foldiers to be located in this county. Thefe circum- flances induced u)any ofiiceru and ibldicrs to repair immediately thither, to fecure and fettle their lands ; and fuch as did not chuie to go, fold their warrants to citizens who did go : in confequence of this, many people from almoQ. every State in the Union became pUr- chafers of thefe military wsjnants, and are fince become rcfidents of this county ; and many valuable and opulent families have removed to it from the Natches. Colonel Robertlon, when he fettled at Nafliville, was upwards of two huudred miles diltant, to the weft- ward, from any other fettlement in his own State, and was equally (diiiant fron> the then fettled parts of Kentucky. Hence it will H i readily 38 GENERAL DESCRIPTIOK readily be fuppofed, that himfclf and party were in danger every hour of being cut oflf by the Indians^ againft whom his principal fe<« curity wn!i, that he was as far diftant from them as from the white people ; and (lender as this fecurity mny appear, his party never ful- tiincd from them any damage, but what was done by parties of hun- ters, who happened to find out his fettlement. Ill 1785, in conformity to the refolves of Congrcfs of April 13, 1784, the inhabitants of this diftridt eiTayed to form themfelves into a body politic, by the name of the " State of Frankland;" but, differing among themfelves as to the form of government, and about other matters, in the iifue of which fome blood was flied, and being oppofed by fome leading charafters in the eaftern parts, the fcheme was given np, and the inhabitants remained in general peaceable until 1 790, when Congrefs eftabliflied their prefent government. Since this period, fome lute incuiTions of the Indians excepted, the inha* bicants have been peaceable and profperous. GEORGIA. The fettlement of a colony between the rivers Savannah and Ala- tamaha was meditated in England in 1 73a, for the accommodation of poor people in Great-Britain and Ireland, and for the farther fe- curity of Carolina. Private compaffion and public fpirit confpired to promote the benevolent dcfign. Humane and opulent men fug- gefted a plan of tranfporting a number of indigent families to this part of America, free of expenfe. For this purpofe they applied to the King, George the Second, and obtained from him letters patent, bearing date June 9, 1 732, for legally carrying into execution what they had generoully piojeAed. They called the new province Georgia, in honour of the King., wl»o encouraged the plan. A corporation, confifting of twenty-one perfons, was conftituted by the name of the truftees for fettling and ellablifliing the colony of Georgia, which was feparated from Carolina by the river Savannah. The truflees having firft fet an example themfelves, by largely contri- buting to the fcheme, undertook alfo to folicit benefactions from others, and to apply the money towards clothing, arming, pur- chafing utenfils for cultivation, and tranfporting fuch poor people as fliould confent to go over and begin a fettlement. They did not confine their charitable views to the fubjei^s of Britain alone, but ^yiftiy opned a door for the indigent and oppreiTed Proteftants of pthev OF THE SOUTHERN STATES. 29 Other nation*. To prevent a mifapplitastwn of the money, it was feveral aa-*, icir country- the truftees a promifing s regulations' ed with the mong them- retcliednefs ; I by repeated uiflied under pie, they, in ;, and it was , his Majefty pernor of the royal govcru- \ the expenfc :fide3 private had been the were fcarcely ;e with it was lal exports of ng. Though ;s which were d before the it of induftry nfiuence over icld founded : miles from films of mo- tngland and eding proper in fupporting »ufe ihould be j^plied to tliQ ute, the affair his artlgnment itinuJo"' ^'^^' OF THE SOUTHERN STATES. 33 Whitcfield died at Newbury port, in New-England, September 30, i 770, in the fifty-fixth year of his age, and was buried under the Prelhytcriah church in that place'. Soon after his death, a charter was granted to his inftitution ia Georgia, and the Rev. Mr; Piercy was appointed prefident of the col- lege. Mr. Piercy accordingly went over to execute his office, but, unfortunately, on the 30th of May, 1775, the orphan houfe building caught fire, and was entirely confumed, except the two wings, which are ftill remaining. The American war foon after came on, and put every thing into confufion, and the funds have ever fince lain in an unproduftlve ftate. It is probable, that the college eftate may here- after be fo incorporated with the univeifity of Georgia, as to fubferve the original and pious purpofes of its founder. V%*^* From the time Georgia became a royal governmient, In 175*, till the peace of Paris, in 1763, (he ftruggled under many difficulties, ariling from the want of credit frdm friends, and the frequent mo- leftations of enemies. The good efFefts of the peace were fenfibly felt in the province of Georgia. Ffom this time it began to fiourifh, under the fatherly cdre of Governor Wright. During the late war Georgia was over-run by the Britifli troops, and the inhabitants were obliged to flee into the neighbouring States for fafety. The fuiTerings and iofles of its ci^'zens were as great, in proportion to their numbers and wealth, as in any of the States. Since the peace the progrefs of the population of this State has been rapid : its growth in improvement and population has, however, been checked by the hoftile irruptions of the Creek Indiaqs, which have been frequent, and very diftreffing to the frontier inhabitants.* Having thus briefly Iketched the hiflory of tlie fcttlement of the States comprehended in this divifiou, we now proceed to a more par- ticular defcription of them. * For a more minute hiftorical account of tills State, fee Hewitt's Hift(*ry of Sovjth- Carolina and Geoijia, Vol. hi. STATS ■,' ,r{i,'^r-V' r ■h,, „r \ 34 •)^ ^a!rr to' STATE OF MARYLAND. »"iii •" . ..a.. <..0 ii ' '■^ SITUATION, EXTENT, AND BOUNDARIES. '- X HIS State is (Ituated between 37° 56' and 39*^44' north latitude^ and 0° and 4° 30' weft longitude, from Philadelphia — its length is abont one hundred and thirty-four miles, and its breadth one hun- dred and ten. It is bounded on the north by the State of Pennfyl- vania ; on the call by the State of Delaware ; and on the fouth-eaft and fouth by the Atlantic ocean ; and a line drawn from the ocean over the peninliila (dividing it from Accomack county in Virginia) to the mouth of the Potomack river j thence up the Potomack to its iburce ; thence by a north line till it interfe£ts the fouthern boundary of Pennfylvania, in latitude 39° 43' 18" ; fo that it has Virginia on the fouth, fouth-weft and weft ; it contains about fourteen thoufand Iquarc miles, of which from one-fixth to one-fourth is water. AIR AND CLIMATE, cftr - The climate of this State is in general mild and agreeable, futted to agricultural protludlions, and a great variety of truit tr^s : the air in the interior of the country is falubrious, and favourable to the inhabitants, who, in the hilly parts, are as healthy as in any part of the Union ; but in the flat lands, in the neighbourhood of marfhes and ftagnant waters, as in the other Southern States, they are fub- jeft to iutermittents and other complaints common'to i'wampy fitua- tions. FACE OF THE COUNTRY, &c. Eaft of the blue ridge of mountains, which ftretches acrofs the weftern part of this Staie, the land, like that in all the Southern States, is generally level and free of Hone* ; and appears to have been 'f ' north latitudcj a — its length is readth one hun- tate of Pennfyl- m the fouth-eaft I from the ocean nty in Virginia) Potomack to its ithern boundary has Virginia on urteen thoufand is water. •A %. igreeable, fiiited fruit tr^es : the Tivourable to the as in any part of hood of marfhes es, they are fub- to i'wampy fitua- OF MARYLAND. ^$ been made much in the fame way ; of courfe the foil niuA be fiitil* lar, and the natural growth not remaikably dirterent, The ground is uniformly level and low in moft of i\]§ eoMOttes Ort the eaftern fliore, and conlequently covered in mimy plfttis with ftagnant water, except where it is interfered by nuinefetis eieeks* Here alfo are large tracts of marfli, whicii, during th§ dj*y, lottd thtf atmofphere with vapour, that again falls in dew m tl»€ eU^jg t*f ibt fummer and fall ieaibns. Cheiapeak bay dividt;; this State into the eaftern snd W^rtem AU vifions. This b;i\ , which is the Jargeft in the Uni|e4 StSfei, hw been already dcfcribed.* It aflbrds many good fi{h§ik§, fifjtl is J€« markable fur the excellence of its crabs, and ai(o (or ft pSftkiiht fpecies of wild duck, called canvas back. In a eqmmif^lftl vjeWj this bay is of immenle advantage to the State ; it rpt^elvfi i fiUfflbef of large rivers. From the eaftern fliore in Maryland, sffloHg fiihst fmaller ones, it receives the Pocomoke, Nantikoke, Chopfftfik, Chef* ter and Elk rivers ; from the north, the rapid SyfqiiehflHflfth j fltld from the weft, the Patapfco, Severn, Patiixent and P0{§(t!f'§k, half of which is in Maryland, and half in Virginia, EitcepI the StJfqtie* hannah and Potomack, thefe are fmall rivers, fmpko t JVif 1§ bot about thirty or forty yards wide at the ferry, juft bifofi il #il4pd«i into the bafon upon wliich Bahimore ftands ; its foncee is Ift Voflt county, in Pennfylvania ; its courfe is fouthwardly till It lea^bes lilk* ridge landing, about eight -ciks weftward of Bgllim^ll ( if thett turns eaftward, in a broad bay-like ftream, by BsUJBWPe, wbkih U leaves on the north, and palFes into the Chefapeak» The entrance into Baltimore harbour, about a nf)||§ bildW F^ll'i Point, is hardly piftol Ihot acrofs, and of courfe imy be esttly di« fended againfl: naval force. Severn is a fliort, inconfiderable river, pafling by AflflftpoUs* which it leaves to the fouth, emptying, by a brosd tnouUif int© thi Chefapeak. Patuxent is a larger river than the Patapfco ; it riffs In Ailfl-Anitl" del county, and runs fouth-eaftwardly, and then gaft lft{© ihe bfty» fifteen or twenty miles north of the mouth of the Pptofitftfek* ThefS are alio feveral fmall rivers, fuch as the Wigbcoeoiiile©, l/fifttrit Branch, Monocafy and Conegocheague, which empty iflW tbg fcJfti* mack from the Maryland fide. * Page 195, Vol, I. F & m\i 36 GENERAL DESCRIPTION M vl. • ur-j SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS. : The foil of the good land in Maryland is of fuch a nature ancl , ANNAPOLIS. Annapolis (city) is the capital of Maryland, and the wealthiefi: town of its fize in America : it is fituated at the mouth of Severn river, and was originally known by that name, which was changed for its prefcnt one in 1694, when it was made a port town, and the refidence of a collector and naval officer : it flands on a healthy fpot, thirty miles fouth of Baltimore, in north latitude 29° 25': it is a place of but little note in the commercial world. The houfcs, about two hundred and fixty in number, are generally large and elegant, indicative of great wealth ; the number of inhabitants does not ex- ceed two thoufand. The defign of thufe who planned the city was to have the whole in the form of a circle, with the ftreets like radii, beginning at the center where the State Houfe ftands, and thence diverging in every direflion. The principal part of the buildings are arranged agreeably to this awkward and (lupid plan. It has a State Houfe, which is an elegant building. . , , ; . BALTIMORE. Baltimore has had the mod rapid gi'owth of any town on the con- tinent, and is ^he fourth in fize and the fifth in trade in the United States.* It lies in latitude 39" ai', on the north fide of Patapfco river, around what is called the Bafon, in which the water, at com- mon tides, is about five or fix feet deep. Baltimore is divided into the town and Fell's point by a creek, over which are two bridges. At Fell's point the water is deep enough for fliips of burden ; but ''■ In point of fize, the towns in the United States may be ranked in this order — Phi!adil[ihia, New-York, Bollon, Baltimore, Chariefton, &c. In point of trade, New-York, Philadclplva, Bofton, Charkfton, Baltimore, &c. fmall OF MARYLAND, 39 fmall vcflels brrty go tip to the town. The fituation of the town is low, and was formerly unhealthy ; but the increafe of hoiifes, and, of courfe, of fmoke, the tendency of which is to deftroy or difpel damp and unwholefome vapours, and the improvements that have been made, particularly that of paving the ftreets, have rendered it tolerably healthy. The houfes were numbered in 1787, and found to be one thoufand nine hundred and fifty-five, about twelve hun* dred of which were in the town, and the reft at Fell's point ; the prefent number is about two thoufand three hundred. The number of warehoufes and ftores are from one hundred and eighty to two hundred, and of churches nine, which belong to German Calvinifls and Lutherans, Epifcopalians, Prefbyterians, Roman Catholics, Bap- tifts, Methodifts, Quakers and Nicolites, or New Quarters. The number of inhabitants in the town and precinfts, actording to the cenfus of 1790, was thirteen thoufand five hundred and three ; they have greatly increafed fince that time. Market-ftreet is the principal flreet in the town, and runs nearly eaft and weft a mile in length, parallel with the water : this is crofted by feveral other ftreets leading from the water, a number of which, particularly Calvert, South and Gay ftreets, are well built. North and eaft of the town the land rifes and affords a fine profpeft of the town and bay. Belvidcra, the feat of Colonel Howard, ex- hibits a fine landfcape — the town — the point — the fliipping, both in the bafon and at Fell's point — the bay, as far as the eye can reach— the rifing ground on the right and left of the harbour — a grove of trees on the declivity at the right — a ftream of water breaking over the rocks at the foot of the hill on the left— all confpire to complete the teauty and grandeur of the profpeft. . - ur, at com* GEORGE-TOWN. George town ftands on the bank of the Potomack river, about an hundred and fixty miles from its entrance into Chefapeak bay. The ground on which it ftands is very broken, being a clufter of little hills, which, though at prefent elevated confiderabiy above the fur- face of the river, were, probably, at fome former period overflowed, as at the depth of eight or ten feet below the furface marine ftielis ha\ e been found. Dr. Martin concludes an account of the climate and difcafes of this town in the following words : " Upon tiie whole, George-town and its vicinity may be confidercd as a healthy part of America ; and in any difputes about the pro- priety 4o bEKERAL DESCRIPTTON priety of the feat of the general government being fixed here, n fides a public gaol and a brick market-houfe: ;r HAGAks-TOWN. Hagars-town is but little inferior to Frederick-town, and is fituatedi in the beautiful and well-cultivated valley of Conegocheague, and carries on a confiderable trade with the weilern country. i F.LKTON. Elkton is (ituated near the head of Chefapeak bay, on a fmall ri* Ver which bears the name of the town. It enjoys great advantages from the carrying-trade between Baltimore and Philadelphia, and the tides ebb and flow up to the town: • • . - POPULATION. In 1782 the number of inhabitants in this State, including Hayes, was two hundred and fifty-four thoufand and fifty. According to the cenfus of 1 790 it was as follows ; MARY- Dt MAHYLyVND. /}> ifJiKiu,! MARYLAND .'. /).. . •F COUNTIES AND TOWNS. Is 1^ Mi u ^ Il4 I I SI ^ Harford County, . Baltimore do. . . BaltimoreTown and Precinfts ... Ann-Arundel County Frederick do. . . Allegany do. . , Wafl;ington do. . Montgomery do. . Prince George do. Calvert do. . . ^ Charles do. . . . St. Mary*9 do. . . Cecil do Kent do Queen Ann's do. Caroline do. . , Talbot do. . . . Somerfet do. . . Dorchefter do. Worcefter do. . . 2872 5184 3866 3«4a 7010 1068 3738 3284 2653 looi 2565 2100 2847 1876 2158 1812 1938 2185 2541 1985 5S9I5 2812 4668 2556 2850 7016 1283 3863 2746 2503 1 109 4399 »943 *377 »S47 1974 1727 1712 1908 2430 1916 5100 9101 5503 5672 12911 2188 6871 5649 4848 201 1 5160 4173 483' 33»S 4039 3489 3581 4»79 5039 37»S 775 604 3«3 804 2x3 12 64 »94 164 136 404 343 163 618 421 1076 268 528 178 34*7 5877 1255 10130 364* 258 1286 6030 11176 4305 10085 6985 3407 6674 2057 4777 7070 5337 3836 5 '339 101395 8043 14976 45434 »3S03 22598 30791 4809 1CR22 18003 »»344 8652 20613 »5';44 13625 12836 15461 9506 13084 15610 15875 11640 103036319728 By comparing thefe two accounts, the increafe Appears to be Cixty^ five thoufand fix hundred and feventy-eight in eight years^ or eight thoufand two hundred and fix per annum — reckoning, therefore, only on the fame proportion of increafb, the prefent number of inhabi* tants in this State cannot be lefs than three hundred and fifty thott> land. . • . REUGION AND CHARACTER. The Roman Catholics, who were the firft fettlers in Maryland,* are the moft numerous religious feft. Befides thefe, there are ?ro- teftant Epifcopalians, Englifh, Scotch, and Irifh Prefbyterians, Ger- man Calvinifts, German Lutherans, Friendtf Baptifti, Methodlftf, Vol. III. G ■ Mcnoniftt 44 OENBRAL DESCRIPTION McnonUls and Nicolites, or new Quakers, who all enjoy liberty of confcicnce. There nre many very refpcftable families in Baltimore who live genteelly, are holpitablc to Arangers, and maintain a friendly a:id iir.proving intercourfc with each other; but the bulk of the inhabi- tants, recently colltftcd from almoft all quarters f)f tlic world, bent on the purfuit of wealth, varying in their habits, their manners, and their religions, have yet their general charafter to lorm. The inhabitants, except in the populous towns, live on their plantations, often fevcral miles dirtant from each other. To .ni in- liabitant of the middle, and efpecially of the eaflern States, which arc thickly pt)pulated, they appear to live very retired unfocial lives. The effedts of this comparative folitnde are vifible in the counte- nances, as well as in the manners and drtfs of many of the country people. You obferve comparatively little of that chcerfnl fprightli- nefs of look and ad^ion, which is the invariable and genuine offspring of focial intercourfe ; nor do you find that attt ntion paid to drefs which is common, and which cutlom has rendered nccellary among people who art liable to receive company almoft every day : unac- cuftomed, in a great meafiire, to frequent and friendly vifits, they often fufFer too much negligence in their drefs. As the negroes per- form all their manual labour, their maftcrs are left to faunter away life in floth, and too often in ignorance. Thefe obfervations, however, muft, in juftice, be limited to the people in the country, and to thofc particularly whofe poverty or parfimony prevents their fpending a part of their time in populous towns, orotherwife min- gling with the world ; and with thcfe limitations, they will equally apply to all the fouthern States, The inhabitants of the populous towns, and thofe from the country who have intercourfe with them, are, in their manners and cuftoms, genteel and agreeable. That pride which grows on llavery, and is habitual to thofe who, from their infancy, are taught to believe and feel their fuperiority, is a vifible charaderiftic of the inhabitants of Maryland ; but with this chara^eriftic we muft not fail to conneft that of hofpitality to ftrangers, which is equally univerfal and obvious. Many of the wo- men poiTefs all the amiable, and many of the elegant accomplidi- rments of their fex. The inhabitants are maue up of various nations of many different religious fentiments j few general obfervations, therefore, of a cha- rafteriftical kind will apply : it may be faid, however, with great witil Em hoj iror qus groj Indl nore who live a tViendU and of the iiih;ibi- [\\c world, bent their niamicrs, 0 lorm live on their ler. To an in- n States, which 1 unfocial lives. e in the counte- y ot the country Lcrfiil fprightli- cnuine offspring )n paid to dreis necellary among very day : unac- :ndly vifits, they the negroes per- t to faunter away sfe obfervations, ; in the country, ny prevents their )rotherwife min- they will equally of the populous courfe with them, eeable. :ual to thofe who» 1 their fuperiority, iryland ; but with t of hofpitality to Many of the wo- egant accomplifli* of many different lerefore, of a cha- owever, with great tfuth, or MARYLAND. 43 truth, that they arc in general very frdcral, and friends to good go- vernment. They owe little money as a State, and arc willing and able to diibhargc their debts : their credit is very gciod; and although they have (o great a proportion of Haves, yet a number of influential perfons evinced their humanity and their dilpofuion to aboliflifocurfed and difreputable a tratKc, by forming themfelvjig into " a fociety for the abolition of negro flavery." Whatpleafure muft it afford thefc ex- alted charafters, as well as every other friend of humanity, to refleft, that what they undertook a> indivuhhils, has been at length fully ap- proved of, and completely accomplidied by the federal governmenr, who by an acft that will rcfleft honour upon it to the Jateft period of time, have fet bounds to the infamous dillindtion between men WHOSE ONLY REAL DIFFERENCE IS COLOUR, and who haVC I'c- cured, without injuftice or injury to any individual, at an early pe- riod, the entire abolition of flavery in name and practice. We join the general wifli of thofe whofe objek . : SEMINARIES OF LEARNING, &c. ,, ,. "';..' Wafliington academy, in Somerfet county, was inftitutcd by law in 1779 : it was founded, and is fupported, by voluntaryjfubfcriptions and private donations, and is authorized to receive gifts and legacies, and to hold two thoufand acres of land. A fupplement to the law, pafled in 1784, iacreafed the number of tiuftees fnnn elevea to fifteen. In 1782, a college was inftituted at Charleilon, in Kent county, and was honoured with the name of Washington College, after Prefident Wafliington. It is under the management of twenty-four vifitors or governors, with power to fupply vacancies and hold eftates, whofe yearly value fliall not exceed fix thoufand pounds cur- rent money. By a law ena^ed in 1787, a permanent fund was granted to this inftitutton of one thoufand two hundred and fifty ' pounds a year, currency, out of the monies arifing from marriage Ii« cenfes, fines, and forfeitures on the eaftern fliore, St. John's college was inftituted in 178$, to have alfo twcnty-fout truftees, with power to keep up the fucceiTion by fupplying vacan- cies, and to receive an annual income of nine thoufand pounds. A permanent fund is afiigned this college, of one thoufand fevet^ hundred and fifty pounds a year, out of the monies arifing from mar- riage licenfes, ordinary licenfes, fines and forfeitures, on the weftern ihore. This college is at Annapolis, where a building has been prepared for it. Very liberal fubfcriptions have been obtaine4 towards founding and carrying on thefe femtnaries. The two col- leges conftitute one univerfity, by the name of '* the Univerfity of ^Maryland," whereof the governor of the State for the time being is; chancellor, and the principal of one of them vice-chancellor, either by feniority or by eleAion, as may hereafter be provided for by rule pr by lavv. The chancellor is empowered to call a meeting of the OF MARYLAND, 45 truftees, or a reprefenjation pf fcvpn of pich^ and two oF the luein- bcrsofthe faculty of each, the principal being one, which meeting is ftilcd, " The Convocation pf the Univerfity of Maryland," who are to frame the laws, preferye uniformity of manners and literature in the colleges, confer the higher degrees, determine appeali, &c. The Roman Catholics have alfo erefted a college at George^ town, on the Potomack river, for the promotion of general literal ture. In 1785, theMethpdifts inflituted a coUegp at Abingdon, in Hai> ford county, by the name of Cokelbury college, after Thomai Coke, and Francis AQibuiy, bijhops of the Mcthodift Epifcopal Church. The college edifice is of brick, handfomeljy built, on a heal- thy fpot, enjoying 4 fine air, and a very extcnfive profpeftt The ftudcnts, who are to confiil of the fons of travelling preach" (crs, of annual fubfcribers, of the members of the Methodift fociety and orphans f are inftrudted in Eut;lifl), Latin, Greek, Logic^ llhetoric, Hiftory, Geography, Naturjil Philoi<-phy and Aftronomy \ and when the finances of the college will admit, they are to b(? tai|gh( the Hebrew, French, and German languages. The college was erefted and is fupported Y'holly by fubfcriptioi| and voluntary donations. The ftudents have regular hours for rifing, for prayers, for theff ineals, for ftudy, and tor recreation : they are all to be in bed pre* cifely at nine o'clock. Their recreations, (for they are to be ♦• in- dulged in nothing which the world calls play,**) are gardening, walk- ing, riding, and bathing, without doors ; and within doors, the car^ penters, joiners, cabinet-makers, or turner's bufinefs. Suitable pro- vifion is made for thefe feveral occupations, which are to be confi* dered, not as matters of drudgery and conftraint, but as pleafing and healthful recreations both for the body and mind. Another of theip rules, which, though new and finguhir, is favourable to the health and vigour of the body and mind, is, that the (Indents fltall not ileep on feather beds but on mattrefles, and each one by himfelf. Particular attention is paid to the morals and religion of the ftudents. Tiiere are a few other literary inftitutions, of inferior note, in dif- ferent parts of the State, and proviiion is made for free fchooli in moft of the counties ; though fome are entirely neglefted, and very few carried on with any fuccefs ; fo that a great proportion of the lower clafs of people are ignorant ; and there fire ttot a few who can- .-. '■ 'i . .. not 46 GENERAL DESCRIPTION not write their namci. But the revohition, among other happy ef-» k&s, has roufed the fpirit of educition, which is fall fpreading its Salutary influences over this and the other fouthern State*. ^ ,<..':rf^.,J. -, , .. . » ; ^:: . .'T CONSTITUTION. DECLARATION OV RiaHTB. V. .1 ffi t: The Parliament of Greai-Britain, by a declaratory aft, having af* fumed a right to make laws to bind the Colonies in all cafes what- foever, and in purfiiancc ot fuch claim endeavoured by force of arms to fubjtigate the United Colonies to an tinconditional fubmiffion to their will and power, and having at length eonftrained them to de- clare themfelves independ.^nt States, and to afltime government under the authority of the penpip ; therefore, we, the delegates of Mary- land, in free and full Convention iifTembled, taking into our moft fsrious conlideration the beft means of eftabliflung a good conftitution in this State, for the furc foundation and n*ore permanent fecurity thereof, declare, - I. That all government of right originates from the people, is founded in compadt' only, and inftituted folely for the good of tho whole. -..-:•• II. Thnt the people of thii State ought to have the fole and ^clufivc right of regulating the internal government and police thereof. III. That the inhabitants of Maryland are entitled to tlie common law of England, and the trial by jury according to the courfe of that law, and to the benefit of fuch of the Englifli ftatutes as exifted at the lime of their firft emigration, and which by experience nave been found applicable to their local and other circumftances, and of fuch others as have been fince made in England, or Great-Britain, and have been introduced, ufed, and pradtiled by the courts of law op cqiiity ; and alfo to all atU of Alfenjbly in force on the firft of June, Seventeen hundred and feventy.fotir, except fuch as may have fince expired, or have been, or may be altered by afts of Convention, or this Declaration of Rights | fubjedt neverthelefs to the revifion of, and amendment or repeal by the Ic^iflature of this State ; and the in- habitants of Maryland are alfo entitled to all property derived to them from or under the charter granted by hia Majefty Charles I. to CjKciUus Calvert, Barai of Baltimo;c. IV. Tlut OP MARYLAND. <5 4? IV. That all pcrfons invelled with the legif^live or executive powers of government are the truftecs of the public, and as fuch accountable for their conduA : wherefore, whenever the ends of government are perverred, and public liberty maniteftly endangered^ and all other means of redrefs arc ineffeftual, the pedple may, and of right ought to reform the old, or eftablilh a new government. The doctrine of non-refiftance againft arbitrary power and oppref- fion is abfurd, flavifli, and deftrudive of the good and happinefs of mankind. • V. That the right in the people to participate in the legiflature i« the bcft fecurity of liberty, and the foundation of all free government. For this purpofe, elections ought to be free and frequent, and every man having property in, a common intereft with, and attachment to the community, ought to have a right of fuffrage. VI. That the legiflative, executive and judicial powers of government ought to be for ever feparate and diftind from each other. '^'*-*v«- ^v,„:iiih ' nu'.-"- -s-^e-ro . ' i; .',,:,! VII. That no power of fufpet- s, or the execution of laws, iinlefs by, or derived from the le^^ ' i-ie, ought to be exercifed or allowed. VIII. That freedom of fpeech and debates, or proceedings in th« legiflature, ought not to be impeached in any other court of j udi- cature. IX. That a place for the meeting of the legiflature ought to be fixed, the moft convenient to the members thereof, and t» the depofitory of public records ; and the legiflature ought not to be convened or held at any other place, but from evident ne- ceflity. X. That for redrefs of grievances, and for amending, ftrength- ening and preferving the laws, the legiflature ought to be frequently convened. : . * * . XI. That every man hath a right to petition the legiflaturefor the redrefs of grievances, in a peaceable and orderly manner. » XII. That no aid, charge, tax, fee or fees, ought to be fet, rated, or levied, under any pretence, without confent of the legif- lature. XIII. That the levying taxes by the poll is grievous and opprefllve^ and ought to be aboliflied ; that paupers ought not to be afleffed for the fnjiport of government ; but every other perfon in the State ought to contribiKc his proportion of public taxes for the Aipport of go- rernment. 4^ <>Ei^BRAt bKsCRiPriott tenunent^ acicording td his actual worth in real or perfonat property within the State; yetfines^ duties, or taxes, may properly and juftlj be impofed or laid with a political View for the good government and iMnefit of the community. XIV. That fanguinary laws ought to be avoided, as far as is con« fifient with the fafety of the State } and no law to infli£t cruel and unufual pains and penalties ought to be made in any cafe, or at ainy time hereafter. XV. That retrofpeftive lawsj puniftiingfaftscomrtiitted before the •iciftence of fuch laws, and by them only declared criminal, are op- invffive, unjuft^ and incompatible with liberty, wherefore no m/^ ^So law ought to be made. :; ,.:,.. . XVI. That no law to attaint particular perfons of treafon or felony •ught to be made in any cafe, or at any time hereafter. XVII. That every freeman, for any injury done him in hisperfon or property, ought to have remedy by the courfe of the law of the land, and ought to have juflice and right, freely without fale, fully without any denial, and fpeedily without delay, according to the law Bf the land. .,J\ ^ .;„.... .1 :.,, .r. ,.i.-. .-. XVIII. That the trial of fatSts where theyarife, is one of the greateft lecurities of the lives, liberties, and edates of the people. XIX. That in all criminal profecutions, every man hath a right to lie informed of the acculation againfl him, to have a copy of the indictment or charge in due time, if required, to prepare for his ilefence, to be allowed council, to be confronted with the witnelTes ttgainft him, to have procefs for his witnefles, to examine the witnefles |br and apinfl him on oath, and to a fpeedy trial by an impartial jury, without whofe unanimous confent he ought not to be found guilty. XX. That no man ought to be compelled to give evidence againft lumfialf in a court of common law, or in any other court, but in fuch i^aies as have been ufualiy pradifed in this State, or may hereafter be dire£led by the legiflature. . . XXI. That no freeman ought to be taken or imprifoned, of 6ifleifed of his freehold, liberties or privileges, or outlawed, or exiled, or in any manner deftroyed, or deprived of his life, liberty, or property, but by the judgment of his peers, or by the law of the ■■'■'• v'^^": -.-•,■ ^'.. : - ■, • , ■: ., :-\-- . . .;i^-r :• , ■• ■' . ;...,. XXII. Thut '6V MARYLAND. 49 XXH. That cxceiEve bail ought not to b? required, nor ^xesffivi fines iropofed, nor cruel or uiiulual puttiflimentj mMkd by ti)« tourts of law. XXIII. That ail warrants without oath or affirmation, t§ (mmU fufpefted places, or to feize any perfon or property, are gflgV©U» and oppreifive ; and all general warrants to fearch fuiTp^ffted pisggj or to apprehend furpefted perfons, without naming or deferlbtflg the place or the peribn in fpecial, are illegal^ and ought 091 f© Ui granted. XXIV. That there ought to be no forfeiture of any part of th§ eftate of any perfon for any crime, except murder, or treafon sgalttft the State, and then only on convi£tion and attainder. XXV. That a well-regulated militia is the proper and mtm»\ df • fence of a free government. XXVI. That {landing armies are dangerous to liberty, mil bught not to be raifed or kept without confent of the IcgluatuFe, XXVII. That in all cafes and at all times the military oiigbl i§ b* tinder ftriiSt fubordinatiort to, and controulof the civil power, XXVIII. That no foldier ought to be quartered in any bowfe III ik,ue of peace, withotit the confent of the owner ; and In tlnfie ©f iff iff in fuch manner only as the legiflature (liall dire^. XXIX. That ho perfon, except regular foldiefs, marinffS, 8fld knarines in the fervice of this State, or militia, when in aiftual fefvl6f» iought in :ihy cafe to be fubjeft to, or puttifhable by martial IflW* XXX. That the independency and uprighttiefs of judges are §(r«»» tial to the impartial adminillration of juHice, aiid a gredt (§mf\iy to the rights and liberties of the people; wherefore the chmcs\U)( mtii judges bught to hold their cOmmilTions during good behavlmi^'j and the faid chancellor and judges flidll be removed for miA^eh^vioMfy on a conVi<5iion in a court of law, and may be removed by t()@ e§* Vernor, lipoii the addrefs of the General Aflembly, provided ttiftt two-thirds of all the members of each Houfe concur in fweh ftfj» drefs. That falaries liberal, but riot profufe, ought to be fecHced tg the chancellor and the judges during the continuance of their Qom* * miffiorts, iri fuch manner and at fuch titnes as the jegiflatufg ftiy Jf hereafter direft, upon cohfideration of the circumftances of this Stftf g ^ no chancellor or judge ought to hold any other oflicej civil or mlljfp j^ \ or receive fees or perquifites of any kind. * • XXXI. That a long continuance in the firft executive de- ments of power or truft is dangerous to liberty j a rotation, I Vol. III. H im^% so GENERAL DESCRIPTION fore, in thofe departments, is one of the beftlecurities of permanent freedom. XXXII. That no perfon ought to hold at the fame time more than one office of profit, nor ought any perfon in public truft to receive any prefent from any foreign prince or ftate, or from the United vState?, or any of them, without the approbation of this State. XXXIII. That as it is the duty of every man to worflrip God in ftich manner as he thinks moil acceptable to him, all perfons pro- felTiugthe Chriftian religion are equally entitled to proteftion in their religious liberty; wherefore no perfon ought by any law to be mo- Iclkd in his perfon or eftate, on account of his religious perfuaHon or profeflion, or for his religious practice, uulefs, under colour of religion, any man fliall difturb the good order, peace, or fafety .df the State, or fliall infringe the laws of morality, or injure other* in their natural, civil, or religious rights ; nor ought any perfoa to be compelled to frequent, or maintain, or contribute, unlefs oil contra(5t, to maintain any particular place of worfliip, oranyparti- cnhr miniftry : yet the legiflature may in their difcretion lay a ge- neral and equal tax for the fupport of the Chriftian religion j leaving To each individual the power of appointing the payment of the money collefted from him, to the fupport of any particular place of worfljip or miiiifter, or for the benefit of the poor of his own deno- mination, or the poor in general of any particular county ; but the churches, chapels, glebes, and all the property now belonging to the Church of Englar-d, oiight to remain to tlie Church of England for ever. /« nd all ads of Aflembly lately pafled for collefting monies for huikiing or repairln^^ particular churches or chapels of eafe, fliall con- tinue in force and be executed, unlefs the legiflature fliall by aft fu- pei fede or repeal the fame ; but no county court fliall aflefs any quantity of tobacco or fum of money hereafter, on the application o( any vcftry-men, or church-wardens ; and every incumbent of the Church of England who hath remained in his parifti, and performed his duty, fliall be entitled to receive the provifion and fuppirt eftab- liflied hy the a(fl, entitled, ** An zd for the fupport of the clergy of the Church of England in this province," till the November court of this prefent year, to be held for the county in which his parifli fliall lie, or partly lie, for fuch time as he hath remained in his parifli, and per" ibrmed his duty. XXXI V. That every gift, fale or devife of lands to any minifter, public teacher, or preacher of the gofpel, as fuch, or to any religious OF MARYLAND. 51 le£Vv order, or denomlnatieiii or to, or for the fupport, nfe, or. benefit o£^ or in truft for, any minifter, public teacher, or preacher of tli^ gofpel, HI Aich, or any religious fe6l, order, or denomination ; and every gift or fale of goodi or chattels to go in i'ucceffion, or to take place after the death of the feller or donor, or to or for fuch fupport, ufs or benefit I and alfo every d«vife of goods or chattels to, or for the fupport, ufe or benefit of any miniHer, public teacher, oc preacher of the trofpel, as fwch, or any religious fe^l, order or deno-» niination, without the leave of the legiflature, fliall be void ; except always any fale, gift, Icafc or devifeof any quantity of land not ex* cceding two acres, for a church, meeting, or other houfe of worfhip, and for a bnr)'ing grotind, which fliall be improved, enjoyed,, oi? ufed only for fuch purpofe, or fuch fale, gift, leafe, or dcvife, (ha!J be void. XXXV. That no other teft or qualification ought to be requiredon sdmiflion to any o^e of tniil or profit, thap fuch oath of fupport and fidelity to thishtate, and fuch oath of office as fliall.be direded by this Convention, or the legifluture of thi^ State, and a declaration of a belief in theChrifttan religion, ./.'..i,- < :wr iia > v, > : ,. . i •. . i' , /i VIII. That not lefs than a majority of delegates, with their Speaker, to be choi'en by them by ballot, conftitute an Houfe for the tranfaftion of any bufinefs, other than that of adjourning. IX. That the Houle of Delegates fliall judge of tlic ele£^ions and qualifications of del(?gatcs. X. That the Hoiilc of Delegates may originate all money bills, propofe bilh to the Senate, or receive thoii: offered by that body, and affent, diU'eiit, or propofe amendments; that they may in* quire, on the oath of vvitneflcs, into nil complaints, grievances, and ©tfcnces, as the grand inqueft of this State, and m:iy commit any pcrfon for any crime to the public gaol, there to remain till he be dil- charged by due courl'e of law. They may expel any member for a great mifdemcanor, but not a fecond time for tlw fame caufe. They rony examine and pafs all accounts of the State, relating either fo the colledlion or expenditure of the revenue, or appoint auditors ♦*> ftate oradjuft the fame. They may call for all public or official papers and records, and fend for perfons whom they may judge ryeccflary, in the courfe of their inquiries, concerning aflfairs relating to the public intereft ; and may direft all office bonds, which fhall be made payable to the btate, to be fued fof on any breach of duty, .-(• •' '' .' ■>:\^- ■ ,'j f'•^^^-/:.< ,.' -it .u\' XI. Tliat the Senate may be at full and perfeft liberty to exercifc their judgment in pafTmg laws, and that they may not be compelled by the Houfe of Delegates cither to rejeft a money bill which the emergency of affairs may require, or to afTent to feme other a£t of legiflation, in their confcience and judgment injurious to the public welfare, the Houfe of Delegates fltall not, on any occafion, or under any pretence annex to, or blend with a naoney bill, any matter, claufe, or thing, not immediately relating to, and neceflfary for the impofing, affeffing, levying, or applying the taxes or fuppHcs tu be raifed for the fupport of govemment, or the current expcnCe* of the State : and to prevent altercation about fuch bills, it is de- clared, that no bill impofing duties or cuftoms for the mere regula,- tion of commerce, or inflicting fines for the reformation of morals, or t% OF MARYLAND. 55 to enforce the execution of the laws, by vrhicii an incidental revenuo may arife, fliall be accounted a money bill ; but every bill aireifin;;, levying or applying taxes or fupplics for the fupport of government, or the current expenfes of the St.ite, or appropriiiting money in th« treafury, fliall be deemed a money bill. XII. That the Houfe of Delegates may pnnifh, by imprifonmcnr, any perfon who fliall be guilty of a contempt in tlicir view, by any tliforderly or riotous behaviour, or by threats to, or abuiie of their members, or by any obftrui^'on to their piocccdinj;8, Tbty njay alfo punifli, by imprifonment, any perfon who fliall be f^uiUy of a breach of privilege, by arrelling on civil proccfs, or by alliiulting any of their memBers during their fitting, or on their way to, or re- turn from the Houfe of Delegates ; or by any afl'ault of, or obftrnc- tion to their officers, in the execution of any order or proccfs ; or by aflhulting or obftru£ting any witnefs, or any other peribn, attend- ing on, or on their way to, or from the Houfe} or by rcfcuing any perfun cou-mittcd by the Houfe ; and the fcnate may exercife the fame power in fimilar cafes. *; ■»' •' ■ ' ' ■,, XIII. That the treafurcrs (one for the weftcrn and anotlter for the eaftern fliore) and the corumiflioners of the Loan Ofiice, may be appointed by the Houfe of Delegates during their plealure ; and in cafe of refufal, death, rtfigiiation, difcjualificntion, or removal out of the State, of any of thr. faid commilTioncrs or trcafurers, in the recefs of the General AfTembly, the governor, with the advice of the council, may appoint and commiflion a fit and proper perfon to fuch vacant office, and to hold the fame until the meeting of the next General AfTer.-' / XiV. That the fc.iate be chofen in the following manner :— All pcrfons, qualified as aforelaid to vote for county delegates, fliall, on the firft day of September, 1781, and on the lame day in every fi.th year for ever thereafter, eledt v/Wv^'tr, by a majority of votesy two perfons for their refpedive counties, qualified as aforelaid to be <-;!...f>ed county delegates, to he eleftors of the fcnate ; and the fiieriff of each county, or, in cafe of ficknefs, his deputy, (Itim- XT;oning two jurtices of the county, who arc required to attend for the pieforvation of the peace) fliall hold and be judge of the faid election, ;ind maki; return thereof as aforelaid. And all perfons qtjaiiiicd as afoicia:d to vote for delegates for the city of Aniiapolia and lialnmoic tow.i, fliali, on the faiiie firft Monday of September, z;Sj, and on th? fafiie Jay in every fifth year forever thereafter, ele6t. g6 fcENRRAL DESCRIPTION vivd voce, by a majority of votci, one perfoh for the faid city in4 town rcfpeftivcly, qualiHcil as aforefaid, to be elcftcd a delegate for the laid rity and town refpcitivtly ; the faid eleft ion to be held in the fame munticr as the cleiUion of delegate for the faid city and town; the right to e oft the l:ild eledor with rcfpctSt to Baltinior* town to cotuiuuc as lon^ a& tiie rij^ht to cle£l delegates for the faid town. ' • I' ' • • ■ ' ■ ■'■ XV. That the f.iid elcftors of the fertate meet at the city of Anna- polis, or Inch other place as Ovnll be appointed for convening the le- gillature, on the third Monday in September, ijhi, and on the fame day in every fifth year for evv.i- thereafter, and they, or any twenty- four of them ib met, fliuil proceed to eltiV, by ballot, cither out of their own body, or the people at lar^jc, fifteen fcnators, (ivine of whom to be refidents on the wcftern, and fix to be reiidents on the eaftern fliore) men of the moft wifdom, experience and virtirc, above twenty-tive years of age, refuleiits of the State above three whole, years next preceding the elcftion, and having real and perfonal pro- perty above the value of one thoufaiul pounds current money. XV'I. That the fenators fliall be balloted for at one and the fame time ; and out of the gentlemen refidents of the wcftern fliorc who iliall be propofed as lenators, the nine who fliall, on flriking the bal- lots, appear to have the greateft number in their favour, fliall be ac- cordingly declared and returned duly elected ; and out of the gen- tlemen refidents of the eartern fliore who fliall be propoled as fenators, the fix who fliall, on ftriking the ballots, appear to have the greateft number in their favour, fliall be accordingly declared and returned duly eleifted : and if two or more, on the fame fliore, fliall have an equal number of balkjts in their favour, by which the! choice fliall not be dettfrmined on the full ballot, then the eleftora fliall again b.iUot before they feparate, in which they fliall be con- fined to the perfons who, on the firll ballot, fliali have had an equal number; and they who fliall have the greateft number in their favour on the fecond ballot, fliall be accordingly declared and returned duly elected ; and if the whole number flionld not thus be made up, be- caufe of an equal number on the fecond ballot ftill being in favour of two or more perfons, then the elc£lion fliall be determined by lot between thofe vvho have equal numbers ; which proceedings of the tlcdlors ftijtll be certified under their hands, and returned to the' .chaucellur for the time being. XVU. That OF MARYLAND. , 57 XVII. That the clcOtors of ll-natorH fliall jiidjjc (f th^' qualifica- tioiu and cteiftioiis of mctiiUrs of their body, unci dii a contellcd uledioH flull pdiiiit to a I't-at, as an ticiflnr, Inch quuliHccl pcilun as (liall appe.ir to them to have thi; grcatcll number of legal votes ia his favour. W'^IU. That the e!e(5tnrs immediately on their meeting, and be- fore th' y proceed to the eledion of I'tnaturs, tjlce fiich oath of fup- port and tidchty to this State, as this Convention or the legiflatiire iliall diit(fl ; and alio an oath, " to ckcl, without favoiu', affedtion, partiality or prejudice, fu(h j-erfons for fcnators as they, in their judgment and cnnfcicnce, believe bell qualified for the ortice." XIX. 'I'lut in cafe of refufal, death, rcfignation, difqualification, or removal out of this State, of any fcnator, or on his [jecoming governor, or a member of the council, the fenate fliall immediately thereupon, or at their next meeting thereafter, cle£t by ballot, in the fame matmer as the cletStors arc above diietfted to thufe fcnators, another pcriljii in his place for the rcfidue of the faid term of five years. XX. That not Lfs tlian a majority of the fenate, with their prcfi- dent (to be chol'.n by them by ballot) fliall conftitute an Houfe for the tranfaifling any bufinefs, other than that of adjourning, XXI. That the fenate fliall jud^e of the cleft ions and qualifica- tions of fenators. , , _ , , . . .,jL -■ = . . XXII. That the fenate may originate any other except money bills, to which their aireiU or dilfent only fliall be given ; and may receive any other bills from the Houfe of Delegates, and aflent, dif- fent or propofc amendments. XXI J I. That the General Aflx;mb!y meet annually, on the firft Monday of November, and if neccflary oftencr. ^ XXIV. That each Houfe fliall appoint its own officers, and fettle its own rules of proceeding. , ... XXV. That a peifon of wifdom, experience and virtue, fliall be chofen governor, on the fecond Monday of November, feventeen hundred and fevcnry-feven, and on the fecond Monday in every year for ever thereaikr, by the joint ballot of both Houl'.-i, to be taken in each Houfe refpeif^ively, depofited in a conference- room ; the boxes to be examined by a joint committee of both Houfes, and the numbers feverally reported, that the appointment may be entered ; which mode of taking the joint ballot of both Houfes fliall l*e adopted in all cafes. But if two or more ftiall have an equal Vol. Ill, 1 num. 58 OEI^ERAL DESCRIt»tION number of ballots in their favour, b/ which the choice fliall not hi {determined on the firA ballot, then a fecond ballot (hall be taken, which Ihall be confined to the perfons who on the firfl ballot fliall have had an equal number ; and if the ballots fliould again be equal between two or more perfons, then the eleftion of the gover- nor Ihall be determined by lot, between thofe who have equal num- bers ; and if the perfon chofeh governor fliall die, refign, remove out of the State, or refufe to aft (fitting the General Aflembly) the Senate and Houfe of Delegates fliall immediately thereupon proceed to a new choice in manner aforefaid. -\ XXVI. That the fenators and delegates, on the fecond Tuefday of November, one thoudmd feven hundred and feventy-leven, and annually on the fecond Tuefday of November for ever thereafter, eleft by joint ballot, in the fame manner as fenators are dire(5led to be chofen, five of the moft fenfible, difcreet and experienced men, above twenty-five years of age, refidents in the State above three years next preceding the eledion, and having therein a freehold of lands and tenements above the value of one thoufand pounds current money, to be the council to the governor ; whofe proceedings fliall be always entered on record, to any part whereof any member may enter his diflTent ; and their advice, if fo required by the governor or any member of the council, fliall be given in writing, and figned by the members giving the fame refpeftively ; which proceedings of the council fliall be laid before the Senate or Houfe of Delegates, when called for by them, or either of them. The council may ap- point their own clerk, who fliall take fuch oath of fiipport and fidelity to this State as this Convention or the legiflatuie fliall direft, and of fccrecy, in fuch matters as he fliall be direfted by the Board to keep fccrct. XXVII. That the delegates to Congrefs from this State fliall be cliofen anpually, or fuperfeded in the mean time by the joint ballot of both Houfes of Aflembly, and that there be a rotation in fuclx numtier that at leaft two of the number be annually changed ; and no perfon fliall be capable of being a delegate to Congrefs for more than three in any term of fix years ; and no perfon who holds any office of profit in the gift of Congrefs fliall be eligible to fit in Con- grefs, but if appointed to any fuch office his feat fliall be thereby Vacated. Tiiat no perfon, unlefs above twenty-one years of age, and a lefidcnt in the State more than five years next preceding tho election, and having real and pcrfonal eftatc in this State above the 3 value |. OF MARYLAND. 59 ▼alue of one thoufand pounds current money, fl^all be eligible to (U in Congrefs. . . :• ' ,. , XXVIII. That the fenators and delegates, immediately on their annual meeting, and before they proceed to any bufinefs, and every perfon hereafter elefted a fenator or delegate, before he aC'ts as i'uchi iliall take an oath of fupport and fidelity to this state as aforelaid ; and be tore the election of a governor, or member of the council, lliall take an oath, " to eleft without favour, afFedion, partiality or prejudice, fiich perfon as governor, or member of the council, m they in their judgment and confcience believe beft qualified for the office." XXIX. That the fenate and delegates may adjourn themfelvci refpedtively : but if the two Houlcs fl)ould not agree on the fame time, but adjourn to different days, then (hall the governor appoint and notify one of thofe days, or fome day between, and the Aflembly fliall then meet and be held accordingly ; and he (hall, if jieccflaryt by advice of the council, call them before the time to which they fhall in any manner be adjourned, on giving not lefs than ten days notice thereof; but the governor fliall not adjourn the Aflenibly otherwife than as aforefaid, nor prorogue or dillolve it at any time. XXX. That no perfon, unlefs above twenty-five years of age, a refident in this State above five years next precetling the elciftion, and having in the State real and perfonal property above the vaUlc of five thoufand pounds current money, one thoufand poundi whereof at lead to be freehold eftate, fhall be eligible as governor. XXXI. That the governor fliall not continue in that office longCP than three years fucceffively, nor be eligible as governor until the expiration of four years after he fltall have been out of that office. XXXII. That upon the death, refignation, or removal out of this State, of the governor, the firft named of the council, for the time being, fliall aft as governor, and qualify in the fame manner i and fliall immediately call a meeting of the General Afl"embly, giving not lefs than fourteen days notice of the meeting, at which meetinjj a governor fliall be appointed, in manner j\forefaid, for the re lid 110 pf the year. XXXIII. That the governor, by and with the advice and confcnt of the council, may embody the militia, and when embodied flmU alone have the dirtftion thereof, and fliall alfo have the dirct-^ion of all the regular land and lea forces under the laws of this State j but he fliall not command in perfon, unlefs advifed thereto by the I» council 6o GENERAL DESCRIPTION cour.cil, and then only ^o Ion"; an (b-y Oi nil npprove- thereof; and may alone (,'xcicill; all oilier tlic executive powers of government, where the concmrence of the council h not rcfinircd, nccording to the laws of this Statt ; and giant reprieve:; or jiardons for any crime, except in fiieh cafe* where ilie hw fliall othcrwifc direct ; and may, during the rccci-; of tlie OencrnI Aircmhly, lay embargoes to prevent the departure of any fliipping, or the exportation of any commodides, for any time not exceeding thirty days in any one year, fiimmoning th.e General Aflbmlily to meet within the time of the conti;int.nce of fuch cmbirj;o ; luul niiiy alio order and compel any vcflel to ride tjuarantine, if e faid three years, the faid perfon giving bond with fecurity as aforefaid ; and in cafe of his death, refufal, refignation, difqualification, or removal oixt of the county, before the expiration of the faid three years, the governor, with the advice of the council, may nominate and com- miiP.on .! fit and proper perfon to execute the faid office for the re- £duc of the faid three years, the faid perfon giving bond and fecurity as aforefaid. The eleftion fliall be held at the fame time and place appointed for the eledion of delegates ; and the juftices there fum- moned to attend for the prcfervation of the peace, fliall be judge* thereof, and of the qualification of candidates, who fliall appoint ■* clerk to take the ballots. All freemen above the age of twenty-one years, having a fieehold of fifty acres of land in the county in which they offer to ballot, and refiding therein ; and all freemen above the *ge of twenty-one years, and having property in the State above the ▼alue of thirty pounds current money, and having relided in thq county in which they offer to ballot, one whole year next preceding the election, fiiall have a right of fuffrage ; no perfon to be eligible to the office of fheriff for a county, but an inhabitant of the faid county above the age of twenty-one years, and having real and pcr- fonal property in the ^tate above the value of one thouland pound;} current money. The juftices aforefaid fliall examine the ballots, and the two candidates properly qualified, having in each county the majority of legal ballots, fliall be declared duly elefted for the office of fiieriif for (uch county, and returned to the governor and council, with a certificate of the number of ballots for each of them. XLIII. That every perfon who fliall offer to vote for delegates, or for the election of the fenate, or for the flierifF, fhall (\i requireti by any thr'.e perfons qualified to vote) before he be admitted tq pfill, take fiich path or aflirmation of fupport and fidelity tp thi^ Slate, ai thi^ Convention or the legiflature fliall direft. XLIV, That OF MARYLAND. ' ^J XLXV. That a jiiftice of the peace may be eligible w A fenflfef, delegate, or member of the council, and may continue to a^t m i jiiftice of the peace. XLV. That no field officer of the militia be eligible »s a fe/mtef, deleuate, or member of the council. XLVI. That all civil officers hereafter to be appointed for thg fg» veral counties of this State, fliall have been refuleuts of the mnmty refpe\ftively, for which they (lull be appointed, fix months m%f bi» lore their appointment, and fliall continue refidents of tbgif §©H|jfy refpedively, during their continuance in office. XLVII. That the judges of the General Court, and jufticfs §U\\§ county courts, may appoint the clerks of their reipe£tive eoHrt?, and in cafe of refufiil, death, rcfignation, difqualification, pf I'gfljevgl out of the county, of any of the faid county clerks, in rtj§ VSenttefl of the county court of which he is clerk, the governor, wifh the advice of t!ie council, may appoint and commiffion a fit md pr^jptt' perfon to fuch vacant office rcfpeftively, to hold the lame HHfU {hi meeting of the next General Court, or county court, m {b§ §&(» nay be. XLVni. That the govemor for the time being, with {h§ mhk§ and confent of the council, may appoint the chancellgr, mA all judges and juftices, the attorney-general, naval officers, offi^-#f§ Hi the regular land and fea fervice, officers of the militia, reglftgis ©f" the land office, furveyors, and all other civil officers of govefunigflf, (affcffbrs, coiil^ables and ovcrfeers of the roads only excepted) 9fl4 may alfo fufpend or remove any civil officer who has not 9 COiniiliffiott during good behaviour ; and may fufpend any militia officgf i§f qh§ month ; and may alfo fufpend or remove any regulai' ofHgisF tfl thg land or fea fervice ; and the governor may remove or fufpsfld atiV militia officer in purfuance of the judgment of a court rmrtjftl. * XLIX. That all civil officers of the appointment of the g9V§rfl9f and council, who do not hold conimiffions during good behavJjJUf, fliall be appointed annually in the third week of November } but ff any cf them ffiall be re-appointed, they may continue to B(^ wUhetlf any new coir.niiffion or qualification ; and every officer, fbPH^h n§t re-appointed, Ihall continue to z(\ until the perfon who fllsU be ap- pointed and commiffioncd in his ftead fliall be qualified, L. That the governor, every member of the council, ftod fvefV judge and juftice, before they adl as fuch, fliall refpe > IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 [f"^ 1^ ^^ lu m .12.2 I.I ir 1^ 6" 7 7 /^ PhotDgraphic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716)872-4503 \ ^ •NJ \ \ \ & ■^ > Gjeojrge ''^iflS^ kK^ 3ll£ m ^^ SEIES lijn ^. 30^ ^X,, J^ :^ 7J\ '*»'^*-** IP""*-— .; E & ^/» y^ ^ ^ / »*" 'A'ik'ifrl Bri ^m— Wkm.m .' %^ I ' ■ \- ,1 ^ ' ^i^ ''% ; ■^.tj «^' i.; ■:- ■• : '^ 3000/366^ H0Z10BB00 ]0SBS i(H> P' ^i LAT: of CAP I' d2J 1«^ R7-^ H700BBBB& ^iH^^BBc£^lif]BB^[3sra ^gBEBBI^^lSc^'^I^t^ ^^s^^[7/i3li00@^@[a0 w]p^ [7^ Ej^rreMdentuHomie^ M-^^ 1 1 lUL-Ji I I i i—ii ii-j c:^ cTT-i ^i »!/ — 1 1— ! nn n n Fi I — in mmUdUmn a^ [i^cmiraBBE^iiiiiiEas^scs c^^L^^^ / / -^'^ i N IH H H M M H r gg@BB0@00^'^ '\i3::^ /^ii@0@@00B 30 El^ *" rr?f1 ElIaEE30 Pr*: ^P^|^» ^^^nijm^fsiii ^^ '1 w « •* 1 .54' r??^ (.^'?.'' 1 1 ,?43 m R TS^ ^STlTT i -"W* f/Ji ■►♦■J* JUt » •» T ?"»»•! If i»* i»>f ♦»»«♦♦» I* BSEGiJ!] \afio si S300 4^ ■/»^ .*» Gzil jfia^ s^tflBJBBBU i^ll L AT: of C AP I T OL 38 . 53 N , 673 ^74 ^75 E78B0BBBbi ^!w/i300BEBB00BB ^^(i!3B ^II30SE00SS0^t^HH[7 ^ J/J/' IhjH'Nffirtf/d ahnv the /•//'/ ahorc ifit' ftiie i\ The JWfu'mheuhii Capitol Li to ^fhu\ The miter ofTihei t/w th/tfto/ .ftfwd he ({^thmy/ to otf Jieetfy Bnvieh, fitu, Ptvsu/ent,< Ifou.fe. ICAPITOL ^ SHHi>ll»«c;jlirilK:ilL3- ^ 3^^ ^b. logS un ^000B0B0[^ t043 ■^ ^«mmmmimiimmtmme>smmm ■spis REMARKS. The Jhj>e/tr/frf//m- AW//J/ <>/ ' Mr .>vwnf^ of Tiher OwA' I ^ o ^ 7 5' (thn'o //le /nv/ o/' f/w Tu/r i/i ///f .<ninr/i ] , - y ahofv the tufr in Tihrr (hvk . J ' ' The Jh'prn(hru/tir hri(fht ofHir //nyiwt/ nhrir fhe \ .0 Chfutol i,i to ,(tatiJ IS above the tft/e of'Til'er Ovek ] The mtter ofTihiT Creelc niaj he eoiive)v>»^:--' ^5s>»;>'.v^« «!i;^W.««SSi^i.^^^^iii''-;=:?5^:S«SS'S88S9i^^^ ^> _ «*^ _.. .^ ra^BSE H h 2 !I *.CAPiT( '.^^ — , —, rf ^•^1 IVTJnni PfRtarrM rmWZ .'mwm-'.-mmiimf'M loSfi ^ ^ts ©[NSBBfe :f,i K ,i)Oe (k>o jh>fef . I Inches ■WHtiiimi ;' REMARKS F J J* \ F 2 F" tie Ihfenffirtt/ar hi-iphf of f^t .irwnr of Tihtr Creek L^ o ^ 7 s^ ^hotf /he /eref of t/ie Tiiie iti t/n- Miiif OveA J ^hoiv the fifti uw/trr /nitffit of tfte fffut bnanch ) » » r 7 V ftf in Tiher (hrk J if jypfVit/iru/ar heiffht of Hie tpviinif H'hetr ^ \ n t The mtter ofTihcrG'eek moy he conveyed on Ae ht^^h ffrotuiJ where ffte (hpifot ^tofuif, and a/ier watering that part of Ae Gfy, may he dAtHfied ttf other mrft/ pnipoje,f . Reeify Jimnrh.anti that of the Tihet; mm' he rnnmwf to the Prefn/ent.f Jfouje. OF Poles. yjo 400 Hfc= 500 A 6ooPoler . I Inches J^Uml ^ 6^ ) CITY OF WASHINGTON, IN THE TERRITORY OF COLUMBIA. 0 •re ay \ Fbler. nches HE territory of Columbia was ceded to the United Statei by the States of Maryland and Virginia, lor the purpofe of eftabliftiing a fede- ral city, that might become the permanent feat of the Federal Govern* ment. Thiscity, now building, is called after the name of that brave defender of American liberty and fupporter of the rights of mankind, G£ORG£ WASHINGTON, who having vindicated the rights of his countrymen, and contributed to the eftabliihment of his country's independence, has been called by the voice of gratitude and affec- tion to fill the higheft office a generous and brave people had to be- fiow— this city will therefore ftaud as the moft honourable monu^ ment pf his worth and the people's gratitude that could pofTibly be ereded ; and we truil that when it becomes the feat of government, which it is to be after iSoo, that it will, recall to the minds of future legiflators his virtues, and the principles on which American liberty is founded, and its government eftabliflied. This city fiands at the jun^ionof the rivers Potomack andtheEafiern Branch, in latitude 38^ 53' north, extending about four miles up each, including a tra£t of ter« ritory, exceeded in point of convenience, falubrity, and beauty, by none in America, if any in the world : for although the land is appa* rently level, yet by gentle and gradvial (wellings, a variety of elegane profpe£ts are produced, while there is 9, fufficient defcent to convey ofFthe water occalioned by rain. Within the limits of the city are twenty-five fprings of excellent wa^ ter ; and by digging wells, water of the beft quality is readily had | befides thefe, the ftreams that now run through that territory, are alfo to be collefted for the ufe of the city. The waters of Reedy branch and of Tiber creek may alfo be conveyed 68 GENERAL DESCRIPTION to the PrcHdent's houfe ; for the fource of Tiber creek it elevated abont two hundred and thirty>fix feet above the level of the tide in the faid creek, and the perpendicular height of the ground on which the ca« pital is to (land, is feventy^eight feet above the level of the tide in the fame : the water of Tiber creek may, therefore, be conveyed to the capital, and after watering that part of the city, may be deff tined to otiier ufeful purpofes. The Eaftcrn Branch is one of the fafeft and moft commodious har-^ hours in America, being fufficiently deep for the largeft Ihips for about four miles above its mouth ; while the channel lies clofe along the edge of the city, and affords a large and capacious harbour. The Potomack, although only navigable for fmall craft, for a conii- derable diftance from its banks next to the city, excepting about half a mile above the junction of the rivers, will neverthelefs afford a capacious fummer harbour ; as an immenfe number of fliipi may ride in the great channel, oppofite to and below the city. The city, being litpated upon the great poft road, exactly equi- diftant from the northern and fouthern extremities of the Union, and nearly fo from the Atlantic ocean to the Ohio river, upon the beft navigation, in the midft of the richeft commercial territory in Ame- rica, and commanding the moft extenfive internal refources, is by far the moft eligible fituation for the refidence of Congrefs ; and as it is now preffing forward, by the public fpirited enterprife of the people of the United States, and by foreigners, it will grow up with a degree of rapidity, hitherto unparalleled in the annals of cities, and will probably foon become the admiration of the world) and one of the principal emporiums of American commerce. The inland navigation of the Potomack is fo far advanced, that craft loaded with produce now come down that river and its feveral branches, from upwards of oiie hundred and eighty miles to the great falls, which are within fourteen miles of the new city. The canals at the great and little falls are nearly completed, and the locks in fuch forwardiiefsi, that in the courfe of the prefent year, the naviga- tion will be entirely opened between tide water and the head branches of the Potomack, which will produce a communication by watei* between the city of ^a(hington, and the interior parts of Virginia and Maryland^ by means of the Potomack, the Shannandoah, tho South Branch, Opecan, cape Capon, Patterfon's creek, Conoocheague, and Monocafy, for upwards of two hundred miles, through one of the moft healthy, pleafant, and fertile regions in America, pao- ducinill OF THE CITY OP WASHINGTON. 69 ducing, in vaft abundance, tobacco of fuperior quality, hemp, Indian corn, wheat and other fmall grain, with fruit and vegetables peculiar to America, in vaft abundance, and equal in quality to any in the United States. The lands upon the Potomack above the city of Wafliington, all around it, and for fixty miles below, arc high and drj', abounding with innumerable fprings of (excellent water, and are well covered with large timber of various kinds. A few miles below the city, upon the banks, of the Potomack, are inexhauftible mountains of excellent free-done, of the white and red Portland kinds, of which the public edifices in the city are now building. Above the city, alfo upon the banks of the river, are immenfe quantities of excellent coal, iime- Hone, and marble, with blue flate of the beft quality. The founding of this city in fuch an eligible fituation, and upoQ fuch a liberal and elegant plan, will by future generations be confi* dered as a high proof of the judgment and wifdom of the prefent go^ vernraent of the United States, and whilft its name will keep frefli in mind to the end of time, the many virtues and amiable qualities of the Preildent, the city itfelf will be a (landing monument of their public fpirit. The plan of this city, agreeably to the directions of the Prefident of the United States, was deiigned and drawn by the celebrated Major L'Enfant, and is an inconceivable improvement upon all ©thers, combining not only convenience, regularity, elegance of profpeft, and a free circulation of air, but every thing grand and beautiful that can poflibly be introduced into a city. The city is divided into fquares or grand divifions, by the ilreets running due north, fouth, eaft and weft, which form the ground-workof the plan. However, from thecapitol, the Prefident's houfe, and fome of the important areas in the city, run tranfver'e avenues or diagonal ftreets, from one material objeft to another, which not only produce a variety of charming profpefts, but remove that inlipid famenefs that renders fo.ipe other great cities unpleailng. Thefe great leading ftreets are all one hundred and fixty feet wide, in- cluding a pavement of ten feet, and a gravel walk of thirty feet planted with trees on each fide, which will leave eighty feet of paved ftreet for carriages. The reft of the ftreets are in general one hundred and ten feet wide, with a few only ninety feet, except North, South, and Eaft Capitol ftreets, which are one hundred and fixty feet. The diagonal ftreets are named after the refpe»aive States corapofing the ynion, while thofe running north and fouth are, from the capitol 3 ^aftward, 70 GENERAL DE8CRIPTI0K Howard, nanaed, Eaft Firft ftreet, Eaft Second Street, &c. anf them fmall, but are generally in valuable fituations. Their acuto points are all to be cut oflf at forty feet, fo that no houfe in the city will have an acute corner. The lots in thefe irregular iquares will all turn at a right angle with the refpe6tive ftreets, although the backs of the houfes upon them will not ftand parallel to one another, which is a matter of little or no confequence. By the rules declared and publiflied by the Freiident of the United States, for regulating the buildings within the city, all houfes muft be of ftone or brick — their walls muft be parallel to the ftreets, and either placed immediately upon them, or withdrawn therefrom at pleafure. The walls of all houfes upon ftreets one hundred and fixty feet wide muft be at leaft thirty feet high ; but there is no obligation Impofed to build or improve in any limited time. The area for the capitol, or houfe for the legiflative bodies, is fitu^ sted upon the moft beautiful eminence in the city, about a mile front the Eaftcrn Branch, and not much more from the Fotomack, commanding a full and complete view of every part of the city, as well as a coniiderable extent of the country around. The Prefident's houfe will ftand upon a rifing ground, not far from the banks of the Potonlack, poiTefllng a delightful water profped, together with a commanding view of the capitol, and fome other material parts of the city. Due fouth from the Frelident's houfe, and due weft from tho capitol, run two great pleafure parks or malls, which interfedk and terminate upon the banks of the Potoroack, and are to be ornamented at the fides by a Tariety of elegant buildings, and Itouftps for foreigi^ miniflers, &c. . ^hi*..- t ';;. Inter* .t('V.U ttiiii ,11; ;*J.(itv* ;f .,.iniwv;j Inter* Of tHE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 7! Interfperfed through the city, where the moft material ftreet* croft one anotheri aie a variety of open areaa, formed in varioM regular figures, which in great citiei are extremely uieful and or- namental. Fifteen of the beft of thefe areas are to be appropriated to the dif- ferent States compofing the Union'; not only to bear their refpe£live names, but as proper places for them to ercdk ftatues, obelifks, or columns, to the memory of their favourite eminent men. Upon tht fmall eminence, where a line due weft from the Citpitol, and due fouth from the Prcfident's houfc would interfeft, is to be ere£led an equeftrian ftatue of General Washinoton The building where Maflachufetts and Georgia ftreet meets, is intended for a Marine Ho/pitaly with its gardens. The area at the foutli end of Eaft Eight ftreet is for the generad exchange, and its public walks, &c.— The broad black line, which runs along part of North B ftreet, and, feparating, joins the Eaftera Branch at tv70 places, is a canal, which is to be eighty feet wide, and «ight feet deep. The area, where South G ftreet croiTes the canal, is intended to contain a city hall, and a bafon of water ; there bein{ A very large fpring in the middle of it. The area, at the jun^on of the rivers, is for a fort, magazines, tnd arienals. At the eaft end of Eaft Capitol ftreet is to be a bridge, and the prefent ferry is at the lower end of Kentucky ftreet, where the great road now crofles the Eaftern Branch. The Tiber, which is the prin* cipal ftream that pafles through the city, is to be colle£ied in a grand refervoir befide the capitol, fi-ora whence it will be carried in pipei to different parts of the cit}' ; while its fuiplus will fall down in beau* tiful cafcades, through the public gardens weft of the capitol into the canal. In various parts of the city, places are allotted for market houfes, churches, colleges, theatres, &c. In order to execute the plan, a true meridional line was drawn by celeftial obfervation, which paftes through the area intended for the capitol. This line was crof- fed by another, running due eaft and weft, which pafles through the fame area. Thefe lines were accurately nieafured, and made the balls on which the whole plan was executed. All the lines were ran by a trandt inftrument, and the acute angles determined by actual xneafuremeat, thus leaving nothing to the uncertainty of the com* pafs. : ' -' ' •■ ' . ;,..^ ■ The 1 -I J% GEKBRAt DBSCRIPTIOK, icC, The PreHdent of the United States in locating the feat of the atyt previiled upon the proprietor! of the foil to cede a certain portionT of the lots in every fituation, to be fold by hia direction, and the pro* ceeds to be folcly applied to the public buildings, and other worlci «f public Utility within the city. This grant will produce about fifteen thoufand lots, and will be futficient, not only to ereft the public buildings, but to dig the canal, conduct water through the city^ and to pnve and light the flreets, which will fave a heavy tax that arifes in other cities, and confequently render the lots confiderably more valuable. The grants of money made by Virginia and Maryland being fuiK^ dent, few of the public lots were fold, till the 17th day of September^ 1793, when the demand was confiderablo, as the monied men in Europe and America had turned their attention to thiy great national objef^. At the clofe of the year 1791, moft of the ilrects were run, and the fquares divided- into lots. The canal was partly dug, and the greateft part of the materials provided for the public buildings^ which aie entirely of freeftone poliflied, and are now carrying on with all pofnble expedition. Several private houfes were erected, and a great many proprietors of lots were preparing to build. The city novr makes a noble appearance, many of the public building! being in great forwardnefs, oriiniflied, and a great number of houfes built. In the month of June laft, eleven thoufand artificers, befides labourersi were employed in the different worlis. The public lots in the city of Wafliington open a large field for fpeculation in America, and there is every probability of their being run up to an enormous price, as the public buildings are advanced } for although lands in America, from their quantity, are lefs valuable than thofe in Britain, yet lots in cities generally fell high* ;s*<^;*' STATR ^ ( 13 ) STATE OF VIRGINIA. SITUATION, EXTENT, fcci % HIS Stan? fa fituated between o" arid 8« weft longitude frofH 1?hiladclphia, and 36" 30', and 4o*> 30' north latitude. Its length in about four hundred and forty-fix miles, and its bheadth two hundred and twienty>four. It is bbunded on the eaft by the Atlantic, bn the north by a line df latitude, eroding the eailern fltore through W^tkins'a Point, being about 37* 57' north latitude ; from thfcnce by a ftraight line to Cinquac, near the mouth of the Potdmack } thence by the Po- tomack', which is cbmmon to Virginia and Maryland, to the Hrfl foun- tain 6f its northeirn branch ; thence hy a meridian line, pafHng through that fountain till it ititerfe^ts a line irunning eaft and weft, in latitude 39* 43' 4» 4'' which divides Maryland from Penhfyl- Tania, which was marked by MieiTrs. Mtlfon &iid Dixon ; thence by that line, arid a continuation of it weftwardly to the completion of five degrees of longitude fi-om the caftern boundary of PennfylVania, in khe fime latitude, and thence by a meridian line to the Ohio; oil the y^tik by the Ohio and Mifliifippi, to latitude 36° 30' north ; and bn the fbuth by the lin^ of latitude ^ft-mcntidncd. By adnieafurc-, ments through nearly the whole of this hft line, and fupplyiHg the immeafured parts from good data, the Atlantic aiid Miflilfippi are found iu this latitude to be feven hundred and fifty-eight miles difi tant, equal to 13'' 38' of longitude, reckoning fifty-five miles and three thoufand one hundred and forty-four feet to the degree. This being tiur comprehcnfion of American longitude, that of their latitude, taken between this and Mafon and Dixon's line, is 3" 13' 42 4", equal ta VoL.IlL L about i! 5 *( 1 i\ 74 GENERAL DESCttl^tlOf/ about two hundred and tweAty-three miles, fuppofing a degree of ft great circle to be fixty-nine miles, eight hundred and Hxty-four feet' as computed by CaiCni. Thefe boundaries include an area fomewhat triangular, of one hundred and twenty-one thoufand five hundred and twenty-five fquare miles, whereof, feventy-nine thoufiftnd fix hundred and fifty lie weftward of the Allegany mountains, and fifty-feven thoufand aiid thirty-fouf fvtftward of .th6 nferidian of the mouth of the Great Kanhawa. This State is therefore one third larger than the iflands of Great-Britain and Irelaiul, which are reckoned at eighty-eight thoufand three hundred and iifty-feven fquare miles. Thefe limits fefult from, ift. The antient eharters from the crown of £ngland. zd, The grant of Maryland to Lord Baltimore, and the fubfequent determinations of the Britifli court as to the ex- tent of that grant. 3d, The grant of Pennfylvania to William Penn, and a coiupad hc«i the General Anemblies of the Commonwealth of Virginia and Pennfylvania as to the extent of that grant. 4th, The p'antof Carolina, and actual location of its northern boundary, bycoft- fentofboth parties. 5th, The treaty of Paris of 1763. 6th, The sonlii mation of the charters of the neighbouring States by the Con- vention of Virginia at the time of eonitituting their Commonwealth, 7th, The celllon made by Virginia to Congrefs of all the lands t» which they had title on the north fule of the Ohio* ^ ^^ ^ "':'-■ /: CLIMATE* ■_''*"^''' "', . In an extendve country, it will be expected that the climate is not the fame in all its parts. It i& remarkable that, proceeding on the fame parallel of latitude weflerly, the climate becomes colder in like', manner as when you proceed northwardly. This continues to be the cafe till you attain thefuminit of the Allegany, which is tbehighefl: land between the ocean and the MifTiflippi. From thence^ delcending in the fame latitude to the MiiTiilippi, the change reveries ;. and, if we may believe travellers, it becomes warmer there than it is in the fame latitude on tt>e fea fide. Their teftimony is ftrengthened by the vegetables and animals which fubiifl and multiply there naturally, and do not on the fea coafl. Tluis eatalpas grow fpontaneoufly oa the Mifiiilippi, as far ns the latitude of 37% and reeds as far as 38"* Parroquets even winter on the Scioto, in the 39th degree V la« tinide. The of » rfe«|- , swhat dand ndred -feven ith of r than ned at es. im the timore, the €X- a Penn, ealth of h. The by cott- h, The he Con- nweakh* lands t« te IS not tg on the er in like. to be the he higheft efccnding i ', and, if it is in the ed by the naturally, ineoufly on far as 38°. riee 'of la* OP VIRGINIA," 75 The fouth-weft winds, eaft of the mountains, are moft predomi- nant. Next to thcfe, on the fea coaft, the north-eaft, and at the mountains, the north-weft winds prevail. The difFer?nce betweeii thefe winds is very great. The north-eaft is loaded with vapour, infomuch that the fait nianufafturers have found that their chiyftal& would not flioot while that blows ; it occafions a diftreffing chilJ, and a heaviuefs ai)d depreffion of the fpjrits. The north-weft is dry, cooling, elaftic, and animating. The eaft and fouth-eaft b'-eezes pome on generally in the afternoon. They have advanced ii»to th? country very feqfibly within the memory of people now living, Mr» Jelferfon reckons the extremes of heat and cold to be 98" above an4 6" below o, in Fahrenheit's thermometer. That fluftuation between heat and cold, fo deftruAive to fruit, in the fpring feafon, prevails lefs in Virginia than in Pennfyivania ; nor is the overflowing of the rivers in Virginia fo extenfive or fa frequent at that feafon, as thofe of the New-Englapd States; becaufe the fnows in the former do not lie accumulating all winter, to be diflTolved all at once in the fpring, as they do fometimes in the latter. In Virginia, below the mountains, fnow feldom lie^ more than a day or two, and feldom a week ; and the large rivers ieldon) freeze over. The fluftuation of weather, however, i$ fuificient to render the winters and fprings very unwholefome, as the inhabitants 4^^i''g ^^^^^ feafons have to walk in ^Imoil perpetual mire. ' . .? The months of June and July, though often the hotteft, are the moft healthy in the year. The weather is then dry and lefs liable to change than in Auguft and September, when the rain commences, and fudden variations take place. On the fea coaft, the land is low, generally within twelve feet of the level of the f?a, interfeifted in all direftions with fait creeks a^d rivers, the heads of which forni fwamps and mai flies, and iftnny ground, covered with water in wet feafons. The un- <;ultivated lands ar? covered with large trees and thick under- \VOod. The vicinity of tlje fea, ^nd fait creeks and rivers, occa-. l^on a conflant moifture ^nd wa,rmth of the atmofphere, fo that although under the fame latitude, oue hun;dred or oiie hundred,, and fifty miles in the country, deep, fnows, and frozen rivers fre- quently happen, for a flior^ feafon, yet here fuch occuFrences are C9i)(j4pred as phenomena ; for thefe reafons, the trees are often in ^Joom as early as the laft of February ; fror» this period, hovvevei^ h % ;ill 4, •j6 cekeral description fill the end of April, the inhabitant! arc incomnoded by cold rains.' piercing winds, and iharp frofts, which fubjeA them to the inflam- inatoiy difeafes, known here under the names of pleurify and pe* ripneumony. FACE OF THE COUNTRY, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, &c. The whole country below the mountains, wtiich are about one hundred and fifty, fome fay two hundred miles from the fea, is level|^ and feeins from various appearances to have been oiice waflied by the fea. The land between Yorlc and James rivers is very level, and its furface about forty feet above high water mark. It appears, f/om pbfervation, to have arifen to its prefent height, at different periods far diftantfrom each other, and that at thefe periods it was wallied by the fea; for near York>tovvn, where the banks are perpendicular, you £rfl fee ^Jlratum., intermixed with fmall fliells, refembling a mixture of clay and fand, and about five feet thick ; on this lies horizontally, fmall white fliells, cockle, clam, &c. an inch or two thick ; then a body of earth fimilar to that firil mentioned, eighteen inches thick ; then a layer of fliells and another body of earth ; on this a layer of three feet of white fhells mixed with fand, on which lay a body of pyfter fhells fix feet thick, which are covered with earth to the fur- face. The pyfler fliells are fo united by a very flrong cement that they fall, only when undermined, and then in large bodies, from one to twenty tons weight. They have the appearance on the fliore of large rocks.* Thefe appearances continue in a greater or lefs degre^i in the banks of James river, one hundred miles from the fea ; the appearances then vary, and the banks arc filled witbfharks* teeth, bones of large and fmall fifli petritied, and many other petrifaAions, fome refembling the bones of land and other animals, and alfo vegetable fubftances. Thefe appearances are not confined to the river banks, but arc feen in various places in gullies at confiderable diflances firom the rivers. In one part of the State for feventy miles in length, by finking a well, you apparently come to the bottom of what was formerly a water- courfe. And even as high up as Botetourt county, among the Alle- gany mountains, there is a tracft of land, judged to be forty thoufand acres, furroundcd on every fide by mountains, which is entirely co- * General Lincoln. vered OP VIRGINIA, 77 ViNd wllh oyfter nnd cockle fltclls, and, by fome gullies, they ap- J car W b« of confiderable flepth. A plantation at Day's Point, oa imii rlvcfi of ai many as one tlioufan^ acres, appeaw at a diftance •i if fiOVarad with fnow, but on examination the white appearance is found to M\(a from a bed of c|am (hells, which by repeated jpluwing have hecomt fine nnd niixed with the eartl). It li worthy notice, that the mountains in this State are not foli- («ry ttfid fluttered confufcdly over the face of the countiy ; but com- fnewe At about one hundred and fifty nniles from the fca coaft, are dlfpofcd in ridges one behind another, running nearly parallel withj tl)0 im toaft, though rather approaching it as they advance north- faflvvwrdly, Totlie fouth-weft, as the traft of country between the (cH yoAft and th^ MifliHippi becomes narrower, the mountains coa- yerga Into n fln^le ridge; which, as it approaches the gulph o^ Moxlea, fubildcs into plain country, and gives rife to fome of the wattiri flf that gulph, and particularly to a river called Apalachicola, !)rubtibly from the Apalachics, an Indian nation formerly refiding oi^ t, Hence the mountains giving rife to that river, and feen from its vari< pui parti, were called the Apalachian mountains, being in fa£i; the f nd or termination only of the great ridges pafling through tlie conti- nent! I^iUropctin geographers, however, have extended the fame north- H'Ardty fli far as the mountains extended ; fome giving it after their fep»raiiun Into different ridges, to the Blue Ridge, others to the North mountains, others to the Allegany, others to the Laurel Ridge, •I mfly be feen in their different maps. Eut none of thefe ridges were ever known by that name to the inhabitants, either native or enti^rant, but as they faw them fo called in European maps. In the ftiuie direction generally are the veins of lime-ftone, coal, and other Iftincmts hitherto difcovered ; and fo range the falls of the great fiverii But the courfes of the great rivers are at right angles with thefei James and the Potomack penetrate through all the ridges of ffiountains eaftward of the Allegany, which is broken by no water-, eourfei It is in faA the fpine of the country between the Atlantic on one fldc, and the Miflillippi and St. Lawrence on the other. The paflhge of the Potomack through the Blue ridge is perhaps one of the mod ftu|)endou8 fcenes in nature. You Hand on a very high point of landi On your right comes up the Shenandoah, having ranged along the foot ef the mountain an hundred miles to fcek a vent ; on your left approAChei the Potomack, in queft of a palTage al^ : in die mo- menc I 1- ■ i ^ 1% GENERAL DESCRIPTION inent of their junction, they rufli together agninft the mountain, rend it afunder, and pafs off to the fea. The firft glgnce of thii feene hurriei our fenfes into the opinion, that this earth hti« b«et| preated in time, that the ipoi|ntains were formed fjril, that the riviri began to flow afterwards ; that in this place particularly they bRVf been dammed up by the Blue ridge of mouatains, and have formed an ocean which iilied the whole valley ; that continuiug to rife, they have at length broken over at this fpot, and hav^ torn the iQOuntaiii down from its fummit to its bafet The piles of ropk on each bandi but particularly on the Shenandoah, the evident marks of their dif< |-uption and avuliion from their beds by the moft powerful agent* of nature, corroborate the impreffion : but the dil^ant finilhing whkH nature has given to the pidture, is of ^ very different charaAer. It is a truecontraft to the fore ground ; it is as pla^cid and delightful, H that is wild and tremendoqs. for the mountain, being cloven ftfun* der, prefents to the eye, through the cleft, a fmall c^tch of fmootH blue horizon, at an infinite diftance, in the plain country,^ iQvUing you, as it were, from the riot and tumult roaring around, to piifif through the breach and participate of the calm below. Here tlie tyt ultimately compofes itfelf ; and that way too, the road actually leadf.f You crofs the Potomack ?bovc the jundtion, pafs along itf fidQ through the bafe of the mountain for three miles, its terrible preeU pices hanging in fragments over you, and within about twenty roite| reach Frederick-town and the fine country round that. Tbil feen^ is worth a voyage acrofs the Atlantic^ Yet here, as in the neighbour* hood of the Natural Bridge, are people who have paffed their livef within half a dozen miles, and have never been to furvey thefe mo- numents of a war between rivers and mountains, which muft have, iliaken the earth itfelf to its center. The height of the mountaifti, has not yet been eftimated with any degree of exaftnefs. The Alle» gany being the great ridge which divides the waters of the 'Atlantic from thofe of the Mifiiflippi, its fummit is doubtlefs more elevated ahovf the ocean than that of any other mountain. But its relative beighta compared with the bafe on which it (lands, is not fo great ai that of fome others, the country rifing behind the fucceflive ridges like the fteps of flairs. The mountains of the Blue ridge, and of rhpfe the peaks of Otter are thought to be of a greater height meafured from their bafe than any others in Virginia, and perhaps in North-Ame- rica. From data, which mny be found a tolerable coujedture, we fuppofd^ - dp VIRGINIA, 75I fuppofe the liighefi peak to be about four thoufand feet perpendicular, ♦rhich is not a fifth part of the height of the mountains of South- America, nor one third of the height whkh Would be hecelTary irt our latitude to preferve ice in the open air unmelted through the year« Thd ridge of mountains rtext beyond the Blue ridgd, called the North mountain, is of the greatefl; extent; for which reafon thdy are named by the Indians the Endlefs mountains. The Ouafioto mountains are fifty or fikty niWta wide at the Gap. I'hefe mountains abound in coal, lime, and free-ftone ; the fumntiits to Fifter's bar, iiiA torn ftet bn that and ujiwardi to Pcterfburgi where all navigatioii iccafea. Jamci riret- itfelf aflfords harbdtir for veflelt ofiny fize at Hamp^ ton road^ but not in fafety through the whole wiiiter; and there is. aavigable water for them as far as Mulberry Ifland. A ibrty giin fliijf goes to James-town, dnd, lightening herfelF, may pafs to Harrifon'i bar» on which there is only fifteen feet water. Veflels of two huhdrea- and fifty tons may go to Warwick ; thofe of one hundred and twenty- five go to Rocket's, a mile below Richmond ; ft-om thence is about ifeven feet water to Richmond ; and ^bout the center of the tbwn^ ^our feet and a half, where the navigation is interrupted by falls^ which in a courfe of fix miles defcend about eighty feet perpendicu* lar : above thefe it is refumed in canoes and batteaux, and is profe- tUted fafely and advantageoufly to within ten miles of the Blue Kidge i and even thi^ugh the Blue Ridge a ton weight has beeti brotight ; and the expenfe would not be great, when compared with ki objeft, to open a tolerable navigation up Jackfon's river and Car- penter's creek, to within twenty-five miles .of Howard's creek o^ Green Briar, both of which have then water enough to float VelTels Into the Great Kanhawa. In fome future ftate of pbpiilation, it is pollible that its navigation may alfo be made to interlock with that of Potomack, and through that to communicate by a fhort portage wittt the Ohio. It is to be noted, that this river is called in the rnaps^ Jimes river, only to its confluence with the Rivapna ; thence to the Blue Ridge it is called the Fluvanna ; and thence to its fource, Jackfon^s river. But in common fpeech it is called James river to its fource. The Rivanna, a branch of James river, is navigable for canoes Jind battcdux to its interfetJtion with the fouth-weft moimtains, which ■ is about twenty-two miles ; and may eafily be opened to navigation through thbfe mountains, to its fork above Cbarlottefville. York river, at York-town, affords the heft harbour in the State for ireiTels of the largeft fize. The river there narrows to the > i Uh of a tnile^ and is contained within very high banks, clofe uuvler which the veflels may ride. It holds four fathom water at high tide foi^ twenty-five miles above York to the mouth of Poropotank, whtre the river is a mile and a half wide, and ihe channel only feventy-five fa- thomj and paffmg under a hi^h banki At the confluence of Pa^ miinkey OF VIRGINIA. St niiinlcey and Mattapony it is reduced to three fathom depth, which continues up Pamunkey to Cumberland, where the width is one hun- dred yards, and up Mattapony to within two miles of Frazier's ferry, where it becomes two and a half fathom deep, and holds that about five miles. Pamunkey is then capable of navigation for loaded flats to Brockman's bridge, fifty miles above Hanovcr-town, and Mattapony to Downer's bridge^ feventy mik* above it« mouth. Fiankatank, the little rivers making out of Mobjack bay, and thofe of the eaftern fliore, receive only very finall veflcls, and thcfe can but enter them. Rappahannock affords four fathom water to Hobbe's Hole, and two fathoms from thence to Frederickfburg, one hundred and ten miles. The Potomack is feven and a half miles wide at the mouth ; four and a half at Nomony bay ; three at Aquia ; one and a half at Hallooing point ; one and a quarter at Alexandria. Its foundings are feven fa- thom at the mouth j five at St. George's ifland ; four and a half at Lower Matchodic ; three at Swan's point, and thence up to Alex* andria ; thence ten feet water to the falls, which are thirteen milc$ above Alexandria. The tides in the Potomack are not very flrong, excepting after great rains, when the ebb is pretty flrong, then ther» IS little or no flood ; and "there is never more than four or five ,liours flood, except with long and ftrong fouth winds. The diftance from the capes of Virginia to the termination of the tide water in this river is above three hundred miles, and navigable for fhips of the greatefl: burthen, nearly that diftance. From thence this river, obflrufted by four confiderable falls, extends through a vaft traifl of inhabited country towards its fource. Thefc falls arc, ifl:, The Little Falls, three miles above tide water, in which diftnncc there is a fall of ihirty-fix feet ; ad, The Great Falls, fix miles higher, where h a fall of feventy-fix feet in one mile and a quarter ; 3d, The Seneca Falls, fix miles above the former, which form fliort, irregular rapids, with a fall of about ten feet ; and 4th, The She- nandoah Falls, fixty miles from the Seneca, where is a fall of about thirty feet in three miles: from which laft, fort Cumberland i« about one hundred and twenty miles diftant. The obftruftions which are oppofed to the navigation above and between thefe falls are of little confequence. Vol. Iir, u Early Sa GENERAL DESCRIPTION « ■ I i ■■■III I Early in the year 1785, the legiflatures of Virginia and Maryland paired a6ls to encourage opening the navigation of this river. It was eftimated that the expenfe of the works would amount to fifty thou- fand pounds tterling, and ten years were allowed for their comple« tion ; but the prefident and dire£tors of the incorporated company have fince fuppofed that forty-five thoufand pounds would be ade- quate to the operation^ and that it would be accompliihed in a fliorter period than was ilipulated. Their calculations are founded on the progrefs already made, and the fummary mode eftabliflied for en- forcing the collection of the dividends, as the money may become nccefTary. Asfoon as the proprietors (hall begin to receive toll, they will doubtlefs find an ample compenfation for their pecuniary advances. By an eftimate made many years ago, it was calculated that the amount in the commencement would be at the rate of eleven thou- fand eight hundred and fcventy-five pounds, Virginia currency, per vinnum. The toll muft eveiy year become more produdlive; as the quantity of articles for exportation will be augmented ia a rapid ratio, with the increafe of population and the extenfion of fettlements. In the mean time the effect will be immediately feen in the agricuU ture of the interipr Country ; for the multitude of horfes now em- ployed in carrying produce to market, will thenbe ufed altogether for thepurpofes of tillage. But in order to form juft conceptions of the utility of this inland navigation, it would be requiiite to notice the Jong rivers which empty into the Fotomark, and even to take a fur- vey of the geographical poGtion of the wefl^m waters. The Shenandoah, which empties juft above the Blue mountains, may, according to report, be made navigable, at a trifling expenfe, jnore than one hundred and fifty miles from its confluence with the Potomack J and will receive and bear the produce* of the richeft part of the State. CommiiUoners have been appointed to form a plan, and to eftimate the expenfe of opening the channel of this river, if on examination it ihould be found practicable. The South Branch, llill higher, is navigable in its actual condition nearly or quite one hundred miles, through exceedingly fertile lands. Between thefe on the Virginia fide are feveral fmaller rivers, that may with eafe be im- proved, fo as to afford a paflTage for boats. On the Maryland lide are the Monocafy, Antietam} and Conegocheague, fqme o'f which pafs Of VIRGINIA. 83 ^fii thrbilgh the State of Maryland, and have their (bqrcei in Penn- iylvania. From fort Cumberland, or Willi* creek, one or two good waggon roads may be had, where the diftance ia from thirty-five to forty miles, to the Youghiogany, a large and navigable branch of the Monongahela, which laft forms a junction with the Allegany at fort Pitt. But by paffing farther up the Potomaclc than fort Cumberland, which may very eafily be done, a portage by a good waggon road to Cheat river, another large branch of the Monongahela, canbeob- tained through a fpace which fome fay is twenty, others twenty->two, others twenty>five, and none more than thirty miles. When arrived at either of thefe weftem waters, the navigation through that immenfe region is opened by a thoufand dire£tions, and to the lakes in feveral places by portages of lefs than ten miles ; and by one portage, it is aiferted, of not more than a fingle mile. Notwithftanding it was fneeringly faid by fome foreigners, at tho beginning of this undertaking, that the Americans were fond of en- gaging in fplendid projects which they could never accomplilh, yet it is hoped the fuccefs of this firft eiTay towards improving their in- land navigation, will refcue them from the reproach intended to have been fixed upon their national character, by the unmerited im* putation. The Great Kanhawa is a river of confiderable note for the fertility of its land, and flill more, as leading towards the head waters of James river. Neverthelefs, it is doubtful whether its great and nu merous rapids will admit a navigation, but at an expenfe to which it will require ages to render its inhabitants equal. The great obftacles begin at what are called the Great Falls, ninety miles above the mouth, below which are only five or fix rapids, and thefe pafiTable, with fome difficulty, even at low water. From the falls to the mouth of Green Briar is one hundred miles, and thence to the lead mines one hundred and twenty. It is tv;o hundred and eighty yards wide at its mouth. • The Little Kanhawa is one hundred and fifty yards wide at the niouth. It yields a navigation of ten miles only. Perhaps its nor- thern branch, called Junius's creek, which interlocks with the weftem waters of Monongahela, may one day admit a fliorter paflage from the latter into the Ohio. M 2 Befides 84 GENERAL OESCRIPTIOIT BefidN the riven we have novr mentioned, there are many ofhert of leis note, net^rthelefs the State does not abound with good fifli $ flurgeon, ihad |and herring are the moft plenty ; perch, fheepfliead, drum, rock fifli, and trout, are common ; befides thefe, they have oyflers, crabs, flirimps, &c. in abundance. The fprings in this State are almoft innumerable. In Augufia there is a remarkable cafcade, it beats the name of the Falling Spring. It is a water of James river, where it li called Jackfon's river, rifing in the warm fpring mountains about twenty miles fouth-weft of the warm fpring^ nnd flowing into that valley. About three quarters of a mile from its fource it falls over a rock two hundred feet into the valley below. The fltect of water is broken in its breadth by the rock in two or three places, but not at all in its height. Between the flieet and rock, at the bottom, you may walk acrofs dry. This cataract will btir no comparifon with that of Niagara, as to the quantity of water com- pofmg it, the flieet being only twelve for fifteen eet wide above, and fomewhat more fpread below j but it is half as high again.. i ■ f ll ;. SOIL, PRODUCTIONS, &c. Tlie foil below the mountains feems to have .•;''qmired a charaAer for goodnefs which it by no means deferves. Though not rieh, it is well fuited to the growth of tobacco and Indian corn, and parts or" it for wheat. Good crops of cotton, flax and hemp are alfo raifed ; and in fome counties they have plenty of cyder, and exquiflte brandy^ cliflilled from peaches, which grow in great abundance upon the mi« nierous rivers of the Chefapeak. The planters, befiere the war, paid their principal attention to the culture of tobacco, of which there ufed to. be exported, generally, lifcy-Hve thoufaiid hogflieads a year. Since the revolution they are taming their attention moft to the cultivation of wheat, Indian corn, barley, flax and hemp. It is expeded that this State will add the article of rice to the lift of exports; as it is fuppofed a large body of iu.mip, intheeaftenimoft counties, is capable of producing it. Horned or neat cattle are bred in great numbers in the vveftern counties of Virginia, as well as the States fou^ of it, where they have an extenfive range, and mild winters, without any permanent iiiows. They run at large, arc not houfed, and multiply very faft. " In OF VIRGINIA. ' 9$ ** In the lower parts of the State a dlfeafe prevails among^the neat cattle which proves fatal to all that are not bred there. The oxen from the more northern Sutes, which were employed at the ficge of York-town, in 0£tober 1781, almoft ail died, fometimes forty of tlicin in a night, and often fuddenly dropped down dead in the roads. It is faid that the feeds of this difeafe were brought from the Havannah to South Carolina or Georgia in fome hides, and that the difeafe has made a progrefs northward to Virginia. I/jrd Dunmore imported fome cattle from Khode-Ifland, and kept them confined in a fmall pafture, near his feat, where no cattle had been for fome years, and where they could not intermix with other cattle, and yet they foon died." The gentlemen of this State being fond of pleafure, have takea much pains to raife a good breed of horfes, and have fucceeded in it beyond any of the other States in the Union. They will give one thdufand pounds fierling for a good feed horfe. Horfe-racing has had a great tendency to encourage the breeding of good horfes, as it affords an opportunity of putting them to the trial of their fpeed. They are more elegant, and will perform more fervice than the horfes of the northern States. With refpe£t to fubterraneoUs produ£lions, Virginia is the moft pregnant with manerals and foUils of any State in the Union. Mr. JefFerfon mentions a lump of gold ore of about four pounds weight found near the falls of Rappahannock river, which yielded feventeen penny-weights of gold, of extraordinary duftility j but no other in- dication of gold has been difcovered in its neighbouiJu)od. On the great Kanhawa, oppofite to the mouth of Cripple creek, and alio about, twenty-five miles from the fouthero boundary of the State, m the county of Montgomery, are mines of lead. The metal is mixed, fometimes with earth, and fometimes with rock, which requires the force of gunpowder to open it ; and is accompanied with a portion of filver, but too fmall to be worth feparation under any procefs hitherto attemptecl there. The proportion yielded is from fifty to eighty pounds of pure lead from an hundred pounds of wafhed ore. The moft common is that of fixty to the hundred pounds. The veins are fometimes m'ort flattering ; at others they difSj^ear fuddenly and totally. They enter the fide of the hill, and proceed horizontally. Two of them have been wrought by the pub- lic 96 GENERAL DESCRIPTION lie. Theft would tmfHoj about fifty hbourers to adrtnttfge. Thiitf tOea, who have at the fame time raifed their own corn, hare pro* duced hxty tons of lead in the year ; but the general quantity it from twenty to twenty*five tons. The prefent furnace is a mile from the ore bank, and on the oppofite fide of the river. The ore is firft waggoned to the river, a quarter of a mile, then laden on board of canoes and carried acrofs the river, which is there about two hundred yards wide, and then again taken into waggons and carried to the furnace. This mode was originally adopted, that they might avail theml'elves of a good fituation on a creek, for a pounding mill ; but it would be eafy to have the furnace and pounding mill on the fame fide of the river, which would yield water, without any dam, by a canal of about half a mile in length. From the furnace the lead is tranfported one hundred and thirty miles along a good road, leading through the peaks of Otter to Lynch's ferry, or Winfton's, on Jamca river, from whence it is carried by water about the fame diftance to Weftham. This land carriage may be greatly fiiortened, by deliver- ing the lead oh James river, above the Blue Ridge, from whence a ton weight has been brought in two canoes. The great Kanhawa has confiderable falls in the neighbourhood of the mines. About feven miles below are three falls, of three or four feet perpendicular each ; and three miles above is a rapid of three miles continuance, which has been compared in its defcent to the great fall of James river ; yet it is the opinion, that they may be laid open for ufefiil navigation, fo as to reduce very much the portage between the Kan- hawa and James viver. A valuable lead mine is faid to have been difcovered in Cumber- land, below the mouth of Red river. The greateft, however, known in the weflem country are on the Mifliflippi, extending from the mouth of Rock river an hundred and fifty miles upwards. Thefe are not wrought, the lead ufed in that country being from the banks ^ the Spanifli fide of the Mifiiffippi, oppofite to Kaflcafkia. A mine of copper was opened in the county of Amherfl, on the north fide of James river, and another in the oppoOte county, on the fouth fide. However, either from bad management or the po- verty of the veins, they were difcuntinued. There are feveral iron mines in this State ; a few years ago there were fix worked ; two furnaces made about one hundred and fif^ tons of bar iron each ; four others OV VIRGINIA 87 «thert made eadi from fix hundred to one thoufand fix hundred tons of pig iron annually. Beftdei thefe, a forge at Frcdcricklburgk made about thr^ hundred tons a year of bar iron, from pigi im- ported from Maryland} and a forge on Neaplco of Potomack worked in the fame way. The indications of iron in other placet are numerous, and difperfed through all the middle country. The toughneis of the caft iron of fome of the furnaces is very remarka- ble. Pots and other utenfib, caft thinner than uiual, of this iron, may be fafely thrown into or out of the waggons in which they arc tranfported. Salt pans made of the fame, and no longer wanted for that purpofe, cannot be broken up in order to be melted again, unlefs previoufly drilled in many parts. In the weflem part of the State, we are informed, there are like- wife iron mines on Chefnut creek, a branch of the great Kanhawa, near wherr it crofles the Carolina line ; and in other places. Confiderable quantities of black lead are taken occafionally for ufe ^om Winterham, in the county of Amelia. There is no work efta- bliflied at it, thofe who want go and procure it for themfelves. The country on both fides of James river, from fifteen to twenty miles above Richmond, and for feveral miles northward and fouth- ward is replete with mineral coal of a very excellent quality. Being in the hands of many proprietors, pits have been opened and worked to an extent equal to the demand. The pits which have been opened lie one hundred and fifty or two hundred feet above the bed of the river, and have been very little incommoded with water. The firft difcovery of the coal is faid to have been made by a boy digging after a cray-fifii ; it has alfo been found on the bottom of trees blown up. In many places it lies within three or four feet of the furface of the ground. It is conjcftiired, that five hundred thoufand bufliels might be raii'ed from one pit in twelve months. In the weftei-n country, coal is known to be in fo many places, as to have induced an opinion, that the whole tnd between the Laurel mountain, Miffiffippi and Ohio, yields coal. It is alfo known in many places on the north fide of the Ohio. The coal at Pittftjurgh is of a very fupcrior quality ; a bed of it at that place has been on fire fmce the year 1765. Another Coal hill on the Pike Run of J^Jouongaheia has been on fire for feveral years. Mr. Ml 1,1 i 98 GENERAL DESCRIPTION Mr. Jefferfon inforais us, that be has known one inftance of an ' -weft to north-eaft, the lamina of each bed declintng from the horizon to- wards a parallelilm with the axis of the earth. Mr. JefFerfon, being ftruck with this obfervation, made, with a quadrant, a great number of trials on the angles of their declination, and found them to vary from 22® to 6o° ; but averaging all his trials, the refult was within one-thiid of a degree of the elevation of the pole or latitude of the place, and much the grcateft part of them taken feparately were little different from that; by which it appears, that thefe lamina are, in the main, parallel with the axis of the earth.' In feme ii>- ftauces, indeed, he loimd them perpendicular, and even reclining the other way ; but tliefe were extremely rare, and always attended with figns of convulfion, or other circumftances of Angularity, which admitted a pofiibility of removal from their original pofition. Thefe ti ials were made between Madifon's cave and the Potomack. Near the eaftern foot of the north mountain are immenfe bodies of iV/'i/?, containing impreffions of fliells in a variety of forms. Mr, Jcf- DF VIRGINIA. &$> JcfFerfon received petrified (hells of very different kinds, from the •lirft fources of the Kentucky, which bore no refemblance to any he had ever I'een on the tide waters. It is faid, that fhcUs are found in the Andes, in South-America, fifteen thoufand feet above the level of the ocean. This is conlidered by many, both of the learned and imlearned, as a proof of an univerfal deluge. There is great abundance, more cTpecially when you approach the mountains, of ftone of white, blue, brown, and other co- iours, fit for the chilFcl, good mill-ftone, fuch alfo as Hands the fire, and flate-ftone. We are told of flint, fit for gun-flints, on the Me- heriin in Brunfwick, on theMifliflippi, between the Ohio and Kaf- kaflvia, and on others of the weftern waters. Ifinglafs, or mica, is in feveral places ; loadftone alfo, and an albeftos of a ligneous texture, is fometimes to be met with. Marble abounds generally. A clay, of which, like the Sturbridge in England, brxks are made, which will refift long the adion of fin?, has been found on Tuckahoe creek of James river, and no doubt will be found in other places. Chalk is faid to be in Botetourt and Bedford. In the latter county is fome earth, believed to be gypfe- ous. Ochres are found in various parts. In the lime-ftone country are many caves, the earthly floors of which are impregnated with nitre. On Rich creek, a branch of the Great Kanhavva, about fixty miles below the lead mines, is a very large one, about twenty yards wide, and entering a hill a quarter or lialf a mile. The vault is of rock, from nine to fifteen or twenty feet above the floor. A Mr. Lynch, who gives this account, under- took to extraft the nitre. Befides a coat of the fait which had formed on the vault and floor, he found the earth highly impregnated to the depth of feven feet in fome places, and generally of three, every bulhel yielding on an average three pounds of nitre. Mr. Lynch having made about a thoufand )>ounds of the fait fiom it, configned it to fome others, who have ance made large quantities. They have done this by purfuing the cave into the hill, never trying a fecond time the earth they have once exhaufted, to fee how far or foon it receives another impregnation. At leaft fifty of thele caves are worked on the Greenbriar, and there are many of them known on Cumberland river. An intelligent gentleman, an inhabitant of Virginia, fuppofes, that the caves lately difcovered yield it in fuch abundance, that he Vol. III. N , judges 1 , ' h 10 90 GENERAL DESCRIPTION judges five hundred thousand pounds of faltpetre might be cdlledie^ annually. MEDICINAL SPRINGS. There are feveral medicinal fprings, feme of which are indubita* bly efKcacious, while others feem to owe their reputation as much to fancy, and change of air and regimen, as to their real virtues. None of them have undergone a chemical analyfis in Ikiltul hands, nor been fo far the fubje6t of obfervation, as to have produced a reduction into clailes, of the diforders which they relieve ; it is in our power to give little more than an enumeration of them. The moft efficacious of thefc are two fprings in Augufta, near the iburces of James river, where it is called Jackfon's river. 'Ihey rife near the foot of the ridge of mountains, generally called the Warm Spring mountain, but in the maps Jackfon's mountains The one is diflinguifhed by the name of the Warm Sprin^f, and the other of the Hot Spring. The Warm Spring iflues with a very bold flream, fufficient to work a grift mill, and to keep tlie waters of its bafon, which is, thirty feet in diameter, at the vital warmth, viz. 96** of Fahrenheit's thermometer. The matter which thefe waters is allied to is veiy volatile ; its fmell indicates it to be fulphureous, as alfo does the citcumftance of turning fdver blacl^: they relieve rheumatifms : other complaints alio of very different natures have been removed or lefTened by them. It rains here four or five days in every week. The hot ipring is about fix miles from the warm, is much fmallcr, and has been f j hot as to have boiled an egg. Some believe its de- gree of heat to be leflened : it raifes the mercury in Fahrenheit's thermometer to 1 12'', which is lever heat ; it fouietimes relieves where the warm fpring fails. A fountain of common water, ifluing within a few inches of its margin, gives it a fingular appearance. Comparing the temperature of thefe with that of the hot fprings of Kanifcatka, of which Krachininnikow givcb an account, tlie difference is very great, the latter raifing the mercury to 200", which is within li"* of boiling water. Thcle fprings are very much rcforted to, in fpite of a total want of accommodation for the Tick. Their waters are flrongefl in the hottefl months, which occafions their being vifited in July and Auguft principally. The fweet fprings are in the county of Botetourt, at the eaftei n foot of the AUeganv, about forty-two miles from the warm fpringj. Tlicy OF VIRdlNIA. ^ 91 Th(?y lirfl ftllt lefs known. Having been found to ralieve cafes in wlik'lt thti others had been ineffectually tried, it is probable their romprtfition U difTerent : they are different alfo in their temperature, beiiij^ Hi cold at common water ; which is not mentioned, however, Ri A proof of N diftin£t impregnation. This is among the firfl Ibiircei of James river. « On fh« Potomack river, in Berkeley county, above the North mountniii, are medicinal fprings, much more frequented than thofe of Angilfttt » their powers, however, are lefs, the waters weakly mine- rnllfed, and fcarcely warm. They are more vifited, becaufe lituated in 8 fertile^ plentiful and populous country, provided with better aerommodfltiotis, always fafe from the Indians, and neareft to the more populous Stktcs. ; r < • ;>, . :i In fiOiilfii county, on the head waters of the South Anna branch of Verk rivci', Att fprings of fome medicinal virtue ; they arc, however, not Ritieh tlfed. There is a weak chalybeate at Richmond, and many others in various parts of the country, which are of too little worth, or too little note to be enumerated after thofe before men- tioned. We fli'fl told of a fulphur fpring on Howard's creek of Greenbriar. In lite low grounds o£ the Great Kaiihawa, feven miles above the inoillll of Elk river, and fixty-feven above that of the Kanhawa it- felf, ii fl hole in the earth of the capacity of thirty or forty gallons, from which IfTucs conftandy a bituminous vapour, in fo ftrong a cur- rent, AS to give to the fand about its orifice the motion which it has in tt boiling fpring. On prefentlng a lighted candle or torch within eighteen Inches of the hole, it flames up in a column of eighteen int'hes dlnmctcr, and four or five feet in height, which fomctimes bnrni out In twenty minutes, and at other times has been known to foiuiiuia three days, and then has been left burning. The flame is wnllesdy, of the dcnfity of that of burning fpirits, and fmells like InirniMg pit coal. Water fometimes colleAs in the balbn, which is remsfkHhly cold, and is kept in ebullition by the vapour iffuing through If j if the vapour be fired in that flate, the water foon be- comes fo warm, that the hand cannot bear it, and evaporates wholly In A fliort time. This, with the circumjacent lands, ii the property of IVtfldcnt Wafhington and of General Lewis. There Is h flmilar one on Sandy river, the flame of which is a coliunn of about twelve inches diameter and three feet high. Gene- N » ra VI : ^Z GENERAL fiESGRIPTION w ral Clarke kindled the vapovur, fiaid about atv hour, and left ft burning. The mention of uncommon fprings leads to that of Syphon foun* tains : there is one of thefc near the interfeftion of the Lord Fftii'" fax's boundary with the North mountain, not far from Brock'i gap,, on the ftream of which is a grift mill, which grinds two buHieli oH gjain at every flood of the fpring. Another near the Cow Fa (litre river, a mile and a half below its conflunce with the Bull Pafture liver, and fixteen or feventecn miles from the hot fprings, which in- termits once in every twelve hours. One alfo near the mouth ef the North Holfton. After thefe may be mentioned,, the Natural Well on the lands ef a Mr. Lewis, in Frederick county ; it is fomewhat larger than a common well ; the water rifes in it as near the furface of the ^arth as in the neighbouring artificial wells, and is of a depth as yet un^ knownk It is faid, there is a current in it tending fenftbly down* wards ; if this be true, it probably feeds fome fountain, of whieh it is the natural refervoir, diftinguiflied from others, like that ©f Mtt- difon's cave, by being acceiTible ; it is ufed with a bucket and mai* lafs as an ordinary welU ..; v; . ..Ja .., - ; ""'" CAVERNS AND CURIOSITIES. " In the lime-ftone countrjp there are many caverns of very COfifi* fiderable extent. The moft noted is called Maddifon's cave, and is on the north fide of the Blue ridge, near the interfe£tion of the Reek- ingharn and Augufla line with the fouth fork of the fouthern rivcf of Shenandaoh. It is in a hill of about two hundred feet perptfndU cular height, the afcent of which, on one fide, is fo fteep, Uiftt yeu may pitch a bifcuit from its fummit into the river which wafljes its bafe. The entrance of the cave is, in this fide, about two-thirds of the way up. It extends into the earth about three hundred fuef, branching into fubordinate caverns, fometimes afcending a little, but more generally defcending, and at length terminates in two different places, at bafons of water of unknown extent, and which appear td be nearly on a level with the water of the river. The water in thife batons is alwnys cool, it is never turbid, nor does it rife or fall Iti times of flood or drought. It is probably one of the many reff rvoiri with which the interior parts of the earth are fuppofed to abound, and which yield fupplics to the fountains of water, diftingiiidied fryia OF VIRGINIA r 9^ from others only by its being acceffible. The vault of this cave is of folid lime-ftone, from twenty to forty or fifty feet high, througli which water is continually percolating. This, trickling down the fides of the cave, has incrufted them over in the form of elegant drapery ; and dripping from the top of the vault, generates on that, and on the bafe below, flaladlites of a conical form, fome of which have met and formed maffive columns. Another of thefe caves is near the North mountain, in the county of Frederick. The entrance into this is on the top of an extenfive ridge. You defcend thirty or forty feet, as into a well, from whence the cave then extends, nearly horizontally, four hundred feet into the earth, preferving a breadth of from twenty to fifty feet, and a height of from five to twelve feet. Mr. Jefferfon obferves, that after entering this cave a few feet,' the mercury, which in the open air was at 50°, rofe to 57° of Fahrenheit's thermometer, anfweringto II'' of Reaumur's, and it continued at that to the remoteil parts of the cave. The uniforn; temperature of the cellars of the obferva- tory of Paris, which are ninety feet deep, and of all fubterranean cavities of any depth, where no chymical agents may be fuppofed to produce a faftitious heat, has been found to be 10" of Reamur, equal to 541=" of Fahrenheit. The temperature of the cave above mentioned fo nearly correfponds with this, that the diflfercnce may be afcribed to a ditFerence of inftruments. At the Panther gap, in the ridge which divides the waters of the Cow and Calf paflure, is what is called the Blowing Cave. It is in the fide of a hill, is of about an hundred feet diameter, and emit* conftantly a current of air of fuch force, as to keep the weeds prof- trate to the diftance of twenty yards before it. Thi; current is ftrongeft in dry froHy weather, and weakell in long periods of rain. Regular infpirations and expirations of air, by caverns and fifllures, have been probably enough accounted for, by fuppofing them com- bit>ed with intermitting fountains,' as they muft of courfc inhale the air while the refervoirs are emptying thcmfelves, and attain emit it while they are filling. But a conitant iflue of air, only varying in its force as the weather is drier or damper, will require a new hypo- tiiefis. There is another blowing cave in the Cumberland moun- tain, about a mile from where it crolTcs the Carolina line. All we know of this is, that it is jiot conftant, and that a fountain of water ifllies from it, '; Th; h i^ ^4 GENERAt. 1>K9CRIPTI0N The Natural Bridge is the moK fiiblime of nature's workt'. It i$ «n the afecnt of a hil), which feems to have been cloven through its leflgth by fome great convuHion. The fiflbre, juft at the bridge, is by fome admeafurements two hundred and feventy feet deep^ by others only two hundred and five. It is about forty-five feet wide at the bottom, and ninety feet at the top ; this of courfe determines the length ef the bridge, and its height from the water. Its breadth in the middle is abont fixty feet, but more at the ends, and the tbickncfs of the mafs at the fammit of the arch about forty feet, but more at the ends, and ninety feet at the top. A part of this thicknefs is conftituted by a coat of earth, which gives growth to many large trees. The refidue, with the hill on both fides, is folid rock of lime-ftone. The arch approaches the femi- elliptical fcrm ; but the larger axis of the ellipfis, which would be the cord of the arch, is many times longer than the tranfverfe. Though the fides of this bridge are provided in fome parts with a pai^pet of fixed rocks, yet few men have refolution to walk to *heni and look over into the abyfs. You involuntarily fall on your hands .uid feet, creep to the parapet and peep over it. If the view from the top be painful and intolerable, that from below is delightful in an equal extreme. It is impoffible for the emotions ariCng from the fublime, to be felt beyond what they are here : fo beautiful an arch, fo elevated, fo light, and fpringing as it were up to Heaven, the «i|)ture of the fpeftator is really indefcribable ! The filTure con- tinuing narrow, deep and ftraight, for a confiderable diftance above and below the bridge, opens a Ihort but very pleafing view of the North mountain on one fide, and Blue ridge on the other, at the diftance each of them of about five miles. This bridge is in the county of Rockbridge, to which it has given name, and affords a public and com.iodious pafTage over a valley, which cannot be crofTed elfewhere for a confiderable diftance.* The ftream paffing under it is called Cedar creek. It is a water of James river, and fuf- ficient in the drieft feafons to turn a grift mill, though its fountaia is not more than two miles above. There is a natural bridge fimi- " Don UUoa mmtiont a lireak, fimilar to this, in the province of Angarez, in Suuth-Ameriea. It is from fixtecn to twenty-two feet wide, one hundred and eleven deep, and of one mile and rliree quarters continuance, Engliih meafure. It& bieadth at tup is not fenfiLIy greater than at bottom. lar OF VIRGINIA. 91 lar to the above, over Stock creek, a branch of Pelefon rhrer, ia Vl^aflungton county. ' CIVIL DIVISIONS. This State is divided into eighty-two counties, and by another di- vifion is formed into parilhes, many of which are commcnfurate with the counties : but fometimes a county comprebetidt more than one pariih, and fometimes a pariih more than one county. Thi* divifion had relation to the religion of the State, a minifter of the Anglican church, with a fixed falary, having been heretofore eAu- blifhed in each parifii. The names and fituations of thefe countiet jire as follow : WEST OF THE BLUE RIDGE. Ohio, Monongalia, Wafliington, Montgomery, Wythe, Botetourt, Greenbi'iar, Kanhawa, Hampfliire, Berkle)', Frederick, Shenandoah, Rockingham, Aiigufta, ^ Rockbridge. BETWEEN THE BLUE RIDGE AND THE TIDE WATER!. Loudoun, Fauquier, Culpepper, Spotfylvania, Orange, Louifa, Goochland, Flavania, Albemarle, Amherfl, Buckingham, Bedford, ^, Henr)', Fittiylvania, Halifax, Charlotte, Prince EiwxrS^ Cun\berlaad, Powhatan, Amelia, Nottaway, Lunenburghy Mecklenburgl^ Brunfwick. BETWEEN JAMES RIVER AND CAROLINA. '' Greenfville, Surry, Naiifemond, Dinwiddle, SufTex, ' Norfolk, Cheilcrfield, Southampton, Princcfs Ann. * frince George, Iflc of Wight, .r>'t«"-, V ..'.>t » . .; :-->ji„. ; ■..* - . JT > IBTWll* 96 GENERAL DESCRIPTION BETWEEN JAMES AND YORK RlVBRS. Henrico, Ckarles City, York, Hanover, James City, Warwick, New-Kent, Williamfburgh, Elizabeth City. BETWEEN YORK AND RAFPAHANNOCK RIVERS. Caroline, King and Queen, Middlefex, ' KingWilfiam, Effex, ^ , Gloucefter. BETWEEN RAFPAHANNOCK AND POTOMACK RIVERS. ^ Fairfax, Prince Wiliiara, Stafford, King George, Richmond, Weftmoreland, Northumberland^ Lancafler. !.-«^ ' BAST SHORE. Accomac, ' Northampton. <.' THE FOLLOWING ARE NEW COUNTIES. Campbell, Franklin, Harrifon, Randolph, Hardy, CHIEF TOWNS. I'endletoni, Ruffel.' There are no townflxips in this State, nor arty towns of confe- quence, owing, probably, to the interfedtion of the cbuntry by na- vigable rivers, which brings the trade to the doors of the inhabitants, and prevents the neceffity of thieir going in queU of it to a diftance. Williamfburgh, which, till the year 1780, was the feat of govern- ment, never contained above eighteen hundred inhabitants, and Nor- folk, the moft popwlous town they ever had in Virginia, contained but fix thoufand. The towns, or more properly villages or hamlets, are as follow : ' On James river and its waters — Norfolk, Portfmouth, Hampton, Suffolk, Smithfield, Williamfburgh, Peterfburgh', Richmond, the feat of government, Manchefler, Charlottefville, New London. — On York river and its waters, York, Newcaftle, Hanover. — On Rap- pahani>ock, Urbanna, Port Royal, Frederickfburgh, Falmouth.— On Potomack and its waters, Dumffies, Colcheftcr, Alexandria, Winchefler, Staunton, 4 There OF VIRGINIA. 97 There are places at which, like fome of the foregbing, the laws have faid there fliall be towns, but nature has faid there fliali not ; and ihey remain unworthy of enumeration. Norfolk will probably become the emporium for all the trade of the Chefapeak bay and its waters ; and a canal of eight or ten miles, which will probably foon be completed, will bring to it all that of Albemarle found and its waters. Secondary to this place, are the towns at the head of thei tide waters, to wit, Peterlbnrgh on Appamattox, Richmond on James river, Newcaftle on York river, Fredericklburgh on the Rappahan- nock, and Alexandria on the Potomack. From thefe the diftribution will be to fubordinate fituations of the cotmtry. Accidental circum- ftances, however, may controul the indications of nature, and in no ^nftances do they do it more frequently than in the rife and fall of tdwns. To the foregoing general account^ we had the following more particular defcriptions : % ALEXANDlllA* Alexandria (lands on the fouth bank of Potomack riter in Fairfax county ; its fituation is elevated and pleafant ; the foil is clay. Thei original fettlers^ anticipating its future growth and importance, laid out the ftreets upon the plan of Philadelphiat It contains about fix hundred houfes, many of which are handfomely built, and about fix thoufand inhabitants. This town, upon opening the n \<»ij^a* tion of Potomack river, and in confequence of its vicinity to the city of Waihington, will probably be one of the mofl thriving commercial places on the continent. MOUNT VERNON. Mourit Vernon, the celebrated feat of Prefident ^Vafliington, is pleafantly iituated on the Virginia bank of the Potomack, where it is nearly two miles' wide, and is about two hundred and eighty miles from the fea, and one hundred and twenty-feven from Point Look-out, at the mouth of the river. It is niiie miles below Alex- andria, and four miles above the beautiful feat of the late Col. Fair-' fax, called Bellevoir. The area of the mount is two hundred feet above the furface of the river, andy after furnifhing a lawn of five acres in front, and about the fame in rear of the buildings, falls off rather abruptly on thofe two quarters. On the north end it fubfides gradually into extenfive paflure grounds ; while on the fouth it dopes Vox,, Ulf O m«e ^8 GtNERAt DESCRIPTION more fleeply in a fliorter diftance, and terminates with the coach' houfe, (tables, vineyard, and nurferies. On either wing is a thick grove of different flowering torcft trees. Parallel with them, on the land fide, are two fpacions gardens, into which one is led by two ferpentine gravel walks,planted with weeping willows and fliady flirubs. The manfion houfc itfelf (though much embelliflied by, yet not perfeftly fatisfa£tory to the chafle tafte of the prefent poffeffor) ap- pears venerable and convenient. The fuperb banquetting room has been finiflied llnce he returned home from the army. A lofty ()ortico, ninety-fix feet in length, fupported by eight pillars, has a' pleafing efFeft when viewed from the water ; the whole affemblage of the green-houfe, fchool-houfe, offices and fervants halls, whea fecn from the land-fide, bears a rcfemblance to a i-ural village ; ef- pecially as the lands on that fide are laid out fomewhat in the form of Englifli gardens, in meadows and grafs grounds, ornamented witlv little copfes, circular clumps and fingle trees. A fmall park on the margin of the river, where the Englifli fallow-deer and the Ameri- can wild deer are feen through the thickets, alternately with the vef- fels as they are failing along, add a romantic and piifliurefqtie ap- pearance to the whole Icenery. On the oppolite fide of a fmall creek to the northward, an extenfivc plain, exhibiting corn fields and cattle grazing, affords in iummer a luxuriant landfcape ; while the blended verdure of woodlands and cultivated declivities, on the Maryland fliore, variegates the profpe£l: in a charming Aianner. Such are the philofophic tliades to which the late commander in chief of the American armies retired from the tumuhuous fcenes of a bufy Worl^, and which he has fince left to dignify, by his unequalled abi- lities, the moft important office in the gift of bis fellow citizens. rRED'ERICKSBlTRGH. FrederickAurgh', in the county of Spotfylvania, is fituated on the fouth fide of Rappahannock river, one hundred and ten miles from hs mouth, and contains about two hundred houfes, principally on one ftreet, which rrnig nearly parallel with the river, and one thou- faud five hundred inhaWtants. ; ...... RICHMOKD. Richmond, in ttie county of Henrico, is the prefent feat of go- vernment, and.ft^ndson the north fide of James river, juftatthe foot of the falls, and contains between five and fix hundred houfes, ■tti^tfl aud OF VIRGINIA. 99 and from five to fix thoufand inhabitants. Ptirt of the houfes are built upon the margin ot the river, convenient for bulinefs ; the reft are upon a hill which overlooks the lower piirt of the town, and com- piarids an extenfive profpeft of the river and adjacent country. The new huul'es are well built. A large ftate-houfe, or Capitol, has lately been created on the hill. The lower part of the town is divided by a creek, over which is a convenient bridge. A bridge between three and four hundred yards in length has late'y been thrown acrofs James river, at the foot of the fall, by Colonel Mayo. That part from Manchefter to the iflarid is built on firteen boats. Prom the illaiid to the rocks was formerly a floating bridge of rafts, but Colonel Mayo has now built it of framed log piers, filed with ftotie. From the rocks to the landing at Richmond, the bridge is continued on framed piers filled with ftone. This bridge conneds Richmond with Manchefter ; and as the paflengers pay toll, it produces a confiderar ble revenue to Colonel Mayo, who is the lole proprietor. The falls above the bridge are feven miles in length. A noble canal is nearly, if not quite, completed on the north fide of the river, which is to terminate in a bafon of about two acres, in the town of Richmond. From this balbn to the wharts in the river will be a land carriage of about a mile. This canal is cutting under the di- reftion of a company, who have calculated the expenl'e at thirty thoufand pounds Virginia money ; this they have divided into five hundred fliares of fixty pounds each. The opening of this canal promifes the addition of much wealth to Richmond. rvi PETERSBURGH. 15 -T5-»<* Peterfburgh, twenty-five miles fomhward of Richmond, ftands on the fouth fide of Appamattox river, and contains upwai'ds of three hundred houfes in two divifions; one is upon a clay cold foil, and is very dirty, the other upon a plain of fand or loam. There is no regularity and very little elegance in Peterlburgh, it is merely a place of bufinefs. The Free Mafons have a hall tolerably elegant. It is very unhealthy, being Ihut out from the accefs of the winds by high hills on every fide.* This confinedfituation has fuch an effect upon the conftitutions of the inhabitants, that they very nearly re- femble thofe of hard drinkers j hence, in the opinion of phyficians, * It is aflerted, as an undoubted faft, by a number of gcntlemcp well acquainted with this town, that, in 1781, « one child only born in it had arrived to mwhood,, and he was a cripple." - ., P » C. they lOO OBNBRAL DEICRIPTIOH i. : they require a confiderable quantity of ftimuiattng alimtntt and vinoua drinki, to keep up a balance between the iieveral fundtioni , of the body. About two thoufand two hundred hogflieads of tobacco are in- fpefted here annually. Like Richmond, WiUiamfliurgh, Alexandria, and Norfolk, it is a corporation i and Peterlburgh city compre- hends a part of three counties. The celebrated Indian queen, Fo> cahonta, from whom defcended the Randolph and Bowling iamiliei, formerly r^Cukd at this place. Peter(burgh and its fuburbs contain gbuut three thoufand inhabitants. WILLIAMSBtTRCR. Williamfburgh, fixty miles eaftward of Richmond, is iituated be- tween two creeks ; one falling into James river, the other into York fiver. The diftance of each landing place is about a mile from the town, which, with the difadvaiitage of not being able to bring up large vefTols, and want of enterprife in the inhabitants, are the rea? ions why it never flouriflied : it cotififts of about two hundred houfcs, going fad to decay, and has about fourteen hundred inhabitants ; it is regularly laid out in parallel ftreets, with a fquare in the center, through wliich runs the principal ftreet, eaft and weft, about a mile in length, and moie than an hundred feet wide. At the ends of this ilreet are two public buildings, the college and capitol ; befides thefe, jthere is an epifcopal church, a prifon, a holpitai for lunatics, and the palace ; all of them extremely indifferent. In the capitol is a large marble ftatue, the likeners of Narbotie Berkley, Lord Botetourt, a |nan diOinguiflicd for his love of piety, literature and good govern- jnent, and formerly governor of Virginia : it was erected at the ex- penfe of the Statp fome time fince the year 1791. The capitol is ^ittle better than in ruins, and this elegant ftatue is expofed to the rudeoefs of negroes and boys, and is ftiamefiilly defaced. Every thing in Wjlliamfturgh appears dull, forfaken and melancholy ; there is no trade ; no amufement, but the infamous one of gaming ; no in- duftry, and very little appearance pf religion- The unprofperous ftatc of the college, but principally the removal of the feat of go» yernmeqt, have cqntfibute4 muc|) tjo the dpclin; of this city* f(' TORIt-TOWW. York-town, thirteen miles eaftward frona Williamfturgh, and fouf' >een from Monday's point at the mputh of the river, is a |)lace of 3 . »^ wling iamiliei, uburbi contain is fituated be- ther into York a mile from the ble to bring up ts, are the reas lundred houfcs, inhabitants; it -e in the center, [I, about a mile the ends of this ; befides thefe, iinatics, and the apitol is a large rd Botetourt, a id good govern- reAed at the ex- The capitol is t expofed to the ed. Everything choly; there is gaming ; no in* \t unproiperous ■ the feat of go- his city. rT-4 ' f i I ii OF VIRGINIA. lOI •bout an hundred houfes, fituated on the fouth fide of York river« and contains about fcven hundred inhabitants. It has been rendered famous, BY THE CAPTURE OP LORD CORNWALLIt ANO Hit ARMY, on the 19th of O^ob^fi 17811 by the united force* of France and America. POPULATION. In the year 1781, a very inaccurate cenfus was taken. Several counties made no return ; but Inpplying by conjcfture the deficien- cies, the population of Virginia was then computed m five hundred and fixty-feven thoufand fix iiundred and fourteen perfonsj accordiac tp tl)e cen^^s of 1^90 th« numbers weri as follow ; il^iv' ;■. '.vT .:,«; ;c;( ; i' T'^. ,y^t« ■t, ' <" ■• .'♦ •-■ ■' ■ f It :*) ; ■ • . ■ i VIR. jurgh, and four* er^ is a place of ab(^u^ ) -* «h;» I02 GENERAt DESCRIPTION VIRGINIA. COUNTIES, Sec ;^v4> Augulb, the part ^ Ciift ot" the north l mountain ... J Part weft of ditto . . Albemarle Accomack Amherft Amelia, including j Nottoway, a new I county .... J Botetourt, a» it flood "^ previous to the formation of Wythe trom it and Montgomery ^ Buckingham Berkley . . Brunlwick . Bedf^ord . . Cumberland Chefterfield Charlotte . Culpepper . Charles City Caroline . Campbell . Dinuiddie . Eirex . . . Elizabeth City Fauquier Fairfax , Franklin Fluvanna Frederick Div Gloucefter . Goochland Greenfville Greenbrier, includ ing Kanhawa Heiiiico . . ifion } in > h. 2048 5*5' 1703 2297 2056 1709 2247 1274 4253 1472 1785 . 885 1652 1285 3372 532 1799 1236 1790 908 390 2674 2138 1266 c;8o 3«3 5 1597 1028 669 1463 1823 >« X665 572 1790 2177 2235 1697 2562 '537 4547 1529 2266 914 1557 1379 3755 509 1731 1347 I3q6 869 388 2983 1872 1629 654 4170 1523 io;;9 627 1574 1 1 70 3438 986 3342 4502 3995 3278 443* 2685 7850 2918 3674 1778 3149 *53S 6682 1043 3464 2363 2853 1766 778 5500 3601 2840 1187 73^o 3105! 2053 '234 2639 2607 (A a ,0 k.' 8 ^ Ut u js A 0 < v> o H 40 19 171 721 121 106 24 "5 13' 132 52 142 3^'9 63 70 3^3 20'^ 251 »39 18 93 135 34 *5 it6 210 257 212 20 581 1222 8413 345 2473 5579 12585 4262, 13959 5296 13703 1 1307 1259 4168 2932 6776 2754 4434 7487 4816 8226 3141 10292 2488 '7334 5440 1876 6643 4574 10731 1466 4250, 7063 4656: 36201 319 5819! 18097 10524 9779 19713 12H27 10531 8153 14214 10078 22105 5588 17489 7685 13934 9122 3450 iyl-'9a 12320 6842 3921 19681 13498 9053 6362 6015 12000 2 o H 222 3+5 579 8413 2473 12585 262! 13959 296: 13703 307 18097 [259 10524 ii68 9779 i934 '9713 6776; 12H27 27S41 44341 7487 4816' 8226 3141 02()2 2488 7334 5440 1876 6642 4574 1073! 1466; 4250, 7063 4656 3620 319 5819' 10531 8153 14214 10078 22105 5588 17489 7685 13934 9122 345° I i^t-'ga 12320 6842 3921 19681 13498 9053 6362 6015 12000 OF VIRGINIA, VIRGINIA. lOJ COUNTIES, &c. as ic Hanover . . Hampfliire . Harril'un . . Hardy . . . Halifax . . Henry . . . Ifle of Wight James City . King William King and Queen King George Lunenburg . Loudon . . Lancafter . . Louil'a . . . Mecklenburgh Middlefex Monongalia , Montgomery, ftdod previous to the formation of Wythe from and Botetourt Norfolk . . . Northampton . New Kent . . Northumberland Nanfemond . . Orange . . . Ohio .... Prince Edward Prince William Prince George Powhatan . . Peirdleton Pittfylvania . Princefs Anne Richmond Randolph "J Rockingham O rt Ml 8^ 1637 1662 487 1108 2214 ^523 1208 395 723 995 757 1 110 3^' 7 7 535 957 1857 407 1089 2846 2650 857 605 1046 1Z15 »3'7 1222 1044 1644 965 622 568 2008 1169 704 221 1816 3 (14 •a (a. I412 1956 579 2256 2320 1963 1 1 63 35Q 73* 1026 781 1185 3992 542 1024 2015 370 »345 3744 1987 743 587 ^^37 1167 14&6 ^37 7 1077 *797 822 548 686 2447 1151 697 270 1652 3242 3261 947 3192 4397 3*77 2415 765 1438 2138 1585 22^2 7080 I 182 1899 3683 754 ai68 5804 4291 1581 1199 2323 233' 2693 2308 1961 3303 1600 1115 1124 4083 2207 1517 441 32! 240 13 411 226 165 375 146 84 75 86 80 183 H3 14 416 51 12 o H 8223 454 67 369 5565 3867 2495 5 '51 S»43 4157 4332 4030 3^3^ 4573 6;62 2558 »54 6 828 25' 5345 464 3244 148 3700 197 4460 480 3817 64 4421 24 281 32 3986 167 4704 267 45«9 211 4325 1 73 62 2979 64 3202 83 3984 19 77» H7S4 7346 2080 733^ 1472X 8479 9028 4070 8l2& 9377 7366 8959 8962 8467 14733 4140 4768 13228 14524 6889 6239 9103 9010 9921 5212 8100 11615 8173 6822 2452 11579 7793 6985 7449 V 1 I i ' i I I 104 GEKERAL DESCRIPTION VIRGINIA. I ^ COUNTIES, «cc. ii Ruird . . . Rockbridge . Spotfyivania Staifbid . . Southampton Surry . . . Shannandoah Suflex . . . Warwick . . Walhington . Weftmoreland York . . . 734 >S«7 1361 134 « 1632 73* 2409 121C 1287 815' 530 I 969 1278 651 2770 1 1 74 1440 754 461 110936116135 I 8 fi! » J_ 1440 27^6 2532 2769 3'34 '379j 479' 2382! 333i 24401 1614I 1124I i I 8 i 5 4« 148 87 308 »9 391 33 8 114 358 IQO 682 5933 4036 5993 3097 512 5387 990 450 4425 2760 5046 12866 292627 747610 3338 6548 11252 9588 12864 6227 lO^IO 105S4 1690 5625- 7722' 5»33 By comparing the two accounts taken at the abpve different periods, it appears, that the increafe in ten ycai-s was two hundred and fifty-ciglu thoufand fix hundred and feventy-three, or about nventy-five tlioufand eight hundred and fixty-feven per annum ; al- lowing for the fame proportional increafe, the prefent number of inhabitants in this State cannot be lefs than nine hundred thoufand. The incrcal'e of flaves, during the laft fourteen years, has been lefs than it had been obfervcc^ for a century before. The reafon is, that about thirty thoufand flaves periftied with the fmall-pox or camp fevci, caught from the Britifti army, or went off with them while Lord Coinwallis was roving over that State. MILITIA. Erery able-bodied freeman, between the ages of fixteen and fifty, is enrolled in the militia. Thofe of every county are formed into companies, and theib again into one 6r more battalions, according to the nimibers in the county : they are commanded l->y colonels» and other fubordinate otKcers, as in the regular fervice. In every county is a county lieutenant, who commands the whole militia ia his county, but ranks only as a colonel in the field. They have no general. Of VIRGINIA. 105 nnirit «(Hceri ^!«rayi exifting: thefe are appointed occafionally, fihpn an Invafion or Infurreftion happens, and their commiflion deter- ^|r)«l with the occafioq. The governor h head of the mijitary as well ftl of {\\9 civil power. The few require^ every militia man to provide HlmftW'with ttly complied with, and the arms they had hAV« bwn fo frequently called for to arm the replars, that in the lowir p«irt« 9^ the cpuntiy they are entirely difanned. In the middle <;mintry a fourth or fifth part of them may have fuch firelocks as they hud provided todeflroy the qo^tous animals which infeft their farms ; iind on th« weftern fide pf the Blue Ridge tbey are generally arme4 ^ith rifles* Jh9 Itttei-feftibii of Virginia, by fo many navigable rivers, render* |t atmoft Incapable of defence: as the land will not fupporr a great piimbtr of people, a force cannot foon be collected to repel a fudden Invifloni Tf the militia bear the fame proportion to the number of ^ ^^bltantft now, as in t98»^ th^ amount tp niorethan iixty«^tat r RELIGION AND CHARACTER. Tbfl flrft (ettlers h this country were emigrants &pm England, of fh(i Engllfli church, juft at a point of time when it was flulhed ^lih complete \i£toty oyer the religious of all other perfualions, fotftitCedf as they became, of the powers of making, adminiftering^ Hid executing the laivs, they (hewed equal intolerance in this country ^ilb their Preibyterian brethren, who had emigrated to the northern ipvernment) the poor Qjiakers were flying from perfecutioii ia Engjindi They caill their eyes on thefe new countries as alylums of i'}vil and religious freedom : but they found them free only for the reigning (et\. Several z&s of the Virginia aflembly of 1659, i66z, ^'\i\ i6;3, had made it penal in parents to refufp to have their chil- dren IwptlKed, and prohibited the unlawful aflembling of Quakers ; had made it penal for any mailer of a velTel to bring a Quaker into the State, and had ordered thofe already here, and fuch as fhould conic thereafter, to be imprifoned till they fliould abjure the country; had provided a milder punifliment for their firfi and fecond return, but death fat their third ; had inhibited all perfons from futfering their mietlngs in or near their houfea, entertaining them individually, or dlfpullng of books which fupported their tenets. If no capital execu- f Ion took place there) as did in New-England, it was not owing to Vofc. III. P mode- f the country about a century. Other opinions. began then to creep in, and the great care of the goveminent to fupport their own cburcb| {laving begotten an equal degree of indolence in its (^ergy, two tbirdi pf the people had become Diiienters at the, cprpa>encemeiit of tb« late revolution. The laws, indeed, were JiUl oppreifive on tbem« ^ut thefpiritof the one party had fub44e4 >t)to moderation, ftn4 the other bad rifen to a degree of deternaina|ion wbich comfmiidei irefpeft. ; • _ ;j ._; .. ■ ./ ■■ . j ,, Theprefent ^ate of the laws on the fubjet^ of religion is ai fbtlowi t the Conventnn of May I'j'ji^i ia their declaration of rigliti, de* dared it to be a truth, and a natural right, that the exercife of relW gion ihould be free ; but when they proceeded to form on that deck* ration the ordinance of government, inilead pf taking up every prio* ciple declared in the Bill of Rights, and guarding it by leginativefanc* tion, they paflcd over that which alTerted their religious right! , l^evifig them as they found them. The fame Convention, how-'ver, wlten they met as a part of the Geiwral AflfenaWy, id 0£kober, 1776, re- pealed all a^s of Parliament which had rendered criminal the itiiii(i> taining any opinion in matters of religion^ the forbearing to repiiir tO church, and the exercigpg^ any paode of wordiip ; and Atlpendcd the laws giving falaries to the clergy, which fuipcnfion was made per^ petual in OAober, 1 779. Statutory opprefTions in religion being thilf wiped away, the Virginians remained under thole only imjxjfcd by tiie common Uw, or by their own ail of Aflembly, till 17B5, »t whiilt time all reftraiats and civil incapacities on account of religion were done away. At the common law, herefy was a capital offence, punifli^ble by burning. Its deHnition was left to the ecclefiaftical judges before whom theconvidlion was, till the llatute of the lA Eliz. c. 1. eir>^i'nirc'rbed it^ by declaring, that nothing fliould be deemed haefy, but what had been fo determined by authority of the canonical fcripturcs, or by one of the four fnH general councils, or b}' fome other council having for the grounds of their declaration the exprefs and plain words of the fcrip* tures. Herefy, thus circumfcribed, being an offence at the common law, their aft of Affemblyof Oftober, 1777, c. 17. givei eogfli* zance of it to the general court, by declaring, that " the jurifdlftion of that court fliall be general in all matters at the common law*" The execution is by the writ De baretico comlurendo. By their own ^^L mnybe.idf. which h«v« U pofl'eflion len to creep jwn chwrcht ', twothirdf ;mei»t of tb« iv6 on th«w» kration* »otl of rifthii, de« xerclfeoCrelW ontbftttleci*' ui> every pr'tft- legitlativefaoc- 5 right!. Waving ver, wlien they ,ber, i77^» '*' mir»lthe"»ifl- riogto'epairto 4 fuipenticA the was nift<^e P®'* 1785, atwiwH eligion were dene ccpuniftwhleby Igeshet'orewhom , ^irvumftrhed lt» but what hwJbceft ,c8, or by one oi ncU having fofti^« ifordspfthe fcrip- ,ce at the comma ij, givei cogfti- " the juriWiftiott ommuniaw."Th« By their own aa OF YIHGINIA, 107 » #f Affembly of 1705, c. 30, if a perfon brought up in the Cbriftiaa reiigton denied the being of a God, or the Trinity, or affcrted thero are more Gods than one, or denied theChriftian religion to be true, or the Sffriptures to be of divine authority, he is punifliable on th^ fii-ft offence by incapacity to hoW any office or employment ecclefiaCr tical, civil or military ; on the fecond, by difability to f«e, to takq any gift or legacy, to be guardian, executor, or adminiilrator, and by three years imprifoment without bail, A father's right to the cufiody of bis own children being founded in law 00 his right of guardianihip, this being taken away, they may of coyrfc be fevered from bitn, and put, by the authority of a court, into more orthodox bands. This is a fummary view of that religious flaivery^ under which a people were for fome time willing to remain, who had la* viflied their lives and fortunes in the eftablilhment of their civil free* dom ; the evil is now, however, done away, and by an ^& of Affem^ bly paffed in 1785, the Virginians were put in polTeflion of the com- plete <6njoyroent of religious liberty, The error will, ere long, b$ ^nally eradicated, that the operations of the mind, as well as theadls of the body, are fubjeft to the coercion of the laws. Rulers can have authority over fuch natural rights only, as have been fubmitted to them* The rights of ponfcien(;e were never fubmitted, for man could not lawfully fubn>it (hem ; he is anfwei able for them to God, The legitiniate powp^-s of government extend to fuch a£ics only as are injurious to others { but it does me no injury for my neighbour to fay there are twenty gods, or no god ; it neither picks my pocket nor breaks rpy |eg. If it be iaid, his teftimony in a court of juftice cannot be relied on, reje^ it then, and be the ftigma on him* Cppftraint qi^ay make l|im worfe, by making him a hypocrite, but it will nevpr make hirp a better man. It may fix him obfiinately in his errors, but wijl iiot cure them. Reafon and free inquiry are the pply efFe£tua) agents againft error. Give a loofe to them, they will fuppoit the true religion, by bringing every falfe one to their tribunal, to the teft of their invefligation. They are the natural enemies of error, and of error only. Had not the Roman govern* fiient peimitted frpe inquiry, phriftianity could never have been in« tfoduced. Had not free inquiry been indulged, at the asra of refor* ination, the corruptions of Chri^i^ty could not have been purged away. If it be reftrained now, the prefent corruptions wil) be pro- teAed, and new ones encouraged. Was the government to prefcribe |o us our medicine and diet, our bodies would be in fuch keeping as 91 Rur fouls arc now* Jitvi in f r^nce the emetic was once forbidden ?t as i / I il r m '{ 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 ! 1 J 1 »o8 OENBRAL DESCRIPTION as a medicine, and the potatoe at an article of food. Oovernmeat H juft at iiifkUiilt too, wiien it fixes fyAems in pl|j|rfic8. Galileo wat fent to the inquifition fbr aflSrming that the earth was a fphere ; the government bad declared it to be as flat as a trencher, and Galileo ttas obliged to abjure his error. This error, however, at length prevailed, the earth became a globe, and Defrartes declared it was whirled round its axis bf a vortex. The government in which he lived was wife enough to fee that this waftno()uefiion of civil jurildic* didlion, or we fliould all have been involved by authority in vortices. In fad, the vortices have been exploded, and the Newtonian prin< ciple of gravitation is now more firmly eilablifhed, on the bafis of feafon, than it would be were the government to ftep in, and tdt make it an article of neceflary faith. Keafon and experiment have been indulged, and error has fled before them. It is error alone which needs the fupport of government $ truth can ftand by itfelf. Subjed opinion to coercion, whom will you make yonr inquifitors } Fallible men ; men governed by bad paffions, by private as well as public reafons. And why fubjed it to coercion ? To produce uniform roity. But is uniformity of opinion defirable } No more than of face and ftature. Introduce the bed of Procruftes then, and as there is danger that' the large men may beat the fmall, make us all of a fize, by lopping the fumier and ftretching the latter. Difiierence of opinion is, perhaps,, advantageous in rdigioD. The feveral fe£ks perform the of* fioe of a cenfor morum over each other. But is uniformity attunable f Millions of innocent men^ women and children^ fincetbe introdudlion of Chriitianity, have been burnt, tortured^ fined and imprifoned; yet we have not advanced one ftep towards it. What has been the ef- ic6i of coercion ? To make one half the world ^0/f, and tlie other half hypocrites, for the purpofc of fnf^orting roguery and error alLover the earth. Let us reflect that this globe is inhabited by a thouland millions of people ; that thefe profefs probably a thoufand different fyftems of fvligion ; that ours is but one of that thoufand ; that if there be but one right, and ours that one, we fhould wifh to fee the nine hundred apd ninety-nine wandering i^€U gathered into the fold of truth. But ^inft fuch a majority we cannot effect this by force. Reafon and perfuafion are the only praiSlicable inftruments. To make way for the&, free inquiry nauil be indulged ; and how can we wifli others to indulge it while we refiife it puriielves? But every ftate, fays an in* quifitor, has eftaUifiwd iiune religton. We re{4yj no two have ef« titbKflied the lama. Is this a proof of the infatt&ility of eftab- liihmeots ? Many of the States, particularly Pennfylvania and New- York, have long fubfifted without an^ eftablifhmont at all. OF VIRGINIA 109 Tbe experiment was new and doubtful, when they made it } it hi| anfweied beyond conception ; they flourifti infinitely. Religion il well lupported ; of various kinds, indeed, but all fufficicnt to pre- ferve peace and order : or if a feft arifes, whofe tene.ti would fub. vert morals, good fenfe has fair play, and reafons and laughs it out of doors, without fuffering the State to be troubled with it. They do not hang fo many malefaftors as in England ; they are not mon difturbed with religious diffenfions j on the contrary, their morality is pure and their harmony is unparalleled 5 this can be afcribed t» nothing but their unbounded tolerance, becaufe there is no other cirw poents of wrath, puts on the fame airs in the circle of fmaller flaves, gives a loofe to his worft of paffions, and thus nurfed, educated, and ^ily exercifed in tyranny, cannot but be (lamped by it with odioua |>eculiarities. The man muft be a prodigy who can retain his man- ners and morals undepraved by fuch circumftances. And with what execration fliould the ftatefmau be loaded, who, permitting one half the citizens thus to trample on the rights of the other, transforms tiiofe into defpots, and thefe into enemies ; deftcoys the morals of the mste part, and the apttrpatria of the other. For if a flave can have z country in this world, i% mnft be any other in preference to that in which he is bom to live and labour for another ; in which he muf| lock np the faculties of his nature, contribute as far as depends on bis individual endeavours to the evanifhmeqt of the human race, or entail his own miferable condition on the endlefs generations pra»> eeeding from him. With the morals of the people, their induftry alio is defboyed. For in a warm climate, no man will labour for Ittmiclf who can make another labour for him. This is fo true, that of the proprietors of flaves a very fmall proportion, indeed, are ever feen to labour. And ran the liberties of a nation be thought fecure when they have removed their only firm b^fis, a conviction in the minds of the people that thefe liberties are of the gift of God ; that they are not to be violated but with his wrath ? It is impoffible to be temperate and to purfue this fubjeA through fbe vat ious conltderations of policy, of morals, of hiftory, natural a^d civil. We muft be contented to hope they will ultimately force their way jnto every pne's tpind j a chapge in this State has been per* ceptible OF Virginia* itt ttpt\h\e ever fince theeftabliftimentofthe prefent govefnment. T4i« fpirit of the mafter has abated, and that of the (lave ai ifen from the 4iuft, his condition is now mollified, and the way at length prepared by the federal government for a total emancipation, and this with the confent of the mafter«, and not by their extirpation. Before the general government of America undertook the noble work of tutting tip llavery by the roots, by laying the foundation of a total emancipation, the State of Virginia had as a body politic^ niJlde fome. advances ; and fome private gentlemen had likewife ex- erted themfelves' in a very confiderable degree, in the caufe of the oppreffed Africans. A Mr. Robert Carter, of Nomina, in this State^ in the year 1790, emancipated no lefs a number than four hundred' and forty-two flaves. This is a facrlfice on the altar of humanity of perhaps an hundred thoufand dollars. Vote him a triumph, crou'H "kirn with laurels, and let the millions liften while he fings—— «' I v'ould not have a flave to till my ground. To carry me, to fen me while I lleep, And tremble when I wake, for all the wealth That finews bought and fold have ever earn'd. " ' ""^ No : dear as freedom is, and in my heart's M itjjTomt Juft eftimation priz'd above all price, '«■:»? ^ ',. I had much rather be MYSELF the (lave, s' And wear the bonds, than faften them an HIM."*. ^r . « ... TRADE AND MANUFACTURES. « Before the war^ the inhabitants of this State paid but little attentfoii^ to the manufadlure of their own cloathing. It has been thought the/ ufed to import as much as fjrven-eights of their cloathing, and thaC they now manufafture three-quarters of it. We have before men- tioned that confiderable quantities of iron are nmanufaflured itt this State. To thefe we may add the manufadure of lead ; befidev vrhich they have few others of confequence. The people are nXuch attached to agriculture, and prefer foreign manufa£lures« Before the war this State exported, communibus annis^ according to the beft information that could be obtained, as follows : * As a ptoof-thar thcfe arc the fentiments of this gentleman, we beg leSva tqi mtra^ i\xcc the following quotation from a letter of his on the fituation of the flaves, &o. in this State, and the abolition of the flave trade, written to a DifTcnting Minilter. " T'm toleration •fflavety indicates very great dspravity of mtn1>," &c. t TobaoB^ ftl GENERAL DESCRIPTION Article* Tobacco *«•••« Wheat Ihdian iorn ...... Shipping lyiahs, planks, Ikantling, fliin- 1 gles, aud (laves ... J Tar, pitch, and tufpcntme Fcltry, viz. ikins of deer, bea vers, otters coons, foxes. Pork . Flax-feed, hemp, and cotton t'it-coal and pig iron . . Jreas •»•*•• Beef Sturgeon, Mi'hite ihad, herring Brand}'', from peaches and ap pies, and whifkey Horfes .... ann lurpemine . tins of deer, bea- "j s, muHc rats, ra> I ;es, &c. . . J Quantit/. Am. in Doiiurl, 5;,ooohhds.of loolb 800,000 biiHiels 600,000 budicli 30,000 barrels i8ohhd8.of6oolb 4,000 barrels 5,000 buflicls 1,000 barrels 1,6^0,000 666,6661. , 100,006 ; 100,000 ') 66,666} ^' 40,000 41,000 n 40,000 8,000 "• 6,666^ i 3»333} r .3.333f , 3»333t ' 1,666*- ' 1,666* M33.333T* The amount of exports from this State in the year fucceeding Oc- tober i, 1790, confifting chiefly of articles mentioned in' the foregoing table, was three million one hundred and thirty-one thoufand two hundred and twenty-feven dollars. About forty thoufand hogiheadt of tobacco only were exported this year. In the year 1758, this State exported feventy thoufand hogflicadt of tobacco, ^^hich was the greated quantity ever produced in this country in one year. But its culture has faft declined fince the com- mencement of the war, and that of wheat taken its place. The price which it commands at market will not enable the planter to cultivate it. Were the fupply ftill to depend on Virginia and Maryland alone, as its culture becomes more difficult, this price would rife, fo as to enable the planter to furmount thofe diiHcuIties and to live. But the wellern country on the MiiTiflippi, and the midlands of Georgia, having frefli and fertile lands in abundance, and a hotter fun, are able to underfell thefe two States, and will oblige them in time to abandon the i-aifing of tobacco altogether. And a happy obligation for them it will be. It ia a culture produ£live of infinite wretch.ednefs* * This fun» is equal to eight hundred and fifty thoofand pounds Viiginia money> fix I u^died and &f.y-lcvcn thouCafid (4a huodred fort/-two guineas. ^ Thofe m. in Doliari. OF VIRdlNtA* itj thofc cmptoycd In it arc in a continued State of exertion beyond the J)owcri-of nature to fupport. Little food of any kind is raifed by them ; fo that the men and animals on tbefe farms are badly fed, and the earth is rapidly itnpoveriflicd. The cultivation of wheat is the re* Verfe in tfvery circumftance. Befides cloathing the earth with her- bage, and prcferving its fertility, it feeds the labourers plentituUyj requires from them only a moderate toil, except in the fealbn of harvift, raifes great numbers of animals for food and fervice, and ditRilcs plenty ami happinefs among the whole. It is eafier to raife an hundred buflit^ls of wheat than a thoufand weight ot tobacco, and it is worth more when produced. It is not eafy to fay what are the articles either of neceffity, com- fort, or luxury, which cannot be raifed here, as every thing hardier than the olit>c^ and as hardy as thc^^, may be raifed in the open air. Sugar, coffee, and tea, indeed, are not between thefe limits ; and habit having p'aced them among the neceflaries of life with the weal- thy, as long as thefe habits remain, they muft go for them to thof© •untries which are able to furnifh them. Vuginia money> fix COLLEGES, ACADEMIES, LITfiRATURE, &c. The college of William and Mary was founded in the time of King William and Queen Mary, who granted to it twenty thoufand acrei of land, and a penny a pound duty on certain tobaccoes exported frcfm Virginia and Maryland, which had been levied by the ftatute of 25 Car. II, The Aflembly alfo gave it, by temporary laws, a duty on liquoi-s imported, and fltirts and furs exported. From thefe refources it received upwards of three thoufand pounds. The buildings are of Lrick, fuflicient for an indifferent accommodation of perhaps one hundred ftudents. By its charter it was to be under the governixient of twenty yifitors, who were to be its legillators, and to have aprefi- dent and fix profeflbrs, who were incorporated v it was allowed 3 repreftntative in the General Aflembly. Under this charter, a pro- felTorfhip of the Greek and Latin languages, a profeflbr of mathema- tics, one of moral philofophy, and two of divinity, were eftabliflied. To thefe were annexed, for a fixth profeflbrfliip, a contiderable do- nation by a Mr. Boyle of England, for the inftrudion of the Indians, and their converfion to Chriftianity : this was called the profeflbrfliip of Bratferton, from an eftate of that name in England, purchafed with the monies given. The admiflion of the learners of Latin and Vol. m. Q^ Greek 114 GENERAL DESCRIPTlOK !i Greek filled the college with children : this rendering it difagreM* bic to the young gentlcnieii already prepared for entering on the f.icnccs, thtry deliUcd from reforting to it, and thua the fchooli for iiKitiiciuatics and moral philnfophy, which might have been of feme fcrvii c, became of very little iifc. The revenues too were exbiiulK-d ill M'comirodiuing thofc who came only to acquire the ni« tlinicnts of fr'iLnce. After the prcfeiit revolution, the vifitors having no power to change ihofc nrciiiiiflanccs in the conftitution of the college which wcic fixed by the charter, and being therefore confined in the numbi i ot |Mufeflorflii|)s, undertook to change the ob- jeAs of the profciloi (hips. They excluded the two fchools for divi- vinity, and that for the Greek and Latin languages, and fubftituted others ; fo that at prcfent they ftand thus — a profeflbrfliip for law and police ; anatomy and medicine ; natural philofophy and mathe* inatics; moral philofophy, the law of nature and nations, the fine arts ; modern languages ; for the BrafFerton. RItafures have been taken to increafe the number of profeflbrihips, as well for the purpofe of fubdividing thofe already inftituted, as of adding others for other branches of fcience. To the profeflbrftiips ufually eftabliflied in the univerfities of Europe, it would feem proper to add one for the ancient languages and literature of the north, on account of their connection with our own languages, laws, cufloms, and hiftory. The purpofes of the Brafferton infiitution would be better anfwered by maintaining a perpetual milTion among the Indian tribes ; the object of which, befides intruding them in the prin- ciples of Chriftianity, as the founder requires, ihould be to collect their traditions, laws, cufloms, languages, and other circumftances which might lead to a difcovery of their relation to one another, or defcent from other nations. When thefe objefts are accompliflied Vvithone tribe, the miffionnry might pafs on to another. The college edifice is a huge, mifliapen pile j *' which but that it has a root, would be taken for a brick kiln." In 1787, there were about thirty young gentlemen members of this college, a large pro- portion of which were law ftudents. The academy in Prince Ed. ward county has been erefted into a college by the name of Hampden Sydney college. It has been a flourifliing feminary, but is now faid to be on the decline. There are fevcral academies in Virginia j one at Alexandria, one at Norfolk, and others in other places. Siace f T 5 it diragrcw* ntering on the ua the fchooli {ht have been 'enues too were acquire the ru» • vifitors having nftitution of the erefore confined change the ob- fchools for divi- and fubftituted jflbrftiipfor lavr jphy and mathe- nations, the fine of profefforlhips J inttitnted, as of the profeflbrfhips ould feem proper of the north, on 8, law3, cuftoms, ftitution would be among the Indian ;hem in the prin- ould be to coUeft ther circumftances 0 one another, or are accompUfl^ed >ther. " which but that it 1 1787, there were )llege, a large pro- emy in Prince Ed. name of Hampden jr, but ia now faid at Alexandria, one ',v '^^^ Since ■ J OP VIRGINIA. 115 Since the declaration of independence, the laws of Virginia have been revifcd by a committee appointed for the piirpofc, who have re« ported their work to the Aflcmbly ; one objcft of this revifal was to diffiifc knowledge more generally through the mats of tlit people. The bill for this purpofe *' propofes to lay off every county into iiiiall diftrifls of five or fix miles fquare, called hundreds, and in each of them to eftablifh a fchool for the teaching of reading, v/riiing, and arith* metic. The tutor to be iupportcd by the hundred, and all pcrlons in it entitled to feud their children three years grati?, End as muci» Lnger as they pleafe, paying for it. Thtle lch<>ols 10 be urj;'er u viitor, who is annually to chufe the boy of the beft genius in vi.c fclH-x)!, of thofe whofe parents are too poor to give them farther eJuc:ui.ifi, i'i,cl to fend him forward to one of the grammar fchools, of \vf uh Iweiity are propofed to be erected in difft-rent parts of the counu), sor leach- ing Greek, Latin, geognphy, and the higher bra-.c ;.(."-, ot mi/nerird} arithmetic. Of the boys tluis Ifnt in any o.ie year, trip*, is to be made at the grammar fchooh, f'Toneor two years, and the lifil geniu' of the whole felefted and continued fix years, and the refuUie difmilJtd ,: by this means twenty of the bcft geniufles will be taken from the riua''s annually, and in{lru(^ed, at the public expenfe, fo far is rhc g«';,if.' mar fchools go. At the end of fix years inftru(ftion, rr ;; hah ;uc t'> be difcontinued, from among whom the grammar ichooi« v> ill pio^ bably be fupplied with future mafteis, and the other half, wl'.o are to be chofen for the fuperiority of their parts and difp .fition, are tc be fent and continued three ysars in the fludy of fuch fcicnces as they fliall chufe, at William and Mary college, the plan o? which ia I propofed to be enlarged, as has been explained, and "xtended to all the ufeful fciences. The ultimate refult of the v Itoio .c'; inc of education would be the teaching all the children of the ftato reaJin^, •writing, and common arithmetic; turning cut un annually of ifupericr genius, well taught in Greek, ^^dn, go»»graphy, and [the higher branches of arithmetic ; turniug out ten others annually, !of ftill fuperior parts, who, to thofe branches of learning, iliall have added fuch of the fciences as their genius fliall have led them to ; the furnifliing to the wealthier part of the people eonvenient fchools, at which their children may be educated, ^at their own expenfe. The general objedts of this law are to provide an education adapted to the years, to the capacity, and the condition of every one, and direfted to their freedom and happinefs. Specific details were not proper for the law ; thefe muft be the bufinefs of the vifitors entrufted with its Q^ fxecvw Il6 GENERAL DESCRIPTION execution. The firft ftage of this education being the fchooli of the hundreds) wherein the great mafs of the people will receive their in- ilru£iion, the principal foundations of future order will be laid here, ^he firft elements of morality may be inftilled into their minds ; fucH as, when farther developed as their judgments advance in ftrength, may te^ch them how to promote their own greateft happinefs, by Ihewingthem that it does not depend on the condition of life in which pature has placed them, but is always the refult of a good confcience, good health, occupation, and freedom in all juft purfuits. Thofe whom either the wealth of their parents, or the adoption of the State, (hall deftine to higher degrees of learning, will go on to the grammar fchools, which conftitute the next ftage, there to be inftrufte d in the languages. As foon as they are of a fuflicient age, it is fuppofed they will be fent on from the grammar fchools to the univerfity, which conftitutes the third and laft ftage, there to ftudy thofe fciences which piay be adapted to their views. By that part of the plan which pre- fcribes the fele£lion of the youths of genius from among the clalTes of the poor, the State will avail itfelf of thofe talents which nature has fpwn as liberally among the poor as the rich, but which perilh without ufe, if not fought for and cultivated. B\it of all the views of this law none is more important, none more legitimate, than that of render- ing the people the fafe, as they are the ultimate, guardians of thei^^ own liberty : for this purpofe, the reading in the firft ftage, where they will receive their own education, is propofed, to be ciilefly hif- torical. Hiftory, by appnfing them of the paft, will enable them to judge of the future ; it will avail them of the experience of other times and other nations ; it will qualify them as judges of the actions and defigns of men ; it will enable them to know ambition under every difguife it ipay aflume ; and knowing it, to defeat its views. In every gov;rnment on earth there is iome trait of human weak- nefs, fome germ of corruption and degeneracy, which cunning will difcover, and wickednefs infenfibly open, cultivate and improve. Every government degenerates when ti ufled to the rulers of the peo- ple alone : the people themfelves therefore are its only fafe depo- fitones ; and to render even them fafe, their minds muft be improved to a certain drgree : this, indeed, is not all that is neccffary, though it be eflentially neceflary. The influence over government muft be ihared among all the people. If every individual which compofes their mafs participates of the ultimate authority, the government ii'ili be fafe ; becaule the corrupting the whole mafs will exceed any £ private OF VIRGINIA. 117 private refources of wealth ; and public ones cannot be provided but by levies on the people : ini this caie every man would have to pay his own price. The government of Great-Britain has been cor- rupted, becaufe but one man in thirty has a right to vote for mem^ bers of Parliament, The fellers of the government therefore get twenty-nine parts out of thirty of their price clfear. The excellent meafurcs tor the difFufion of wfcfiil knowledge, which the forementioned bill propofes, liave not yet been carried into effea. And it will be happy if the great inequality in the circum- ftances of the citizens ; the pride, the independence, and the in- dolence of one clafs, and the poverty and depreffion of the other, do not prov« infuperable difficulties in the way of their univerfal operation. ; I ' , CONSTITUTION. . The Conftitution, which was the firft that was formed in the whole United Statesj is as follows ; We, the delegates and reprefentatives of the good people of Vir- ginia, do declare the future form of government of Virginia to be as followeth : The legiflative, executive and judiciary departments fliall be fe» parate and diftinft, fo that neither exercife the powers properly be- longing to the other; nor fliall any perfon exercife the powers of more than one of them at the fame time, except that the juftices of the county courts fliall be eligible to either Houfe of Aflembly. The legiflative fliall be formed of two diftinft branches, who, to - gether, fliall be a complete legiflature. They fliall meet once, or oftener, every year, and fliall be called, The Genebal Assembly OF Virginia. One of thefe fliall be called, The House of De- lEGATES, and confift of two reprefentatives to be chofen for each county, and for the diftri£t of Weft-Augufta, annually, of fuch jnen as adtually refide in and are freeholders of the fame, or duly qualified according to law ; and alfo of one delegate or reprefenta^ tive to be chofen annually for the city of Williamlburgh, and one for the borough of Norfolk, and a reprefentative for each of fuch other cities and boroughs as may hereafter be allowed particular re- prefentation by the legiflature ; but when any city or borough fliall fo decreafe, as that the number of perlbns having right of fuifrage theneia iliajl hav? b?en for the f^ace pf fevcn years fucceffively lefg than I i IlS GENERAL DESCRIPTION than half the number of voters in fome one county in Virginia, fiwh city or borough thenceforward fliaii ceafe to fend a delegate or rc- prefentative to the Aflembly. The other ihall be called, The Senate, andconfiftof twenty- four members, of whom thirteen fliall conftitute a Houfe to proceed on bufinefs, for whofc eleftion the different counties fliall be di- ▼ided into twenty-four diftrifts, and each county of the refpeftive diftrift, at the time of the eleftion of its delegates, fliall vote for one fenator, who is nftualJy a refident and freeholder within the dif- trift, or duly qualified according to law, and is upwards of twenty- five years of age ; and the flieriifs of each county, within five days at fartheft after the kft county eleftion in the diftrift, fliall meet at feme convenient place, and from the poll fo taken in their refpeftive counties, return as a fenator the man who fliall have the greatefl Dumber of votes \a the whole diftrid. To keep up this Afiembly by rotation, the diftri^s fliali be equally divided into four clafl'es, and numbered by lot. At the end of one year after the general eledion, the fix members elefted by the firft divifion fliall be dif- placed, and the vacancies thereby occafioned fuppl.od from fuch elafs or divifion by nen- eleftion in the manner aforefaid. This ro- tation fliall be applied to each divifion according to its number, and continued in due order annually. The right of fuffrage in the eleftion of members for both Houfes fliall remain as exercifed at prefent, and each Houfe fliall chufe its own fpeaker, appoint its own oflScers, fettle its own rules of pro- ceeding, and direct writs of election for the fupplying intermediate nacancies. - ' All laws fiiall originate in the Houfe of Delegates, to be approved ef or rejefted by the Senate, or to be amended with confeiit of the Houfe of Delegates, except money bills, which in do inftance liiall be altered by the Senate, but wholly approved or rpjcc^ed. A Governor, or chief m;igiftiate, fliall be ohofen annually, by Joint ballot of both Monies, to be taken in each Houfe refpectively, depofited In the conference-room, th; i.io>;es examined jointly by a romiuutee of each Houfe, and the numbers feverally reported to them, that the app Intments may be entered (which fliall be the mndc or t.^klig the joint ballot of both Houfes in all cafes) who fliall not conriniie m that oilice longer than three years fucceflively, noi he elii'ible niril the expiration of four years after he fliall have been out of that ollice. An adequate, but moderate ialary fliall be fettle^ OF VIRGINIA. 119 ftttftid on him during his continuance in office ; and he IhaM, widi the wlvice of a council of ftate, exercife the executive powers of gdveriimentf according to the laws of this Corimonwealth ; and ihall not) under any pretence, exercife any powe. or prerogative by virtue of any \&\V, ftatute or cuftom of England ; but he fliall, with the ftdvlee of the council of ftate, have the power of granting re- prlevcu or pardons, except where the profecution (hall have been CMri'led on by the Houfe of Delegates, or the law fhall otherwife pai'tieularly dircft ; in which cafes no reprieve or pardon ihall be granted, hut by refolve of the Houfe of Delegates. Either Houfe of the General Affembly may adjourn themfelvee refpe^lvely. The governor fliall not pi'orogue or adjourn the Af- Ainibty during their fitting, nor diflblve them at any time ; but he lllttll, if neceiTary, either by advice of the Council of State, or oa Ap|;ilic'gtion of a majority of the Houfe of Delegates, call them be- i'oie the time to which they (hall fiand prorogued or adjourned. A Privy Council, or Council of State, confifling of eight mem- bffi, fliall be chofen by joint ballot of both Houfes of AiTembly, rithi'r from their own members or the people at large, to aSi& in the •dminiilration of government. They ihall annually chufe, out of their own members, a preiident, who, in cafe of death, inability or ab- &n€i of the governor from the government, fliall a& as lieutenant- gfivernor. Four members ihall be fufficient to a£i;, and their advice and proceedings flinll be entered on record, and flgned by the mem« ben prefent (to any part whereof any member may enter his diflfent) to be Jflid before the General Membly, when called for by them. Thll council may appoint their own clerk, who fliall have a iaiarjr fetfletl by law, and take an oath of fecrecy in fuch matters as he flinU be (llrcfted by the board to conceal. A fum of money ap- propriated to that purpofe fliall be divided annually among the member?, in proportion to their attendance ; and they fliall be inca- jwble, during their continuance in office, of fitting in either Houfe ol Art'einbly. Two members fliall be removed,, by joint ballot of boih Houfes of Afll'mbly, at the end of every three years, and be in- eligible for the three next years. Thefe vacancies, as well as thofe OCCftrtoiied by death or incapacity, fhall be fupplied by new ele6tions in (he fitme manner. The delegates for Virginia to the Continental Congrefs fliall be elmfcn aKnunlly, or iuperfedcd in the meun time by joint ballot of Ml Houfes of Aflcmbly. ~ - The 12^ GEt^ERAt DESCAlPflOM The prefent militia officers fhail becontintef, and vteancle* fvp* plied, by appointment of the governor, with ttie adv ce ot ibe privy council, on recommendations from the rcfp'>£tive county eourrsf but the governor and council fliall liave a powt;r of hiip^iiding any officer, and ordering a court-martial on com, taint of mift>t;haviour or inability, or to I'upply vacancies of officers happening whrn itt adual fervice. ' The governor may embody the militiai with the advice of the privy council ; and, when embodied, fliall alone have the direftion of the militia unc^er the laws of the country. The two Houfes of Aflembly fliall, by joint ballot, appoint jildgei of the Supreme Court of Appenls, and General Court, judges in Chancery, judges of Admiralty, fecretary and the atiorney-j^encral^ to be commiflioned by the governor, and continue In office during good behaviour. In cafe of death, incapacity or reOgnation, the governor, with the advice of the privy council, fliall appoint per* fons to fucceed in office, to be approved or diiplaeed by both Houfes. Thefe officers fliall have fixed and adequate falariei, ond, together with all others holding lucrative offices, and all mfnifteri of the gofpel, of every denomination, be incapable of being ele^ed members of either Houfe of Aflembly, or the privy council. *rhe governor, with the advice uf the privy council, fliall appoint juftices of the peace for the counties ; and, in cafe of vacflnclcs, of a neceffity of increafing the number hereafter, fuch appointmentf to be made upon the recommendation of the refpedive county cetirtf • The prcfent a£ting fecretary in Virginia, and clerks of all tlie CdUnty courts, fliall continue in office. In cafe of vacancies, either by death, incapacity or refignation, a fecretary fliall be appointed ai before dire6ted, and the clerks by the refpeflive courts, The prtiient and future clerks fliall hold their offices dui ing good bebaviour, to be judged of and determined in the General Court. The flieriiffl and coroners fliall be nominated by the refpe£tive courts, approved by the governor, with the advice of the privy council, and commif* fioned by the governor. The juftices fliall appoint conflabtes } and all fees of the aforefaid officers be regulated by laiw* The governor, when he is out of office, and otberu oflTeflding againft the State, either by mal-adminiftration, corruption or other means, by which the fafety of the State may be endangered, (ball be impeachable by the Houfe of Delegates ; fuch imfJeachmcnf ftf be profecuted by the attorney-general, or fuch other perlun of per* foM OP ViRGINIA; 121 fons ii thther refpe£ls, ftiuid as fixed by the charter of King James the Firdi ^In the year One thoufand fix hundred and nine, aind by the public 'treaty of peace between the Courts of Britain and France, in the [Jrear one thoufand feven hundred and fixty-three ; unlefs, by aft of ithis legiflature, one or more governments be eftabliflied weftward of [the Allegany mountains. And no purchafes of lands fliall be made |<>f the Indian natives but on behalf of the public, by authority of [the General Aflembly. Vol. in, R LAWS. .■?'• •A , BH' 1 ■B|JBhWii I^^HHMf ■ I I^Hk 122 GENERAL DESCRIPTION, &C« LAWS. The following are woithy of noticci as variations from the Englifli hvr. Debtors unable to pay their debts, and making faithful delivery of their whole effe^s, are releafed from their confinement, and their perfons for ever difchargcd from reftraint for fuch previous debts ^ but any property they may afterwards acquire will be fubjeft to their creditors. The poor, unable to fupport themfelvcs, are main. tained by an aflefTment on the titheable perfons in their pariHi. A foreigner of dny nation, not in open war, becomes naturalifed by moving to the State to refule, and taking an oath of fidelity, and thereby acquires every right of a native citizen. Slaves pafs by defcent and dower as lands do. Slaves, as well as lands, were en- tailable during the monarchy ; but, by an aft of the firft repub- lican Aflfembly, all donees in tail, prefent and future, were veiled with the abfolute dominion of the entailed fubjeft. Gaming debt! are made void, and monies aftually paid to difcharge fuch debts, if they exceed forty (hillings, may be recovered by the payer within three months, or by any other perfon afterwards. Tobacco, flour, beef, pork, tnr, pitch and turpentine, mud be infpefted by perfons publicly appointed before they can be exported. In 1785, the AfTembly enafted, that no man fliould be compelled to fupport any religious worfliip, place or minifter whatfoever, nor be enforced, reftrained, molefted or burdened in his body or goods, nor otherwife fuffer on account of his religious opinions or belief { but that all men fliould be free to profefs, and by argument to maintain, their opinion in matters of religion ; and that the fame 4iould in no wife diminifli, enlarge or affed their civil capacities. In Oftober, 1 786, an aft was pafled by the Aflembly, prohibiting the importation of flaves into the Commonwealth, upon penalty of the forfeiture of the fum of a thoufand pounds for every flave. And every flave imported contrary to the true intent and meaning ef this ad, becomes £ree. ' .- • INDIANA. I rom the Englifh ( 1*3 ) INDIANA. Indiana, fo called, is a traft of land lying on the Ohio river, in the State of Virginia, ceded to William Trent atid twenty.two others, by the SiMkNations, and the Shawanefe, Delaware and Huron tribes, as a compenfatioji for the lofll-s they had fuftained by the de- predations of the latter, in the year 1763. This ceffion was made in a congrefs of the reprefentatives of the Six Nations, at Fort Stan- wix, by an indenture, figned the 3d of November, 1 768, witDcf" fing, " That fo/ and in confideration of eighty-five thoufand nine hundred and fixteen pounds, ten fliillings and eight pence, York currency, the fame being the amount of goods feized and taken by the faid Indians from the faid Trent, &c. they did grant, bar- gain, fell, &c. to his Majefly, his heirs and fucceiTors, for the only ufe of the faid William Trent, &c. all that tra6t or parcel of land, beginning at the foutherly fide of the Little Kanhawa creek, where it empties itfelf into the river Ohio ; and running thence fouth^eaft to the Laurel hill ; thence along the Laurel hill until it ftrikei the river Monongahela ; thence down the dream of the laid river, ac- cording to the feveral courfes thereof, to the fouthern boundary line of the province of Pennfylvania ; thence weftwardly along the courfe of the faid province boundary line as far as the fame fliall extend ; thence by the fame courfe to the river Ohio, Vnd then down the river Ohio to the place of beginning, inclufively." This indenture wat figned by fix Indian chiefs, in prefence of Sir William Johnfon, Go- vernor Franklin, of New Jerfey, and the commiflioners from Vir- ginia, Pennfylvania, &c. making twelve in the whole. Since the Indians had an undifputed title to the above limited ter- ritory, either from pre-occupancy or conqueft, and their right wat exprefsly acknowledged by the above deed of ceffion to the crown, it is very evident that Mr. Trent, in his own right, and as attorney for the traders, has a good, lawful and fufficient title to the land granted by the faid deed of conveyance. R» Tbii S^4 GEM^RAt iDEBCRIPtlON, &C, This matter wm laid before Copgrefa in the year 178s, and| pmtnittee appointed to confider it, ^ho^ \n May, reported as fol? lows : *' Qa the whole, ypur committee are of opinion that the purchafes of Colonel Croghan and the Indian company, were made fona fidt fqr a yalqable confiderationi i^ccording to the then nfage and cuftoms of purchafing Ipdian lands from the Indiaps, with thq knowledge, confent and approbation of thjc Crown of Grdat^Britain^ $he then government pf Neiy-York and Virginia, an<| therefore dp recommend that it be ** Rffalveitf That if the (aid lands are finally c(pded or adjudged tp the United States in point of jurifdidtion, that Congrefs will confirm^ to fuch of the faid purchafers who are, and Aiall be citizens of the United States, or either of them, their refpe^ive (hares and propor* tions of faid lands, making a reafonable deduction fpr the value of the quit rents referyed tiy the Crown of England.** Notwithftanding this report of the committee, the qyeftion cpul^ never be brpught to a deciiion before Congrefs. The Federal Con- ilitution has, ho\v'ever, piade provifion for the determination of this bulinefs, before the Supr^tne Federa^ Court. But previous to an ap- peal to this Court, the proprietors thoueht proper, by their agent, Colonel Morgan, who is alfo a proprietor, tp prefent a (nemorial tq the legiflature pf Virginia, fet^ing forth tjieir claims, and praying that the byiineifs might be equitably fettled. This memorial was prefented in November, 1790; and thus, we believe, thelndian^ liufinefs refts for the pfefent. STATE •- bar X79a, iind{| [rcponed as foU }inion that the Jany, were made the then ufage ^diapsy with thq Grdit-Britain, u) therefore dq or adjudged tq Irefs will confirn^ citizens of the ires and propor* for the value of e q^eftion coul(| he Federal Con* mination of this revious to an ap* , by their agent, nt a (nemorial tq ms, and praying lis mennorial was ieve, the Indiana I \iSi; ■Hi i^ STATE /'/(/ Mu.vu»h ///. l.-i iliiiYt ■. fhi .•; jj') t ^1 II D.SyniKi // Irl iliiirt', Ihi ' .•; j-,)f h\\\ I). Svnioiiilii.. V •<■ /!//,? k,^*/ lt>'\t . ^ ^^^. Jester *>. ^B^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 t^ 1^ !.l lu Bi 12.2 iy£ 1— II '-'^ '-^ ^ 6" ► <^ ^ 7J / Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. U5S0 (716) 872-4503 "^^ V V:^o ;\ Bjfta it ■■t I I, % ■%. ' iif^ = 1 £,,-!♦ t .Vfif- >^^#**-rtr^'rfW*W'"^'*" * ■'»^'-<*"Vii-: ■ y*-^tT •** tft'- ,< ' I : o^ /tfifiitit n\ l.^":y'. • , ( IH ) el 0 hr^ jtcifivat n STATE OF KENTUCKY. SITUATION, EXTENT, AND BOUNDARIES, X HIS State, is fituated between 36" 30' and 39° 30' north latitude^ ^nd 8" and 1 S^ weft longitude from Philadelphia ; its length is about two hundred ai»d fifty miles, and its breadth two hundred. It it bounded on the north and north-weft by Great Sandy creek and the Ohio river; on the weft by Cumberland river; on the fouthby the lands laid off from North-Carolina, called the Tenneflee govern^ ment \ and on the eaft by Sandy river, and a line drawn due fouth from itj foiircc, tjll it ftrikes the northern boundary liqe of Nprth- Carolina, • > CLIMATE. This country is more temperate and healthy than almoft any of ^he other fettled parts of America. In fummer it is without the fandy heats which Virginia and Carolina experience, and receives a iine air from its rivers. In winter, which at moft only lafts three jnonths, commonly but two, and is but feldom fevere, the people arc fafe in bad houfes ; and the heafts have a good fupply without fodder. The winter begins about Chriftmas, and ends about the ^rft of March, at fartheft does not exceed the middle of that month. Snow feldom falls deep or lies long; The weft winds often bring ftorms, and the eaft winds clear the (ky ; but there is no fteady rule of weather in that refpeft, as in the northern States. The weft windi are fometlmes cold and nitrous. The Ohio running in that direction, find there being mountains on that quarter, the wefterly winds, by fweeping along their tops, in the cold regions of the air, and over a long tradl of frozen water, coileft cold in their courfe, and convey it over the Kentucky country ; but the weather is not fo intenfely ievcre a$ thefe winds bring with them in Pennfylv^nia, T^e air and fl^afons lA"''.*-. 126 gekeeal description feafons depend very much on the winds, as to heat and cold, drynefi and moifture. " , ' FACE OF THE COUNTRY, SOIL, AND PRODUCTIONS. In defcribing a country like this, it is almoft impoffible to treat thefe fubje£ts feparately without a repetition of the fame remarks and obfervations ; we, therefore, have preferred blending them to- gether, and as an attention to the different rivers which water this State will greatly aflift the European reader, in attaining a proper view of the foil, &c. we fliall firft mention the principal of them. The beautiful river Ohio bounds Kentucky on the north-vveflern iide in hs whole length, being a mile and fometimes lefs in breadth, and is fufficient to carry boats of great burthen : its general courfe is fouth 60° weft ; and in its courfe it receives numbers of large and fmall rivers, which mingle with its dreams. The only difadvantage this fine river has, is a rapid, one mile and a half long, and one mile and a quarter broad, called the falls of Ohio. In this place the river runs over a rocky bottom, and the defcent is fo gradual, that the fall does not probably in the whole exceed twenty feet. In fome ^places we may obferve it to fall a few feet. When the flream is low, empty boats only can pafs and repafs this rapid ; their lading mufl be tranfported by land ; but when high, boats of any burthen may pafs in fafety. Excepting this place, there is not a finer river in the world for navigation by boats.* Befides this, Kentucky is watered by eight fmaller rivers, and many large and fmall creeks. Licking River, heading in the mountains with Cumberland ri< ver, and the north branch of Kentucky, runs in a north-weft diredion for upwards of one hundred miles, coUefting its filver ftreams from many branches, and is about an hundred yards broad at its mouth. REoRivERf heads and interlocks with the main branch of Lick- ing, and flows in a fouth-weft courfe into Kentucky river, being about fixty miles long, and ilxty yards wide at its mouth. * The river Ohio is, beyond all competition, the mod beautiful in the univcrfe, whether we confidcr it for its meandering courfe through an immenfe region of forcfts, for its c!e.irt and elegant hanlcs, which afforH innumerable delightful fituations for cities, villages and improved farms, or for thofe many other advantages, which truly entitle it to the name originally given it by the French, of La Bellt Rivitit, Journal of a Tour in Kentucky, American Mufcum, for 1792. f 1 his river is 9 pii"ci|)al bia.ich gf the Kentucky. OF KENTUCKY. 12J Kentucky' River, rtfes with three heads, from a mduntainout part of the country : its northern branch interlocks with Cumber* land ; runs half way in a wefterly dircftion, and the other half north" wefterly. It is amazingly crooked upwards of two hundred miles ia length, and about one hundred and fifty yards broad. Elkhorn, is a fmall river which empties itfelf into Kentucky in a north-weft-by-weft courfe; is about fifty miles long, and fifty yards broad at the mouth. Dick's River, joins the Kentucky in a north-weft dire6tion ; it about forty-five miles long, and forty-five yards wide at its mouth. This river curioufly heads and interlocks its branches with Salt river. Green river, and the waters of Rockcaftle river. Salt River, rifes at four different places near each other. Tlie windings of this river are curious, rolling its ftreams round a fpa- clous tra£b of fine land, and uniting almoft fifteen miles before tfaej approach the Ohio, and twenty miles below the falls. It is amazingljr crooked, and runs a weftern courfe near ninety miles. - i Green River, interlocking with the heads of Dick*s rirer, ar mentioned above, is alfo amazingly crooked; it keeps a weftera courfe for upwards of one hundred and fifty miles, and is about eighty yards wide at its mouth, which is about two hundred anil twenty miles below the falls. , '-•nrJ Jcotl f^>i4<'ii»*i low the falls. At Naflivilie this I'iver is two hundred yards broad, and at its mouth three hundred, hiTving paflied through the territorjf foiith of the Ohio about half its courfe. 'JfJV^ ^i-'^^cis The Great Kanhawa, or New river, rifes in North-Carolina, runs in a northern and north-weftern couffe, for upwards of four hundred miles, and finds the Ohio four hundred miles above the falls. It is about five hundred yards wide at its mouth. Thefe two rivers ar« juft mentioned, being beyond the limits of this State. They run contrary courfes, are exceeding large, and it is worth notice, that Clinch, Holftein, Nolachucky and French-Broad rivers, take their rife between thefe two, or rather weftward of New river, fome of them rifing and interlocking with it; and when they meet, form what R i! ^1 w r\ 1 129 eENBRAi btSCRlftfdiV trhat ii dalled the TeanefTee river; which ruoa a weftem cimHe, ini finds the Ohio txntlvt miles below Cnmberlaud river r it is Very large^ iod has Ipacious trafts «f fine land; Thefe rivers ate navigable for boats ainioft to the2r fource^ with^ out rapids, for the greateft part of the year. Frequent rains in thfl! Jattcr end of the autumn produce floods m the Ohio, and it is an iincomraon feafoti when one of thofe floods does not happen before Chriftmasi If there is much frofty weather in the upper parts of thtf country, its waters generally remain low unt'd they begin to' thaw. But if the river is not frozen over^ which is not Very eommon^ theret is always wafer fufficient for boats of any fize, from November until May, when the waters generally begin to fubfide j and by the middle of June, in moft feaibns, they are too low for boats above forty tons; and thefc muft be flat-bottomed^ The frofl feldom continues fo long as the middle of February, and immediately upon its breaking; the river is flooded ; this flood may in a degree fubfide, but for no length of time ; and it is from that period until May, that the boatt generally come down the river. The diftance of defcending is in proportion to the height of the water ; but the average diftance it about eighty miles in twenty-four hours, and from fixty to one hun* dred are the extremes ; fo that the mean time of going in a flat* bottomed boat from Fittlburgh to the rapids is betvVeen eight and nine days, and about twenty days more to New-Orleans ; which will make a paflage from Fittlburgh to that place nearly a month* The little rivulets which chequer this country begin to lefl*en in June, and quite difappear in the months of Auguft, September and' 0£^ober ; the autumnal rsuns, however, in November replenifh them again. The method of getting a fupply of water in the dry feafbn is by finking wells, which are eafily dug, and afford excellent watery The want of water in autumn is the great complaint. Mills that ir.ay be fupplied with water eight months in a year, may be eredted in a thoufand different places. Wind-mills andhorfe-roilk will fupply the other four months. The banks of the rivers are generally high dnd Com^fed of lime* fione. After heavy rains^ the water in the rivers rifes from ten to thirty feet. The country in fome parts is nearly Isvel, in others not fo much fo^ in others again hilly, but moderately, and in fuch places there is rooA water. The levels are not like a carpet, but interfperfed with fmall lifings and def^livitiesy which form a beautiful profped. A great part (Of KENtUCKY* 129 tf the foil u amazingly fertile, fotne not fo good^ aiid feme poor. The inhabitants diftinguiih its quality by firft, liccond, and third rate lands ( and fcarcely any fuch thing as a marfh or fwamp is to be found. There is a ridge Where Kentucky rifcs, nearly of the fize of • mountain. ^ All. the land below the Great Kanhawa, until we coffle near the waters of Licking river, is broken, hilly, and generally poor ; except in fome valleys^ and on Little and Great Sandy creeks, where the^e is fome fiilt rate land, but moftly fecond and third rate t it is faid that near this water is found a pure fait rock. Upon the north branch of Licking, we find a great body of firft rate land. This ftream runs tieariy parallel to the Ohio for a confiderable diftance^ and is about feven miles from the mouth of Lime-ftone creek, where is a fine har- bour for boats coming dowh the Ohio, and now a common landing ; it it fixty'five miles from Lexington, to which there is a large wag- gon road. Thr main branch of Licking is about twenty-two miles from Lime*ftone ; on this ftream we find fome firft, but moftly fe- fecond and third rate lands, and towards its head fomething hilly. There We find the Blue Licks, two fine lalt fprings, where great plenty of ialt may be made. Round thefe licks, the (oil is poor for fome dif- tance, being much impregnated with fait. The fouthem branch of Licking, and all its other arms, fpread through a great body of firft, and fome fecond rate land, where, there is abundance of cane, and fome fait licks and fprings. On thefe feveral branches of Licking are good mill feats, with navigation to the Ohio, from the fork down to its mouth. The land is hilly, and generally poof) yet alohg the ftreams and in valleys we find fome ex- cellent land. The Elkhorn lands are much efteemed, being fituated in a bend of Kentucky river, of great extent, in which this little river, or rather large creek) rifes. Here we find mOftly firft rate land, and near the Kentucky river fecond and third rate. This great traft is beautifully fituated, covered with cane, wild rye, and clover, and many of the ftreams afford many fine millleats. iv > ■ ' :*■)?•'; v. The lands below the mouth of Elkhorn, up Eagle creek, and to- ward the Ohio, are hilly and poor, except thofe contained in a great bend of the Ohio, oppofite the Great Miami, cut off by the Big-bone and Bank-lick creeks, interlocking, and running feparate courfes. Here we find a great deal of good land, but Ibmething hilly. Vot.m. S f'l ;;'i.. . On If ■I lil TJO GENEKAL DESCRIPTION On Kentucky river we find many fertile valleys, or bottoms sloni^ the river, efpecially towards its rife. There is good land alfo on Red ri- ver, but toward the heads of this and theKentucky, the foil is broken; but even here, we find in valleys and along the ftreams, agre^deal of fruitful land. Generally the foil within a mile or two of Kentucky river is of the third andfourth rates; from about that diftancc, as we leave it on either fide, wc approach good lands. The country V through which it winds its courfe, for the moft part, may be confi« dered as level to its banks, or rather precipices ; from the brow of which we behold the river, three and fometimes four hundred feet deep, like a great canal. Dick's river runs through a great body of firft rate land, abound- ing every where with cane, and afFbrds many excellent mill feats. Many mills are already built on this ftream, and will have a plentiful fupply of water in the dryefi: feafons. The banks of this river, near its mouth, are fimilar to the banks of the Kentucky. The feveral ftreams and branches of Salt river afford excellent mill feats ; thefe roll them- felves through a great tra£t of excellent land, but the country from the jun£tion of thefe waters, and fome miles above towards the Ohio, which may be about twenty-five miles, is level and poor, and his abundance of ponds. For a tonfiderable diftance from the head ef this river, the land is of the firft quality, well fituated, and abounds with fine cane. Upon this and Dick's river, ^he inhabitants are chiefly fettled, it being the fafeft part of the country from the incur- . fions of the Indians. ' ^' Green river affords excelfent mill feats, and a conftant flream. This is allowed to be the heft watered part of Kentucky. On its banks we find many fine bottoms, fome firft rate, but moftly fecond and third rate lands, and at fome difbnce, many knobs, ridges, and broken poor land. Below a creek called Sinking creek, on this river, within fifty miles of the Ohio, towards Salt river, a great territory begins, called Green river Barrens, extending to the Ohio ; it has no timber, •and little water, but affords excellent pafturage for cattle. On ferae parts of this river we find abundance of cane, fome fait licks, and fiilphureous and bituminous fprings. That part of Cumberland river which is in the Kentucky counti}', traverfes a hilly poor land, though in fome parts we find gooii ioil along its fides. The other rivers mentioned, viz. Great Kanha.va and TennefTee, are not in the Kentucky country, and therpfote will be treated of in ajiother place* The or bottoms slotif landalfoon Redri- the foil h broken; reams, agrckrdeal >rtwo of Kentucky hat diftancc, as we ds. The countty )art, may be confi> from the brow of s four hundred fe«t rate land, abound- sxcellent mill feats. w>ll have a plentiful ofthis river, near its The feveral ftreams Its; thefe roll them- ut the country from ^e towards the Ohio, i and poor, and has ( ace from the head ef ituated, and abounds \he inhabitants are ntry from the incur- onftantftream. This cy. On its banks we oftly fecond and third , ridges, and broken on this river, within •eat territory begins, lio ; it has no timber, for cattle. On fome fome fait licks, and e Kentucky countr)', rts we find gooil loil viz. Great K-anhir.va tandtherpfoEewillbe The OP KENTUKCY. »3' The reader by cafting his eye upon the map, and viewing round the heads of Licking from the Ohio, and round the heads of Ken- tucky, Dick's river, and down the Green river to the Ohio, may view in that great compafs of above one huncired miles fquare, the muft ex- traordinary country upon which the fun ever ihone. South of Green river, in the lands refervcd for the continental and flate troops of Virginia, an exceeding valuable lead mine has lately been difcovered. Iron ore is likewife found on Rough creek, a dream running into this river. The Ohio river, the great refervoir of all the numerous rivers that flow into it from both banks, has many fiie valleys along its fides, and wc obferve that oppofite to each of them there is a hill, thefe hills and bottoms changing fides alternately. It only remains under this head to inform the reader that there is a great body of firft rate lands near the falls or rapids, called Bear-grafs ; and it will be fuflicient juft to mention, that the country on the north-weft fide of the Ohio is allowed by all travellers to be a moft fertile level country, and well- watered. ilt'•■■^^l!^ i^ '•;,;,;« r?:"! ', ■ The foil of Kentucky is of a loofe, deep black mould, without {and, in the firft rate lands, aboutjtwo or three feet deep, and exceed- ingly luxurious in all its produ£tions.* In fome places the mould in- clines to brown ; in fome the wood, as the natural confcquence of too rich a foil, is of little value, appearing like dead timber and large flumps in a field lately cleared. Thefe parts are not confiderableu The country in general may be confidered as well timbered, produ- •■'• As the quality of the land is the great objeft to emigrants, every one muft be plcafed with the foil, and was that the only thing requifite to maite a country valuable or plcafing, KcntucJcy would be the moft to in the world, as the land is no where ex- celled. After you are got fairly into Kentucky, tlic foil affumcs a black appearance, rich and light in fubflancc ; and fhould you vifit the covintry in the fpring, you will I be furprifcd at finding no leaves under the trees. The reafon is, the ground is fo rich and camp, that they always rof and difappear with the winter, except where the foil is evidently poor for that country. It tiien bears the appearance of the better fort of land in Pcnnfylvania and Jerfcy, though differing widely in fubftance, there being no fand to \>c met with in the foil of Kentucky, There, is a fpecies of flat of fplit lime-ftone that pervades all the country, lying at unequal depths. In the rich and black-looking foil it Vies near the furface, and, in ge- nera), the nearer the ftonc lies to the furface, the richer the land is found to be. At the fame time, the ftone docs not, as I expefted, impede the growth of the tiees, as they grow every where to an amazing height, except near the fait licks, where the influence rf the (aline paiticles fecms to check their growth. ^Jmriean Mufeum, 179Z. S » cing i3« GENBftAt X>CSeKIftlON cing large trees of many kioda, and to be exceeded by no country in Variety.* Thofe of the natural grovrthi and which are peculiar to Kentucky, are the fugar tree, which grows in all parts in great plenty, and fumiflies erery family with plenty of excellent fugar. The honey locuft is curioufly furrounded with large thorny I'pikes,: bejring brogd and long pods, in form of peas, has a fweet tafte, and makes excellent beer. The coffee tree, greatly refembles the black oak, grows large, and alfo bears a pod, in which is encjofed coffee. -The papwa tree does: not grow to a great fize, is a foft wood, bears a fine fruit, nouch like 9 cucumber in Ihape and fize, and tafles fweet. The cucumber tree is fmal} and foft, with remarkable leaves, bears a fruit much re- fembling that from which it is named. Black mulberry trees are in jibundance. The wild cherry tree is here frequent, of large fize, and fupplies the inhabitants with boards for all their buildings. Here alfo \» the b\fck eye, an excellent foft wood, bearing a remarkable black fruit, and f ome other kinds of trees not common ellewhere. Here i^ great plenty of fine cane, on which the cattle feed and grow fat. This plant, in general, grows from three to twelve feet high, of a hard fub- ilance, with joints at eight or ten ifidies dilbnce along the ilalk, from which proceed leaves refembiing thofe of tlie willow. There ^re many cane brakes fo thick and tall that it is difiicult to pafii through them ; where no cane grows, there is abundance of wild rye, clover, and buffalo grafs, covering vaft tracts of country, and fiffording excellent tbod for cattle. The fields are covered with abun- dance pf wild herbage not coin^not^ to other coiintries } f the Sha-. wanefe * Among the many accounts that have been given of Kentucky, none of them hjiye done juilice to the timber. Oak and locuft or. the flat lands ai^c commpn at 6ve feet diameter. Poplars growing on the beach lands aiw fo common at five and fix feet through, as hardly to be noticed. The beach grows co the hickiiefs of four or five feet, and both of the laft mentioned to the height of one fiundied and twenty to one hundred and thirty feet. Thefe^ and the advantage of pafture ;n the woods, ponftitutc the great excellence of Kentucky. American Mufeunif 1791. f The ftories told of the abundance of grafs in the woods, are. in many inftanccs true. You frequently find beds pf clover to th? horfe's knees— fometimes a fpccies 'of ruih^ grafs, commonly called the wild rye, from the firoilarity of its fialk to the ryd fo called amonj{ us ; in other places we meet wjth large trails of wild cane, vpry much efleemed by the wild and tame cattle, it continuing in yerdure all the winter. There is alfo ^ fpecies of vine| called the pea vine, from its producing a fmall pod, refembiing ^Uat of jths garden pea, of which botli hoffes and Mtt|e are extieinely fond. Thefe are fcattere4 ' h ■ , ^neralljp OF KENTUCKY. 13J wanefie (alUd, wild lettuce, and pen>ar graft, and many more, as yet unknown to the inhabitants, but which, no dotibt, have exceU lent vinues. Here arc feen the fineft crown imperial in the world, the cardinal flower, fo muck extolled for tta fcarlet colour ; and all the year, excepting the winter months, the plains and valleys aro adorned with variety of flowers of the moft admirable beauty. Here Is alfo found the tulip>beariog laurel tree, or magnolia, which has an exquifite fmell, and continues to bloflbm and feed for feveral months together. This country is richeft on the higher lands, exceeding the fined low grounds iu the fettled parts of the continent. When cultivated, it produces in common fifty and lixty bulhels per acre ; and it hat been affirmed by credible perfons, that above one hundred buihels of good com were produced from an acre in one feafon.* The firft rat« land is too rich for wheat till it has been reduced by four or five years cultivationl Colonel Harrod, a gentleman of veracity in Kentucky, has lately experienced the production of fmall grain ; and affirms, that'he had thirty-five bufliels of wheat, and fifty bufhels of rye per acre. In common, the land will produce about thirty bufliels of whett and rye, upon a moderate computation, per acre ; and this is the ge* neral opinion of the inhabitants. We may fuppofe that barley and oats will increafe abundantly | as yet they have not been fufficiently tried. The foil is very favourable to flax and hemp, turnips, pota- toes, and cotton, which grow in abundance ; and the fecond, third, and fourth rate lands are as proper for fmali grain. Every hufbandman generally through the country, according to tlic different foils, hut are not to be met with Mniverfally. The woods, however, afford abundance of food for cattk; and in confe« quence of this abundance, the people pay very little attention to the making and ira-. proving pafture lands. The mil L^rom this food is, however, thin, and both that and the butter retain a ftrong tafte o^yeedt. In hot weather, their milk will turti four in two or three hours after milKing ; but »s the cuilom of the country is to ufe four milk, this difadvantage is not much regretted, ^mgrican Mufeum, 1702. * The great boaft of a Kentuckyrman is the quantity of com that the knd will raifc upon aa acre, of which one hundred and fcven bulhels are the greateft quantity that I could find afcertained to have been produced : this, in the fall, fells for fix-pence a bulhel. The common produce 6f the foil is from fifty to eighty bufhels an acre, in a favourable feafon. This, upon an average, is about three times the quantity we can raifc on an acre in the old States; grain of this kind muft therefore always be low \n Kentucky, probably Ipwey tlwn at prpfpnt, when the country comes to ^ m«ie fpeucd. Ibid, jpay 134 GENERAL DESCRIPTION nay hare • good garden or meadow, without water or maaurcy where he pleafet. The old Virginia phintera fayt that if the climate doei not prove too moift, few foili known will yield more or better tobacco.* Ex- perience hat proved, that the climate is not too moift. Great quan- titiei of this article have been exported to France and Spain, through NeW'Orleans ; and it is a well*kown tad, that Philadelphia is a pro- fitable market for the Kentucky planter, iSotwithftanding all the in« convenienciei and t-xpeofes of re-ihipment at New Orleans, under a Spaniih government. What advantages then may not this country expert from a free navigation of the Milfiir>ppi, unrefirained by Spa- nifli policy ! Iron ore and lead are found in abundance, but we do not hear of any fitver or gold mine as yet diicovered. There appear to be great natural (lores of fulphur and fait in this country. A fpring at Booniborough conflantly emits fulphureous par- ticles, and near the fame place is a fait fpring. There is another ful- phureous fpring upon Four Mile creek, a third upon Green river, and many others in different places, abounding with that ufeful mineral. There are three fprings or ponds of bitumen near Green rirer, which do nut form a dream, but difgorge themfelves into a com- mon refervoir, and when ufed in lamps, anfwer all the purpofes of the fineft oil. t There are different places abounding with copperas, eafily procured, and in its prefent impure flate fufficient for the ufe of the inhabitants ; but when refined, equal to any in the world. There is an allum bank on the fouth fide of Cnmberland river, fituated at the bottom of a cliff of rocks projecting over it. In its pre- fent ftate it has the appearance and pofTefTes the virtues of that mine- ral, and when purified is a beautiful allum. Many fine fait fprings confiantly emit water, which being manu- factured, affords great quantities of fine fait. There are five, which in time will become of the utmoft importance, viz. the higher and * No land appears bcRer adapted to the culture of tobacco than that of Kentucky, and it is now become one of their ftaplcs. At piefent there arc but few orchards 2 but as the country opens, they will find it their intereft to plant them. — The flunr I have fcen made here is generally black, and not fo good as might be expc There are ilill to be found many deer, elks, ^and bears, within the 'Settlement, and many mcye on the borders of it. There are alfo pan« thers, wild cats, and wolves. The waters have plenty of beavers, otters, minks, and muik rats : norare the animals common to other parts wanting, fuch as foxes^ rab- bits, fquirrels, racoons, groundhogs, polecats, andopolTums. Moftof thefpecies of the domeftic quadrupeds have been introduced fince the fettlement, fuch as horfes, cows, flieep and hogs, which are prodigi- -oufly multiplied, fuffered to run in the woods without a keeper, and -only brought home when wanted. ,svi.. i^ .i^r^.j »i i /,-. CURIOSITIES. 'iAmbngft the natural curiolities of this country, the winding banks* or rather precipices of the Kentucky, and Dick's river, delerve the firft place. The dftoniflied zyt there beholds almoft every where three or four hundred feet of a folid perpendicular lime-flx>ne rock ; in fome parts a fine white marble, either curioufly arched, pillared, or blocked up into fine building ilones. Thefe precipices, as was ob- fcrred before, are like the fides of a deep trench or canal ; the land above being level, except whare creeks fet in, and crowned with fine groves of red cedar. It is only at particular places that this river can be croffed, one of which is worthy of admiration ; this is a great large ■ road enough for waggons ir.ade by the buftalo, Hoping with an eafy defcent from the top to the bottom of a very large fteep hill, at or near the river above Lees-town. ' • ' * Cavei are found in this country amazingly large ; in fome of which you may travel feveral miles under a fine lime-ftone rock, fups^ ported by curious arches and pillars : in moft of them runs a ftream of water. ^ r- r ; ■•■. ;..-^ ^ .:;., ,.. . - .Near .1." «nc ,t-jir.x' -,- . . ..:• (•-,, " ;.;._. ■.;•:,:.. ^ j.i;^ tijr frogs and no fwarms of at inhabitants ; Imoft unparaU 1 improperly a ! one thoufand were they be- es. There flill :ment. They iceat harmlei's -% within the : are alfo pan-* ndmu(kratsi as foxeSf rab-> unis. Moftof iced finc^ the I are prodigi-* 1 keeper, aad OfJ nding banks* ierve the firft here three or ck ; in fome )illared, or as was ob- al ; the land ed with fine lis river can a great large with an ealy hill, at or in fome of : rock, fups^ ns a ftream Near ars^:- H ' I » X OF KENTUCKY, 137 ^^car [the head of Salt river a fubterrancous lake or large pond has lately been difcovered. Colonel Bowman fays, that he and a compa- «ion travelled in one four hours, tHl he luckily came to the mouth ^gain. The fame gentleman mentions another which operates like an air furnace, and contains much fulphur. An adventurer in any of Ihefe will have a perfect idea of primaval darknefs. , Near Lexington are to be feen curious fepulchres, full of human flteletons, which are thus fabricated. Firft on the ground are laid large broad ftones, on thefe are placed tlie bodies, feparatcd from «ach other by broad ftones, covered with others which ferve as a bafis for the jjext arrangement of bodies. In this order they are built, without mortar, growing ftill narrower to the height of a man. This method gf burying appears to be totally difFereat from that now pradifed by the Indians. At a fait fpring near Ohio river, very large bones are found, far furpafling the li^e of any fpecies of animals now in America The head appears to Ixave been about three feet long, the ribs feven, and the thigh bones about four ; one of which it repofited in the li- brary in Philadelphia, and faid to weigh feventy-eight pounds. The itulks are above a foot in length, the grinders about five inches fquare, and eight inches long. Thefe bones have attracted the attention of philofophers ; fpecini^ns of them have been fent both to France and England, where they have been examined with the greateft diligence, and found upotj comparifon to be the remains of the fan« fpecies cf animals that produced thofe other foffil bones which have been difco- vered in Tartary, Chili, and feveral other places, both of the old ;ind new continent. What animal this is, and by what means its ruins are found In regions fo widely different, and where none fuch exifts atprefent, is a queftion of more difficult decifion. The ignorant and fuperftitious Tartars attribute tli^m to a creature whom they call Maimon, who, they %, ufually refides at the bottom of the rivers, and of whom they relate many marvellous ftories ; but as this is an af- fertion totally divefted of proof, and even of probability, it has juftly been rejeftcd by the learned ; and on tlie other band it is certain, that no fuch amphibious quadruped exifts in the American waters. The bones themfelves bear a great refemblance to thofe of the ele- phant. There is no other terreftrial animal now known large enouglv to produce them. The tulks with which they are both furnilhed, equally produce true ivory. Thefe external refemblances have ge- nerally made fnpcrficial pbfervers conclude, tUat tliey could belong Vol. III.. T to ? IF. hi ■r i ! I in if I ijfS GENERAL DESCRII^TION to no other Oxin that quadruped j and when they firft drew the^ aK tention of the world', philofophers feem to have fubfcribed to thie fame opiDioh. But if fo, whence is it that the whole fpecies has. difappeared from America ^ An animaF fo laborious and fo docile as the elephant) that the induftry of the Penivians (which reduced to fervitudeand fubje£ted to education fpecies fo vaiUy inferior in thofe Qualities, as the Llama and the Paca). could never have overlooked, if h^ had been to be found in their country. Whence is it that thefe bones are foundin clipiates where the elephant, a native of the torri4> ^one, cannot even fubfift in his wild fktte, and in a ftate of fervitude will not propagated Thefe arfc difficulties, fuflicient to ftaggeF cr«du- iity itfelf,, and at length produced the in(]|uiries of Dr. Hunter. That telebiiated anatomift having procured fpteimens from the Ohio, exa- niined them with that accuracy for which he was fo much diftio- guiflied : he dlfcovered a confiderable difference between the ihape. and ilruflure of the bones; ant) thofe of the elephant } he obfervod from the form of the teeth,^ that they muft have belonged to a carni- vorous animal ; whereas the habits of the elephant are foreign tO; fuch fuftenance, and his jaws tdtally unprovided with the teeth ne- celTary for its ufe ; and from the whole he concluded, to the Satisfac- tion of naturalifts, that thefe bones belonged to a quadruped now un- known, but to which the name of Mammoth has been given, with what propriety we will not pretend to fay ; the race is probably ex- iin£t, unlefs it may be found in the extenfive continent of New- Holland, whofe receiTes have not yet been pervaded by the curiofity or avidity of civilized man.* Perhaps nothing more will ever be difco- vertd. * Mr. Jefferfon informs us, that a late governor of Virginia, having aflted feme delpk gates of the Dclawares, what they knew or had heard refpeAing this animal, the chief fpealier inamediately put himlelf into an oratorical attitude, and with a ponnp iuited t^ the fuppofed elevation of his fubjeA informed him, that it was a tradition handed, down from thrir fathers, « That in ancient times a herd of them came to the Big-bdhe licks, and began an univerlal deArudtion of the bean, deer, elks, buflidoei, and other animals which Had been created for the ufe of the Indians : that, the Great Man above, looking down and feeing this^ was fo, enraged, that be feized his lig^htping, defcended to the iearth, feated himfdf upon a ncij^hbouring mountqip, on a rockj, on which his feat and the priqt of hU feet are Aili to be feen, and hurled hit bolts apong them till the whole were ilaughtered, except the big bull, who, prefenting his forehead to the ihafts, (hook them o^ as they fell ; but at length miHing one, it wounded him in the ^ide ; whereon, fpringing round, he bounded over the Ohio, the Wabalb, the Illinois, |md, Hnally, over the great lakes^ where be h living at thia day. Oolonel OF KENTUCKY. I39 Uered than the tnetneritls above related. The following tradition gifting among the natives, we give in the very terms of a ShawancQ. Indian, to fliew tNat the iqapreffioo /qaade on their minds by it muft have been forcible. " Ten Col. G. itoTga^, in a npte to Mr. Morfc, fay», « thefe bonef are found only at the falc ^ •Ueks on the Ohio ; fome few fcattcted grinders have, indeed, been found in other places j but it has been fuppofed thefe have been brotight from the above-mentioned depo&r, l>y Indian warriors and othen who have pafled it, as we know many have been fpre«d in this manner. When I firft viiited the fait lick, fays the Colp^el, in 1766, I m«t here a large party of the Iroquois and Wyandot Indians, who were tha;i on a war expedition againft the Chicafav tribe. The head chief was a very old man to le engaged in war ; he told me he was eighty-fo^r years old > he was probably as much aseighty. I fixed on this venerable chief, as a perfon ',fron;i whom fpme knowledge nught be obtained. After making him fome Umall acceptable prefients of tobacco, paint, amrnunition, Jcc. and complimenting him upon the wifdom of his nation, their prowefs in war and pi u- dence in peac«, intimated to ihim my ignorance refpeAing the great bones before ais> which nothing but his f^perior knowledge could reipdve ; and accordingly requefied him ,to inform me what he knew coi^ccrning them. i^<;eei^)ly to the cuftomsof l^s nation, he anfwcrcd me in fobftance as follows : " Whilft I was yet a boy I pafled this rojid fcveral tjir^a, tp war jigainft the QitaW' bas ; and Htc wife old chiefs, among whom was my grand&rher, then gaye nie the .tTadition^ handed \Io\vn to »iy refpedling thefe bones, the like to which ate found in no Mhcr part of th'! country." It is as follows : « After the Great Spirit firft formed the world, he made the various birds and beads which now inhabit iK He alfo made man ; but haviqg formed him white, and very imperfe£i, and ill-tempered, he placed him on one fide of it yrhere he now inha- i^its, and from whence he has lately found a paflage acrofs the great water, to be a ;|>lague to us. As the Gieat Spirit was not plcafed with this his work, he took of black clay, and made what jieu call a negro, wjth a woolly head. T\iis black map was much better than the white man, but ftill he did not anfwer the wi(h of the Great Spirit, that i^, -he was imperfcA ; at laft, the Great Spirit having procured a piece of pure, fine (ed clay, -formed from it the Red Man, perfe£Uy to his jnind ; an^ he was fo well plcafed with him, that he placed him on this great illand, feparate from the white and black men, and gave him rules for his conduA, promifing happinefs in proportion as they (hould ]>e obferved. He increafcd exceedingly, and was perfeAl^ happy for ages; but the foolilh young people, at length forgetting his rules, became exceedingly ill-tempered and wicked. In confrquence of this, the Cre.it Spirit created the great buffalo, the bones of which you now fee before us ; thefe made war upon the human fpccies alone, and deftroyed all but a few, who reptcnted and promited the Great Spirit to live according to his laws, if he would reftrain the devouring enemjr i whereupon he fcnt lightning and thunder, and deftroyed the whole race, in this fpot, two excepted, a male and a female, which ke fli^t up in jon^rinojintain, ready tf let losfe again, (heuld occafion require." . , # I; K iii 146 GENERAL DTESCRli^tfOM ** Ten thoufand moons ago, wheii nought but gloomy foteAs id* vcred this land of tiie flceping fuh, long before the pnle men, whir thunder and fire at their command, milled on the wingi of the wind to ruin this garden of nature j when nought but the untamed wan- derers of the woods, and men as imreftrained as they, were the lords of the (oil ; a race of animals were in being, huge at the frownin|; precipice, cruel as the bloody panther, fwift as the defccnding eagle, and terrible as the aiigel of night. The pines craflied beneath their feet, and the lake flirunk when they Haked their thiril ', the forceful javelin in vain was h\irled,> and the barbed arrow feU harmlefi from their fide. Forefts were laid wafte at a meal ; the groans of expiring animals were every where heard, and whole villages inhabited by men were defiroyed in a moment. The cry of univerfal diftrefs ex* temled even to the region of peace in the weft, and the good fpirit interpofed to iave the unhappy. The forked lightning gleamed all around, and lauded thunder rocked the g'obe. The bolts of Heaveu were hurled' upon the cruel deftroyers alone, and the mountains echoed with the bellowings of death. All were killed except one male, the fierceft of the race, and him even the artillery of the Ikies af- f:uled in vaim He afcended the blued fummit which Hiades the fource of the Monongahela, and roaring aloud, bid defiance to every vcn» geance. The red lightning fcorched the lofty firs, and rived the knotty oaks, but «nly glanced upon the enraged monfter. At length, maddened with fury, he leaped over the waves of the weft at a bound, and this moment reigns the uncontrouled monarch of the wildcrncff^ fe defpitc of even Omnipotence itfelf." • CIVIL DIVISIONS AND CHIEF TOWNS. Kentucky was originally divided into two counties, Lincoln and' Jefferfon. It has fmce been fubdivided into nine, vizt Jefferfony Colonel Morgan adds, " I have every material bone of tlie anatomy of thU ani- mal, with (cveral jaw bones in which the grinders are entire j anti feveral of the great tulks, one of which is fix feet long, and tiumty in cheuniferfnd," Mi», Morfc fop* poffs fome miftake in thefe laft words, and obferves, that probably the word inehu •ught to have been added to the twenty. It Ras been faid by Mr. Jefferfon, that the grinders of the mnmmoth are five or tvn times . as large as thofe of the elephant. Colonel Morgan fnyt not \ Ue obfervei, <* I have feen the giindcr of an elephant as large and at heavy as the largeft of the mam* onoth ; they arc indeed thinner; deeper rooted, anJ differently fhaped, denoting a gra- nivorous animal, whereas the grinders of the mammoth refcmbk thefii of a wolf or ia^f and (hew them to have been carnivorous^" ft Fayctt«» fottlUs idi men, with* f the wind imcd wan'' re the lords ! frowning; iding eagle, neath their he forceful Tilef* from of expiring ihabited by diArer> ex* i good fpirit gleamed all I of Heaveu ! mountatnr except one ' the (k\et af- !i the fource ) every veil- ed lived the , At length, at a bound, B wilderncffy S. Lincoln and' I, Jefferfonf my of thU ani* /ttsA of the great Mn, Morfc fop* the word indti th are five or ftic he obfctvei, '♦ I ;eft of the itiam* denoting a gra- »b of a wolf or Fayette, P^ckitt Street Daniel Street » OF KENTUCKY. "» l/^t Fayette, ftourbon, Mercer, Nelfon, Madifon, Lincoln, Woodford^ and iMalon. As moft of thefc counties are very large, it ii probHbl* that I'ub-divifions will continue to be made, as population Inereaici* The chief towns are, LEXINGTON^ Which ftands on the head waters of Elkhorn river, and is reckoned the capital of Kentucky. Here the courts are held, and buflnefii re^ gularly condiitSted. In 1786, it contained about one hundred houfes, and feveral Ilores, with a good aflbrtment of dry guodsi It has greatly increafed fuic6% WASHINGTON. • ' This is the flxire town of Mafon county, and is the feeend town inthisStat*. " "• ' " " , " «•.••♦. ; .^..^■■->-J.-^:-, ' lEES-TOWN. Lees-town is weft of Lexington, on the eaftern bnnk of Kentucky' river ; it is regularly laid out, and is ftourifliing. The banki of Ken* tucky river, as before obferved, are remarkably high, in fome plftcee three and four hundred feet, compofed generally of ftupgnd©H» perpendicular rocks; the confequence is, there are few crofling places | the beft is at Lees-town, which is a circumftance that mnit eenti'i- bute mxich to its increafc. , ;, , , .-< :> LOUISVILLE.^ t. '; i Louifville is at the rapids of Ohio, in a fertile coutitry, ami pvo^ imifes to be a place of great trade ; it has b■:■..• ■"'■: ' , '■ creek * This traft is purchifeJ ly rg*i)tt,. and veftei in ik; hand* of tf «A«4« h\ lh« ft* curity of tl.t fubfrribcrs. l42 dSKSKAL DESCKIPTfO^ icVeek of tlie above fork, on a very eligible plan» ccfmbiAing tnif thing neceflary for utility and ornament. The fircets, angles, circus and ifaore of the creek, to be fVee fov Itublic tllis. The llreets to be one hundred feet wide; The houfes to be built regularly, accordtiig to the l!a(le of the proprietor, upoii Che ftreets running north and fouth, on a line twcnty.five feet diftant from the ftreet> and upon the ftreete rtinning «aft and vreft, on a line with the (Ireets. The town is divided into one hundred and eighty>eight lots, fourteen of which to be free for the gratuitants, as by a particular arrangement. Twelve 4ot», in eligible lltQatioiie^ to be referved for iiich fub- fcrihers as take ten fhares, one lot to each fuch I'ubfcribcr^ One lot to be tree to the iirft fchoolmafter, and his heirs, chofeft and fettled by the freeholders of the townfliip and town. One lot free to the prefident of a college, and his fucceiTors. One lot free to the firft member of Congrefs belonging to Nelfon county, rhofen after the year 1794, as a refidence in Lyftr^ pro- vided he builds a houfe thereon, in which cafe it is |;raiite4 to him It is divided into one hundred and fifty (hares, ror«:Kh of which a certificate is ilTued on a ftamped parchment, containing a receipt for the confideration money^ tvhich at prefcnt is twenty pounds, and exprtfling the title to the fubfcriber and his heirs. The agents arc iinpowered to grant fourteen lots, in proper Situations, to fettlcrs |ratis, and to fell fourteen lots on thecaft fide of faid gratuitous lots in tjtie year 1794^ at twenty pounds each ; and fqurtecn lots 011 their north ends in '^y^'r i795> ^^ thirty pounds each; and fourteen lots on their fouth ends in the year 1796, at forty pounds each ; and fourteen lots on the weft 'fides in the year 1 797, at fifty-five pounds each ; and fourteen lots on the north- weft corners in the war 1798, at feveiiry pounds each ; and fourteen lots on the north-eaft corners in the year 1799; at ninety pounds each ; and font teen lots on the fouth-weft comers in the yeari8oo, at one hundred and twenty pounds each ; and fourtcQi lots on the fouth-eoft corners in the year iSoi^ at vne hundred and fifty pounds each ; and twelve of the jremaining lo^s in the year >8o}, at two hundred pounds each ; and the taft twelve lots in the year 1803* at two hundred and fifty pounds each; provided in each year a larger price than is here fpe- .cificd cannot be obtained : and if any lands remain unfold in the year 1804, they are to be equally divided among, and legally conveyed unto, the fuhfcribers and their lieirs as their private property. As fnft A'i the money arjfes by this re-falc of the Ijuids, it is to be paid in equa) .^vjd^ds to the holders of the certificates. '' The agents receive an allowance of five pounds per cent, for their trouble. AH which is more particularly fet forth in the printed plan, which nay be Jia4 jpaiii at the American Agency Office, Threadneedle-ftrcct, London. and hit hkxn ; otherwife, the grant is to, thf nei^t chofen menobe^ who will build on thcfe terms. One lot free for the firft fenator* in Iik« manner. One lot free for the- firft judge, provided Lyflra fliall become a town where courts are held, and the judge fliall build a houl'e om the lot, in which cafe the grant is to him and his heirs, ptlierwife to the next judge who flviW take it upon thof« terms. One lot free to the 6rft minifier of the iirft church* whateqrer the. perfuafion may be, chofen by the free fuflfrages of the freeholders^ and Ivi heirs, And a lot free to the faid firft mioiftwr and his fuc-. ceflbrs. One lot free to the 6rft man who fliall erefl a commodious hotel for the entertainment of travellers, undertake to keep it in good crdet and well-provided with refreihments, on renfonable terms, un- der the regulation of the police, according to circymftances, proii viding for the comfort of th,e traveller^ and guarding flridtly againft im]^t>fitiol». Two lots to be free lots for public granaries, to be ufed by mer-i chants, who will build upon them gratis, till fuch time at th? publtP occafions fliall call for their appropriated ufe, The angles marked in the plate a« a;, ^ ui)t with wings fronting the curve line which forms the circus ; |he church to be adorned with a ftccple, and the other buildings with cupolas. Apd for doing other works of public utility, fuch as piay arife in ail times hereafter, till the whole flock thus appropri* ated is exhaufled ; but as the exigency arifes, fuch lots are to be lold for the purpofe, indifcrimio.itcIy^ according as they fliall bear ^ price adequate to tlte undertaking. The townfliip of Franklin conta|ins one hundred and fixteen thou* fand fix hundred and flfty-fly acres, and is mofl commodioufly fitu- ated between two capital branches pf that fine river which gives nature IP tbe St^te, the banks of which are better peopled than any other part of the State ; on whkh lie the city of Lexington, the towns of Boonfl>orough, Danville, Grenville, Lees-town, &c. affording markets fo the farmer for his produce, y^^t river, about two hundred yards wide at the fpot appropriated for a town already planned, to be callet^ Franklinville, is navigable for large craft many miles above, and by the deep creeks into its interior parts for \)oMi of confiderable ^urthen. In this townfliip the farmer will have no need of manuring h^s grounds for many years to come, nature having already replenifbed - the foil with a flock not foon to be exhaufled. A confiderable part of the land is of the prime quality, the fecond and third qualities ' are full firong enough for the various produAionsf of the flaplet pf ^ife for man and beafl. Coal of a fuperior q ality abounds within the limits, and in (pots near the waters, and convenient for navigation to other parts of the ^ountry. There are two fait fprings near the river, and a large quantity of copperas. The defigned town is planned for the point > at the confluence of the north and middle branches into the main river. Mafon county, in which this townfliip flands, will.doubtlefs ■ ' • ' be comiDQQ , on fuch r» of the Far »8 tea the angk idilice for rtall go to c or place hall go to rm, to be lie circus ; ■ buildings ;y, fuch as ; appropri» I to be fold all bear 9, uteen thou* lioully fitu- gives naiioe n any other he towns of ling markets indrcd yards to be called ,ovc, and by confiderablc Manuring lw,» y replenilhcd fiderable part third qualities the fta|>lc» 9f I, and in fpots ir parts of the r, and a large 1 for the point I into the ipatn wUl.doubtlefs i»;.i4J>frtMgW»»*^^ ■f''4h-'it^f'.^S»*^- ^»i^» *? Plan or in Mason Couxty, Note. Each Squarf contaitu 16 ffousr Lotf, tachLot 100 feet in fivn. and too /ret deef ; The flreets, which, according to the plan, are one hundred feet wide, may be reduced to eighty feet, giving equally to the lots ad- joining on each fide, which are, according to the plan, one hundred feet wide and two hundred feet deep, and the houfes to be built re- gularly, according to the talle of the proprietors, on a line twenty-, five feet diftant from the ftreets ; and one moiety of each lot to be laid out in gardens, and feparated from each other, and from the viftas, by fimple palifades. This order of buildirg not to be in- fringed. ( Five hundred lots, to be drawn by feme one chofen to reprefent the town for that purpofcj to be vefted in truftees for the ufe thereof, and fold at fuch times and on fuch occafionSj as may arife and be agreed on by the fuffrages of the freeholders of the townfhip and town; for building public edifices in the angles within the lines form- in/; the circus and crefcents : the churches to be adorned with hand- fome fteeples, and the other public buildings with fuitable cupolas^ and built with a fuHicient degree of uniformity to give thofe ftru£lure» a handfome appearance. Aifo for making common fewers, aque- dudts, market-places, granaries, piers and landing-places, paving the ftreets, planting the viftas with trees correfponding to their names, embelliftiing the circus and crefcents, planting the public garden^ lighting, watching and cleanfing the town, and doing all fuch mat- ters as belong to the public good, according to the public agreement J but thefe lots not to be fold until they bear a fufficient price for de- fraying the xmdertaking, at fuch times jvhen it may be judged ex» pcdient. One hundred and lixteen lots gratis to the fubfcribers, one to eaciv thoul'and acres. One hundred lots gratis to the firft himdred refidents. Twenty- fix lots gratis, formed in the angles of the circus and crefcents, for the minifters, prefidents, and other officers cotme£led with tlie public buildings. One hundred lots, to be balloted for the purpofe, and vefted in truftees, to be granted by the fuffrages of the people, as compli- ments, accomnaiiying other marks of public efteem, to fuch perfons Vol. III. U as fi: I i^6 GBNeHAL BlESCIII^'riOll as tre or fhall betotne refidents in the town, and have by toitie (\rl* gular fervices deferred fuch honours from the freemen of the townfliip. Four lots gratis, in fuitable partA of the town, to fuch perfoni as ivill build thereon each a handfome and commodloiii hotel for the entertainment of travellers, and keep It in good order, and well provided with refrefliments for fuch guefti, on reafonable terms, under theregiilation of the police, according to circumdances, pro- Tiding for the comfort of the travellers, and guarding againft im^ pofition, and to be alHgned by the proprietor only on thefe con- ditions. fifty lots, to be balloted for the purpofe, and refcrved for building alms-houfes, houfes of ioduilry, correction, &c. as occafion may render expedient. The viftas to keep their full breadth of an hundred feet. ' The pleafure-garden to be made botanic, and be under the care of a profellbr, under whofe difcretion it may be ufed as a pleafure- garden, by fuch of the inhabitants as are willing to contribute to^ wards its embelliftiment. The remaining one hundred and thirty -nine lot! to remain the p 1- Tate property of Mr. Abraham Fowler, who is to make good to each fubfcriber his full quota of land ; receiving from fuch whofe lots ihall exceed the regular quantity of one hundred and twenty-five, two hundred and fifty, or five hundred acres, three (hillings per acre for the furplus, and paying to thofe whofe lots fliall fall fliort of thofe refpe£tive quantities, three fliillings per acre for the deficiency. It is ftrongly recommended, that no place of Interment be fuf- fered within the limits of the town, but that two lots of ten acres each, without tlie town, be appropriated for that purpofe. No perfon can fubfcri'K: for lefs than one thoufund acres, which will entitle him by ballot, i. to a town lot of two hundred feet in length, and one hundred feet in breadth j a. to two farms from the divifion neareil: the town of one hundred and twenty-five acres each j 3. to one plantation from the next divifion of two hundred and fifty acres ; and 4. to one tradl in the third divifion of five hundred acres. The proprietor in America, and his attorney here, arc fo con- fcious of the truth of the above ftatement, that they are willing to re- linquifti the fale, provided a confiderable part ol' the land is not of the prime qualities, or what is termed firll-ratc land. Ohio- OF KENTUCKY. I47 OiiiopioMiNGO, now forming, will be a mod capital townfliip and town, very advantageoufly iituated about twenty miles from Lystra, and thirty nules below Louifville, on the river Ohio, ia the county of Nelson, in about 37*' 30' north latitude, containing upwards of one hundred thoufand acres of prime land, and i$ named, in compliment to Pi mingo^ one of the Indian chiefs, a man greatly beloved and refpefted, not only by the Indian tribei but alfo by the whites. A gentleman of great refpeAahility, the proprietor of the land; and who has but juft left London, has determined, at his own ex* penfe of more than one hundred and fifty pounds fterhng, to ereft, either in the circus or feme principal part of the town, a pedeftriaa ftatiie of PioMiNGo, habited as an Indian warrior, in the attitude of delivering an oration in favour of Liberty : the ftatue and pe- deftal, with fuitable ornaments, to be of Coade's artificial flone, and ivill be put in hand as foun as an eminent and well-known ilatuary has formed a drawing and model fuitable for the purpofe. It may not be improper to obferve, that a number of induftrious huibandmen have voluntarily offered to go out and fettle at Ohio- PIOMINGO, under the fuperintendance of a gentleman well verfed in furveying, and competent in other reipe6ts to conduct fo important ^n undertaking : it is alfo worthy of remark, that this gentleman's father, at the venerable age of ninety, yet in perfcft health, has de- termined to accompany his children and grandchildren to this pro» pitious fpot. The town is to contain upwards of a thoufand houfes, forty-three ftreets, a circus and feveral capital fquares, which will be embel- lifhed with various fuitable and handfome flruAures : each fettler in the townfhip will be entitled, in fee fimple, to one town lot of an hundred feet in width, and three hundred feet in length : a field of five acres, and another of twenty acres, will alfo be allotted to each of them, and their farms will confift of five hundred acres each, which will be granted on leafe for nine hundred and ninety-nine years ; the three firfl years to be rent free, on condition of building a houfe and barn on the premifes, and alfo of bringing under cuhi- vation twenty acres of the land within the term, and on the fourth year the tenants are to commence an annual rent of five pounds for every hundred acres. The town will enjoy various important pnvileges and immunities. A college is to be erected for the education of the youth of the U a tenantry. * , "i 1 1^ If 'J 14$ GENERAL DESCRIPTIOK tenantry, and alfo for fuch children of the Indians as they may chuAi to fend thither for inflruftion, and due care will be taken to inftil into their tender minds the principles of philanthropy, moral re£^itude and focial order, together with fuch branches of fcience ; as may tend to render them ufeful members of fociety, for which purpofe the proprietor has appropriated fifteen hundred acres of land towards the endowment of the inftitution, apd alfo fuitable encouragement to fuch gentlemen of erudition and undoubted chara£ter as may chufe to engage in fo important a charge. The houfes in Kentiicky, the towns excepted, are fcarcely de- ferving of the name ; which we fliall have the lefs room to wonder at, when we recolleft the fliort interval that has elapfed fince the firft fettlement of the country. POPULATION. It is impoffible to afcertain, with any degree of accuracy, the pre- fent number of inhabitants ; owing to the numerous acceffions which are made almoft every month. In 1783, in the county of Lincoln only, there were on the militia rolls three thoufand five hundred and feventy men, chiefly emigrants from the lower parts of Virginia. In 1784, the number of inhabitants were reckoned at upwards of thirty thoufand. It is alferted, that at leaft twenty thoufapd ipii- grated there in the year 1787. In 1 790, the numbers flood as follow j KEN. OF KENTUCKY, .-> 149 KENTUCKY. •^.. COUNTIES AND TOWNS, Fayette County, , Nelibn, .... Woodford, . . . Bourbon, .... Mercer, .... Lincoln, .... Jefferfon; .... Madifon Mafon, Lexington, in Fay- ette County, Wafliington, in Ma- fon County, . . Beard's Town, in Nelfon County, Louifville, in Jefter- fon County, . . Danville, in Mercer County, . , . 4-. 'o ^ a. a si. 3241 2456 1767 1645 I4II »375 1008 1231 43' 276 163 5* 49 49 £ . 3878 2746 1929 ao35 iS'5 1441 997 142 1 676 203 95 49 44 28 s c I j2 5) 6738 4644 3267 3»49 2691 2630 1680 2383 952 290 183 85 79 51 o H 15154 17057 28922 30 3689 34 I219 27 2220 908 i3»7 U 1094 4 876 737 ao8 2 63 21 I »9 I *7 22 17576 1 1099 9210 7837 6941 6548 4565 577» 2267 834 462 S16 900 ISO 114 12430 73677 What the prefent number of inhabitants is, it is almoft impoffible to form any correal eftimate of, for no calculations can be made, the number of emigrations have been fo great from Europe and the . eaftern States ; but perhaps the account will not err far, if we rate them at about one hundred and feventy-five thoufand, RELIGION AND CHARACTER. The Baptifts are the moft numerous fcft in Kentucky. As far back as 1787 they had fixteen churches eftablifhed, befides feveral congregations where churches were not conftituted ; thefe were then Supplied by thirty minifters, and by accounts fince received it ap- pears, that their numbers have kept a proportional increafe with that of the State. There are a h^ Epifcopalians and Romaa Catholics, . and , ' i !l I |i 1^0 GENERAL DESCRIPTION and feveral refpeftable congregations of Freibyterians j and perhaps feme may be found of almoft every perfuafion. The liuptifti were the firft that promoted public worfliip in this State { they formed three congregations near Harrod's Station, and engaged Mn David Rice of Virginia as their paftor ; and afterwards formed another large congregation at Lexington, the pattoral charge of wlttch they delivered to Mr. Rankin, alfo of Virginiat Thcfc were the firft churches in this State. With refpe£t to charafter, the people, colleftcd from different parts, of ditFerent manners, cuftoras, religions and political fenii- ments, have not been long enough together to form M uniform na- tional character : they are, however, in general, polite, hitmane, hof- pitable and very complaifant. Among the ftttlers there urc gcjitle- men of abilities, and many genteel families, from fcvcral of the States, who give dignity and refpe(5tability to the fcttlcment. They are, in general, more regular than people who ufually fettle new countries. COMMERCE. A convenient fituation for cgmmerce is the grand hinge upon which the population, riches, and happinefs of every country greatly depend. Many conceive the fituation of Kentucky to be unfavoura- ble in this refped, and are of opinion, that the beft channel is from Philatlelphia or Baltimore, by the way of Pittlbiirgb, and from thence down the Ohio ; and upon account of the difHcultics and expenfes attending this route, for which there is no remedy, that goods would ever be dear, and the crops not worth removing for fale.* This opinion has been reprobated, as the eftcdt of ignorance of the trade up the MifTiffippi from New-Orleani| or Mantchac, at the river or gut, Ibeiville. Thofe who are acquainted with America know the MiiHflippi and Ohio rivers to be the key to the northern parts of the fouthern con- tinent. Thefe are the principal channels through which that exten- * Hitherto there has not been much more grain raifed than hn» bfcn coiifumtd by the inhabitants ; and the perfons emigrating there, together with the tiiidc tlown the river, may afford a Aiic profpedt in theory, to individuals, but will never turn ovit of any foiiJ advantage to the public of this fettlement ; the diffitulty in retvitning up the river mull render the voyage terrible. To make head againft the ftrcam muft be done t)y dint cf fevere labour and main ftivngth, and would require exertions which no maa «oul(! ever wiige of fevcu miles between this and lake Pontchar- train. Lake Pontchartrain is about foi ty miles long, twenty-four broad, and eighteen feet deep. From this lake to the lea the channel is ten miles long, and thiec hundred yards wide: and the water deep enough nudcly ana or ten fa- • by fevcral n is dangc-' nterfperfed ifadvantagc am was dif- ighty river, trees, mud, )ne of thcfe led by thou- le to remove inother layet covered with [le river. In ii fide of the 1, by iflands re greatly en*, t of country* r were moved ;orporate with vhole force of ily be opened^ ivigation* ^ called Mant* Englilh, who iffippi, on the th the name of s is navigable, lift ten miles > mn, and from ake Maurepas, le for batteaux en in breadth j lake Pontchar- y ty-fnur broad, 2 channel is ten he water deep enough OF KENTUCKY. X^J enough to admit large veflcls through thefe lakes and their Conumi* hications. This place, if attended to, might be of coiit'equtJntC to all tbe weftern country, and to the commerce of Weft-Florida j for it may reafonably be Aippofed, that the inhabitants and trudpfS of the weftern country would rather trade at this place than nt New* Orleans, if they could have as good returns for their peltry, nnre thiin Uifiicient to fupply all their inhabitants, at a low price. They make confide- rable quantities of fugar from the fugar trees. They have a printing- oftice, and publiih a Weekly Gazette, Labourers, particularly tradefmen, are exceedingly wanted here. LITERATURE. . ! The legiflature of Virginia, while Kentucky made a part of that State, made provifion for a college in it, and endowed it with very confiderable landed funds ; and a library for its ufe was forwarded thither by the Rev, Mr. John Todd of Virginiii, (after obtaining the confent of the Rev. Dr. Gordon) while an inhabitant of the Maflachu- fetts State. Tliis library was moftly formed in the following man* ner: An epiftolary acquaintance having commenced between Mr. Todd and Dr. Gordon, through the influence of their common friend, the Rev. Mr. Samuel Davis, long fince deceafed; a letter was received about the end of 1764, or beginning of 1765, from Mr. Todd, in which he exprefled a defire of obtaining a library and fomQ philofophical apparatus, to improve the education of fome young perfons, who were defigned for the miniftry. Dr. Gordon being then fettled at London, upon application obtained a few aimual fubfcriptions, with feveral donations of money» and of books» which were not clofed till after March 1 769, During that period he received in caflj, including his own fubfcriptlon, eighty pounds two fliillings and fix-pence. The late worthy John Thornton, Efq. contri- buted fifty pounds of it, by the hand of the Rev. Mr. (afterwards Dr.) Wilfon, who alfo gave in books ten pounds. Among the contribu- tors ftill U.vin|, befide Dr. Gordon himfelf, are tUcRev^ Mr.Towle, X» f ,s.„ MclRv i; T56 GENERAL DB8CRIPTION Meflri. Fuller, Samuel, and Thomai Station, Charles JerdciNf David Jennings, Jonathan Eade, Jofeph Ainfley, and John Field of Thames ftreet. Of the money coIle£ted, twenty«eight pounds ten fliillings was paid to the late Mr. Ribright, for an air pump, microfcope, telefcope, and prifms, thorough good, hut not new. Cafes, fliipping, freight, infunuice, &c. at four diftcrent periods, came to eight pounds eleven fliillings and fix-pence. The forty-three pounds one fliillinij waa laid out to the bei\ advantage in purchafing a variety of books, which, with thofe that were given, are I'uppofcd to make the main part of the Lexington library.* Schools are cftabliflicd in the feveral towns, and in general regularly and handfomely I'npported. ^ ' t' ■■■■■• i. • ■ RIGHTS OF LAND. The proprietors of the Kentucky lands obtained their patents from Virginia, and their rights arc of three kinds, viz. Thole which arifo from military fervicc, from fettlement and pre-emption, or from war- rants from the treafury. The military rights are held by officers, or their reprefentatives, as a reward for fervices done in one of the two Inft wars. The fcttleircnt and pre-emption rights arife from occu- pancy. Every man who, before March J 780, had remained in the country one year, or raifed a crop of corn, was allowed to have a fettlement of four hundred acres, and a pre-emption adjoining it of one tlioufand acres. Every man who had only built a cabin, or m-ule any improvement by himfelf or others, was entitled to a pre- •' cmption of one thoufand acres, where fuch improvement was made. In March, 1780, the fettlement and pre-emption rights ceafcd, and treafury warrants were afterwards iffued, authorifing their pofleflbi- to locate the quantity of land mentioned in them, wherever it could be found vacant in Virginia. The mode of procedure in thefe affairs may be inftru£tive to the reader. Alter the entry is made in the land-olHce, there being one in each county, the perfon making the entry tak.s out a copy of the location, and proceeds to furvey when he pleafes. The plot and certificate of fuch furvey muft be returned to the office within three •■'' As this accdlint of the library is cITcntially difTcrcnt from that C'^'s, while attending that bufinefs. The General Aflcmbly meetfr on the firft Monday in November each year, unlefs fooner tmivened by the governor. Each Houfe choofcs its fpeakcr and other officers, judges of the qualification of its members, and deter- D^incs the rules of its proceedings, of which a journal is kept and publiflied weekly, unlefs fecrccy be requifite. The doors of both Houfss are kept open. The members of the legiflature, while at- tending the public bufinefs, are privileged from anefts in civil ac-.- tioiis, and may not be queftioned elfewhere for any thir.g faid in puWic debate. Impeachments are made by the lower Houfe, and t»ied by the upper. All revenue bills originate in the Houfe of Re- prefcntatives, and are amendable by the Senate, like other bills. Each bill pafled by both Houfes ii prefented to the governor, who mufl fign it if he approve it ; if not, be muft return it within ten days to the lK>ufe in which it originated : if it be not returned, or if, when retimi'* «d, it be re-paffed by two thirds of both Houfes, it is a law without his fig- ature. The governor has power to appoint moft of the execu- tive offices of the State; to remit fines and forfeitures, and grant re* prieves and pardons, except in cafts of impeachment ; to require in- f»>rmatioi> from executive officers ; to convene the General Allembly on extraordinary occafions, and adjourn them in cafe they cannot at^ree on the time themfelves. He muft inform the legiflature of the ftate of the Commonwealth ; recommend to them fucb meafares aa be fliall judge expedient ; and fee that the laws are faithfully execu-. ted. The fpeaker of the Senate exercifes the office of governor in cafe of vacancy. Tlie legillature has power to forbid the farther im. portation of flaves, but not to emancipate thofe already in the State without the confent of the owner, or paying an equivalent. Trea- fon againft the Commonwealth cor.fifts only in levying war againft it, or in adhering to its enemies, giving them aid nnd comfort. The declaration nf rights afierts the civil equality of all ; their right to alter the government at any time; liberty of confcience ; freedom of elciStions, and of the prcfs ; ti ial by jury ; the fubordina- tion of the military to the civil power ; the rights of criminals to be heard in their own defence ; the right of the people to petition for the redrefs of grievances, to bear arms, and to emigrate from the State, IK OP KENTUCKY. ' t^^ It prohibits unreafonable fearches and feizures ; exceffive bail ; con- finement of debtors, unlefs there be prefnmption of fraud ; fufpenfiort of habeas corpus writ, unlefs in rebellion or invafion ; ex poft fa«Jlo laws ; attainder by the legiflature ; ftanding armies j titles of no- bility and hereditary diftinftion; . ' In addition to what we have already faid of this State, we fabjoirt the following topographical defcription of the weftern territory, ex- traded from the letters of Mr. G. Imlay, whofe long refidence in the country furniflied hir* with the moft ample means of arriving at a perfeft knowledge of thofe fubjeds on which he wrote. " In cafting your eyes over the map of America, you will difcover that its weftern (or middle) country is divided from the Atlantic country by a chain of m,ountains which rife in the remote parts of the States of New-York and New-Jerfey, and run a fouth-wefterly courfe, until they are loft in th^: flat lands of Weft-Florida. The weftem country is thofe parts which are watered by the ftreams running into the Mifliflippi. " It is about fifty miles over the Allegany mountains, croffing the route which General Braddock took from fort Cumberland near the Fotomack, at the defcent into the country of Red-ftone, on the Mo- nongahela, the fouthern branch of the Ohio. This river rifes in the fame mountain, confiderably to the fouthward, runs nearly parallel with it, the oppofite way, upwards of one hundred miles, and is na- vigable for boats nearly to its fource ; the whole of this country be- yond the mountain is extremely fertile, well watered, and abound- ing with all kinds of timber calculated for building houfes, boats, cabinet work, &c. &c. The fugar maple tree is intermixed in great quantities. From the foot of the mountain it is about fourteen miles to Redftone Old Fort, which is on the banks of the Monongahela, and the ufual placfe of embarkation of people coming down the Ohio, who travel Braddock's road ; from thence to Tittlburgh is about fifty miles by water. Large trads of flat land lay all along upon the banks of this river, from the Old Fortt o Pittlburgh, which are capable of being made into extenfivt and luxuriant meadow ground. ** This country is populous, it being the oldeft fettlement, and made immediately after taking Fort du Qiiefue. The Yohogania empties itfelf into the Monongahela, about fixteen .miles above, its 3 junftiow l6o GENERAL DESCRIPtrON junftion with the Allegany river; the country on thii river !t more uneven, but in the vallies the foil is extremely ridw Near to Pittf- burgh the country is well peopled, and thcrc> M well an in Redftonc, all the comforts of life Are in the greatcft abundance. Flour is manu- faftured in as good a ftyle as in any part of Amcrlcti j and butter, cheefe, bacon, and every kind of provifions can be had in the greateft quantity. This whole country abounds in coal, whiih lies almoft upon the furface of the ground ; the hills oppolitePittlbufgh \jpon the banks of the Monongahela, which are at leaft three hundred feet high, appear to be one folid body of thia mineral. . «' This muft become in time the mod valuable grazing country in all America from the fertility of its foil, its capability of being formed into extenfive meadows, and its proximity to the mountains which attrad the clouds, and produce that moifture fo necclTary to grafs ;— befides which, its fituation is about three hundred miles from Phila- delphia, about two hundred and forty from Baltimore, and about two hundred and twenty from the federal city on the Potomack, a diflance which is too great to carry by land the bulky articles of hulbandry 5 but to which cattle may be diivcn with the greateft cafe. " This country has derived no inconfiderabic advantage from the fettlement of Kentucky, and the gther fettlemciite that are making on the Ohio and Miffilfippi, the great road of migrating from the nor- thern States lying through it ; and, indeed, it is niofl: convenient, both from Mar3'land and Virginia, at all feafoiis of the year, provi- ded that there be any thing bulky to carry, the pailsjge being for the greateft part by water, and the I'otoniack navigable, a few places ex- cepted, to fort Cumberland ; all 'of which obftrutStions will be re- moved in a few years by canals that arc cutting. From fort Cum- berland it is about fixty miles land carriage to Redftone Old Fort ; but fo friendly has nature been to this country, though it is without feas, yet the rivers run in fuch diredlions, that there is fcarce any place in all the back parts of America where iUt may not reduce the land carriiige to a very fmall dillance. I cannot fpcak tipon fo ge- neral a fubjct^ definitively ; but I mean to be undcrftood within fif- teen leagues. It is alTerted from the bcft authorities, that the land carriage bet.veen the Potomack and Ohio luny be reduced to lefs tfkan twenty milcG. *' Such is the progrcflion of thinfjs in tliiii cotnitry, while ther« Kfj? apparently no market for iu Aiptilluous produdllons, that every OF KENTUCKY. i6x every article has fold extremely well, in confequence of the number of ^migrants who have baen continually pafling down tbe Ohio. *' Down from Piitfburgh the country i$ flat on the banks of the j"iver; but a little diflance from them it is conliderably broken, parti- cularly on the north-weftern fide. Much good land, however, is in- terfperfed on the fouth fide as far as the approach to the Little Kanha- \va, where the nature of the foil feems reverfed, and the good land is then found on the weftern fide upon the Mulkingum. There are fome ftrips of rich land upon the Little Kanliawa ; but farther up the river, the country is broken and fterile, producing fcarce any other timber than the fir tree, or pine and knotty black oaks, which are ge- nerally deemed fymptoms of a bad foil. This traft of bad land ex- tends quite into the mountains in a fuuthern direftion, and runs fouth-wefteriy as far as Great Sandy river, with little or no varia- tion, except on the bottoms of the Great Kanhawa, \vhichareex- tenfive and rich. The bottoms on the Ohio are every where exten* five and luxuriant. On the weftern fide of the river, the country be- yond the rich vein of land on the Mulkingum is only tolerable on this fide of the head waters of the Scioto, which are fucceeded by as fin^ a body of land as the imagination can paint. This extends confider- ably nearer to the Ohio, and running weftward quite to the Miami, now approximates its banks, and difplays "i its verdure and variety ofmajeftic forefts, all that beauty and richnefs which have been fo much celebrated by travellers who have pafled through them. The country on the eaftern fide, except on the banks of the rivers, is in- different. There is a body of good land on Great Sandy ; but leaving that in a fouth- wefl^erly courfe, high, rugged, and broken. hills arife, which will hardly ever be capable of cultivation : thefe hills ex- tend between thirty and forty miles, and open into the fine lands of Kentucky. " The eafi: fiJe of the Ohio, for about ten or twenty miles below Whealing, which 'is about one hundred below Pittfburgh, is generally well fettled. There are few. fettlemcnts on the oppofite fliore until you come to the Muflcingum, and the country now wears the face of a wildernefs on both fides of the river, there being no habitations worth notice, except at the mouth of the Great Kanhawa, until w« arrive at Limeftone. " Every thing here alTumes a dignity and fplendor I have never (een in any other part of the world. You afcend a confiderable dif- VoL.JlI. . y tancc l62 GENERAL DESCRIPTION" tance from the fhore of the Ohio, and when you would fuppofe yoi| had arrived at the fummit of a mountain, you find yourfelf upon aa extenfive level. Here an eternal verdure reigns, and the brilliant fun of latitude 39**, piercing through the azure heavens, produces in thi^ p-olific foil an early maturity, which is truly aftonifliing. Flowers full and perfeft as if they had been cultivated by the hand of a florift, with all their captivating odours, and with all the variegated charms that colour and nature can produce, here, in the lap of elegance and beauty, decorate the fmiling groves. Soft zephyrs gently breathe on fweets, and the inhaled air gives a voluptuous glow of hciiith and vi< gour that feems to ravifli the intoxicated fenfes. The fweet fongflers of the forefts appear to feel the influence of this genial clime, and in more foft and modulated tones warble their tender notes in unifon with love and nature. Every thing here gives delight ; and in that mild effulgence which beams around us, we feel a glow of gratitude for that elevation our all-bountiful Creator -has bellowed upon us. Far from being difgufted with man for his turpitude or depravity, we feel that dignity nature bellowed upon him at the creation, but which has been contaminated by the bafe alloy of meannefs, the concornitant of European education ; and what is more lament- able, is, that it is the confequencc pi her very laws and govern-^ ments. \ " From Lime-ftone to Licking creek the country is immenfely rich, and covered with cane, rye grafs, and the native clover. The cane is a reed that grows to the height frequently of fifteen or fix- teen feet, but more generally about ten or twelve feet, and is in thick- nefs from the fize of a goofe quill to that of two inches diameter; fometime , yet feldom, it is larger : when it is flender, it never grows higher than from four to feven feet ; it flioots up in one fum- mer, but produces no leaves until the following year. It is an ever- green, and is, perhaps, the mod nourifliing food for cattle upon earth. No other i.i''kdr butter hasfuch flavour and richnefs as that which is produced from cows which feed upon cane. Horfes which leed upon it work nearly as well as if they were fed upon corn, pro- vi Jed care is taken to give them once in three or four days a handful of Ailt, otherwife this food is liable to heat, and bind their bowels. The rye grafs, when it arrives to maturity, is from two feet and a half high, to three and a half, and the head and beard refemble the real rye, and fometimes produce a fmall grain, long and flender, not unlike rye. Whether cultivation would bring it to the fame perfec- tion, " bF KENTUCKY. 163 Wotit t can form no idea ; it is, howevc, certain, that it is a very good and valuable grafs. The clover is in ho refpcft different from the clover in Europe, but as it is more coarfe and luxuriant. There is a variety of other kinds of grafs, which are found in different places ; but I have only mentioned the two former, they being efteemed the moil valuable. . ^ ** In order to travel into the interior parts of the State, the route lies acrofs the branches of Licking creek. There are feveral of them which take their rife in the high hills of Great Sandy, and the fpurs of the Allegany mountain ; they traverfe a mofl delightful country, and form a junftion a ftiiall diflance below the Lower Blue lick.* The country from the lick to theO hio is confiderably broken, but ge- nerally rich, and continues uneven, except on the banks of the river, quite to the month of the Kentucky, which is about one hundred and ten miles below the mouth of Licking creek, by water, and feventy above the rapids of the Ohio. Between the mouths of Licking and Kentucky lies the Great-bone lick, which is juftly celebrated for the remarkable- bones which are found there, and which gave name to the place. . ■ •' After paffing the Blue lick, the foil, if poflible, increafes in richnefs. From thence to Danville is about fifty miles. Lexington lies about midway, and is nearly central of the finefl and moft luxuri- ant country, perhaps, on earth. From Lexington to Leefburgh is about twenty miles ; to Boonlborough it is about twenty ; the Upper Blue lick nearly thirty. This fquare, which is nearly fifty miles, comprehends entirely what is called firft rate land. Leefburgh lies on the Kentucky, about twenty miles from its mouth by land, and nearly forty by water. The country between that and the Ohio is broken^ but rich, though it is not deemed a va- luable body of land. The Kentucky is bounded every where by high rocky precipi.es, that are generally two hundred feet and upwards perpendicular, and which make its pafTes^ difficult. Few places on it have any bottom land, as the rock rifes moflly contiguous to the bed of the river ; which confinement, after heavyrains, renders it very lorniidable from the impetuofity of its current. On afcending the banks of this river, the land on either fide is equally good for fome diftance above Boonlborough; but adjacent to the mountains from whence the river rifes, the co""**? becomes broken, flerile, and of * There arc two fait fprin^s upon Licking, both of wl-.idi are now worked with fucccfs, Yz little 1" 164 GENERAL DKSCRIPTlOW little or no value. Boonlborough lies on the Kentucky, about fixf/ miles above its mouth by land, and about one hundred nnd thirty by water. From Leefturgh down the river on the fouth fide, for about ten or twelve miles, the hills are confiderably liigh and ilcep ; but when you pafs the waters of Drinnon's Lick creek, you fall Into a body of good champaign land, which extenils, with liitlc variation, to the rapids of the Ohio. From Lcelburgh to Danville, the country for the firft twenty miles is of an inferior rate of land for this eoiintiy ; b\it farther on, you get into the rich country X have men- tioned, comprehended within the fquarc of fifty milei* " Large bodies of good land lie on every fide of Danville for twenty miles and upwards ; but in the courfe from thence to the rapids of the Ohio, on the waters of Salt river, which takei it» name from a felt fpring called Bullitt lick that is on its bank*, about twenty miles from the mouth of the river, the country is in fome placet broken jhto ridges of hills, which are in general good land, but not well t more, than rticularly the ixuriant than iifinefs prcvi- le deftrudtion Natchez, and here are a va- land, feme of them is tlie and JefFerfon. V alfo fponta- 1 « r noft parts of the fame in iring my ima- le Ohio, youi ipable of pro- of this coun- all the coin- at 13 not dcfi- , and a fecu« vaft exten*- of the objedt of tute the firft con, .bnttes will one d;\y, f to the mi- cient to keep ■ foul rs - ^ OF KENTUCKY. |8l Ibtil and body together. Our mountainous countrloi muft RtwAyf prove excellent ranges for herds of cattle ; the grafsi in tll6 fumni«i'« affording fufficient food to fatten them, without the cxpenlb of culti- vated meadows, and the winters are feldom fo fevere «8 to riiplr« itiy other food than the cane and pea-vine. " The navigation of this country has been much talked ©f. Thi diftance from one place to another has been computed with ibme de- gree of accuracy, and the various experiments which have been inado confirm the opinion that its difficulty is merely imaginary. " The common mode of defcending the ftream is In Jl»t'bottomc4 boats, which may be built from fifteen to five hundred toni burthett, But, as far as 1 have been able to judge, I fliould fuppofe, thfll flbout fifty or fixty tons burthc:i would be the moft convenient, wield/i and confequently fafe, particularly when the waters arc very high | for la fuch cafes the rapidity of the current makes it difticult to minige an unwieldy mafs with facility. Thefe boats are built of oak pltinki with a certain proportion of breadth to their length, \, §, neurjy ai twelve feet to forty ; which will be a boat of nearly forty tOOl. Thejf are covered or not as occafion may require. The objeft is to build them as cheap as polfible, for their unvxieldinefs prt: vents tlie poflibi* lity of their returning, and they can only be fold as plank> " Several of thefe boats fetting out together, let US fuppofe five^ ten, fifteen, or twenty, of fixty tons burthen each, which would fi* quire each fix hands to navigate them ; ten boats then of Axty toni each will employ fixty hands, which will be equal to navigate up tt)C Aream three boats of five tons each, and would be more than AlHi- cient to bring back the cargo that the produce of the ten boati would purchafe ; as the articles we export are grofs and bulky, while W9 want only in return fuperfine goods : the coarfer goods oi every fort will always be nianufa6lured in the country. We alfo make OU^ own fair, fugar, fpirits, malt liquor, and (hall foon make our OWa wine« Thefe boats mUft be worked up with fteam and fails. • " The invention of carrying a boat againft the ftream by tlte Influ- ence of fteam, is a late iinprovement in philofophy by a Mr. Ruffifey of Virginia, whofe ingenuity has been rewarded by that State wifh the exclufive privilege of navigating thole boats in her rivers for tf a years ; and as this grant was given previous to the independioee of Kentucky, the a£t of fcparation guarantees his right. Some eireum- itance or other has prevented liis bringing them into ufe. Howffver, tbere can be np dpubt of th-i fucc.fs of his fcheme, for th« Affembly |! *:\ V l8t GEKCRAL DESCRIPTION of Virginia had the moft unequivocal aflurances before they gave th# privilege, in a certificate figned by General Wafhington and Man Page, Efqnire : fetting forth, that they had fcen a boat, they believed to be con(fru£led by Mr. Rumfey, afcend a ftream without the aid of manual labour, but without mentioning the operating c.iufe, which has fince appeared to befteaui. If this principle (hould fail (and from fuch authority I do not conceive how it is to be prefumed,) I.flatter myfelf that philofophy is capable of fupplying the place in the appro- priation of fomeone of the fecrets with which mechanics abound. «• In taking a retrofpeftive view of the world, we are for a moment fnrprized when we recollcft that fome thoufnnds of years had elapfed before printing was invented ; and that the only way of accumulating the copies of art and genius was by the tardy method of tranfcribing ; and that the art of navigation was for nearly as long a time devious, and regulated by no certain laws,, the ftars and head lands of different countries being the only guides to the adventurous mariner, who often perished when the heavens were obfcured. O Liberty ! how many blefllngs haft thou brought to America ! Man in promulgating his opi- nions, now finds fecurity under the wings of an eflabliflied freedom ; and the difmal dungeon, which eclipfed the luminous mind of the celebrated Italian, would now be eretfted into a fchool for him to lec* ture in, inflead of a prifon to bewail the miferable ignorance and de- pravity of his fellow-creatures. Truth and reafon have led to th*8 melioration of manners — it will lead to more benefits to mankind.— But fliould we ftili be obliged to row our boats againft the ftream, it is not only pra^icabUy but tafy. " The frequent turnings in the Miffiffippi produce in every benil eddy water ; which, with the advantage the wind affords (that blow- ing the greater part of the year from the fouth-weft, and direftly up the windings of the river, by reafon of the vacancy between the banks and riling forefls on either fide, affording a channel for the current of the air) is fufHcient with fails, keeping as much as poflible in the ed- dy water, to carry a boat fifty miles a day up the flream. " To account for thofe winds philofophically would be extremely eafy ; but as it is a circumftance notorious from the teftimony of voy- agers in the Miffilfippi, and Ohio, I prefume the tefl of experience will be preferred to any philofophical difquifition upon the fubje£t. ** Should this navigation prove too tedious, and no improvements appear likely to be made in it, the importing into the country may be facUitated by another channel, from the gulf of Mexico up the Mo- bile, they gave thtf on and Man they believed }ut the aid of c.iufe, which itl (and from led,) I. flatter in the appro- i abound, for a moment 8 had elapfed accumulating tranfcribing ; time de%'iou8, ds of different icr, who often ! how many jating his opi- lied freedom ; I mind of the or him to lec* ranee and de- rc led toth*« » mankind.— :he ftream, it n every benil s (that blow- id direftly up een the banks the current of ible in the ed- be extremely imony of voy- )f experience the fubjeft. mprovements untry may be ,0 up the Mo- bile, I I i OF KENTUCKY 183 bile, which is a lazy current ; from the principal branch of which there is but a (hort paflagc to a branch of the Tenneflee, when you will have the advaacigc of the ftream quite into the Ohio. 1 have enumeiutcd this circuaillancc merely for the fake of informatiun ; for 1 have not the I'malleft doubt of the eligibility of the navigation of the MifTaTippl, which is proved from the experimenis which are daily makirig, . , • " The diHance fora PittJburg to the Mulklngum is one hundred and fevcnty-three miks ; to the Little Kanhawa one hundred and feventy-eight : to the Great Kanhawa two hundred and eighty-five » to Great Sandy three hundred and forty-two ; to the Scioto three hun- dred and ninety; to Lime-ftone five hundred ; to the Little Miami five hundred and ten ; to Licking creek five hundred and twenty-four; to the Great IMiami five hundred and fifty ; to the Great-bone creek five hundred and eighty-two j to the Kentucky fix hundred and twen- ty-fix ; to the rapids feven hundred and three ; to vSalt river fevca hundred and twenty-three; to Green river nine hundred and twenty- two ; to the Wabaflj one thoufand and nineteen ; to Cumber- land river one thoufand one hundred and thirteen ; to the Tenneflee one thoufand one hundred and twenty-fix ; to the Miffiflippi one thoufand one hundred and eighty-three j from thence to New Orleaim J8 about one thoufand and five. ** I have mentioned tliat it is about two hundred and thirty miles from the mouth of the Ohio up the MilTifiTippi to the mouth of theMif- fouri, and about twenty from thence to Illinois, which is navigable foe !: J. V .X to its fonrce. From thence there is a portage only of two miles to Chickago, which is alfo navigable for battcaux to its en- trance into lake Michegan, which is a diftance of fixteen miles. This lake affords i:ommimication with the river St. Lawrence through lake Erie, paiTing Niagara by a pbitage of eight miles. The lakes Erie and Michegan are navigable for veflels drawing fix and feven feet water. This is one of the routes by which the exchange of roir.mo- dities between the northern and fouthern parts of this empire will be facilitated. ** In continuing the plan of intercourfe, it will be found extremely eafy to pafs through lake Ontario to Wood creek ; up Wood creek, and by a portage of r>b ut three miles, you arrive at a creek, which in three miles more brings you to fort Edward upon the Mohawlc river, a hranch of Iludlon's river. There are feveral carrying places between that and its junction w ith liudfon j but very little 4 labour Ik i i M li 184 GENERAL DESCRIPTION labour would remoTC them, and which I hare no doubt hut the State of New-York will be judicious enough to fet early about. It is certain they have ordered furveys to be made, and plans arc forming fcr the removal of thofe obftrud^ions. It has been long in embryo with them.* It was impolTible a plan of fo much utility could efcape that fage and penetrating politican General Schuyler, whofe vaft eftate lies moftly in that part of America. •• There are alfo portages into the waters of lake Erie from the Wabafh, Great Miami, Mulkingum, and Allegany, from two to fixteen miles. The portage between the Ohio andPotomack will be about twenty miles when the obftruftions i!) the Monongahcia and Cheat rivers are removed, which will form the firft objeft of the gen- tlemen of Virginia when they have completed the canal on the I'oto- mack. ** The obftrudlions to the navigation of the great Kanhjiwa are ©f fuch magnitude, that it will require a work of ages to remove them J but if ever that fliould be done, there will be an eafy com- munication between that and James river, and likewife with the Roanoake, which runs through North-Carolina. But this is an event too remote to deferve any confideration at prcfent. ** All the rivers in this country of fixty yards wide and upwards, are navigable almoft to their fources for flat-bottomed boats during their floods, and for batteaux the greater part of the year, the Great Kanhawa and little Miami excepted. The Tcnneflee has a contidc- rable fall where it pafles through Cumberland mountain, where there muft be a portage alfo. From thence it is navigable quite to Holfton. " The rapids of the Ohio are no obllru£lion in high water to boats going down the river, and indeed batteaux may pafs almoft at any time. There are two fmall rapids in the Wabafli between its mouth and St. Vincent'?, but they are no impediment to navigation, except art times of low water. The Kaflcafliia is a fmall river which runs imo the Miflifilppi below the Illinois, and is navigable a confiderable way above the plains. The Miirillippi is navigable to St. Anthony's falls, without any obftru£tion. Carver dcfcribcs it as navigable above them as far as he travelled. We have too little knowledge of * That State paflbd an Au- tains. ** You will obferve, that as fax as this immenfe continent Is known the courfes and extent of its rivers are extremely favourable to com- munication by water; a circumflance which is highly important, whether we regard it in afocialor commercial point of view. The- intercourfe of men has added no inconfiderable ludre to the polilli of manners, and, perhaps, commerce has tended more to civilize and cmbellifli the human mind, in two centuries, than war and chivalry would have done in five. '* The federal government regulating every thing commercial, muft be produftive of the greateft harmony, fo that while we are Jikely to live in the regions of perpetual peace, our felicity will re- ceive a zeft from the aftivify and variety of our trade. We fliall pa»sp through the MiiTiHlpi to the fea^-up the Ohio, Monongahela and Cheat rivers, by a fmall portage, into the Potomack, which %,il* bring us to the federal city on the line of Virginia and Maryiund — through the fevcral rivers I have mentioned, and the l;,».es to New York and Quebec — from the northern lakes to the head branches of the rivers which run into Hudfon's bay \nnj tht Ardtic regions— and from the fources of the MifTouri into the great fouth fea. Thus in the center of the earth, governing by the laws of reafon and humanity, we feem calculated to become at once the emporium and protestors of the world. " Frequent rains in the latter end of the autumn produce floods in the Ohio, and it is an uncommon feafon when one of thofe floods does Vol, III, B b not I 1; ii U im f u ■ 'i m 5 V 1 l86 GENERAL DESCRIPTION not happen before Chriftmas. If there is much frofty weather in the upper parts of the couatry, its waters generally remain low until they begin to thaw : but, if the river is not frozen over, which is not very common, there is always water fufficient for boats of any fize from November until May, when the waters generally begin to fubiide ; and by the middle of June, in moft leafons, they are too low for boats above forty tons, and thefe muft be flat-bottomed. The froft feldom continues fo long as the middle of February, and immediately upon its breaking, the river is flooded j this flood may in a degree fubiide, but for no length of time ; and it is from that period until May that the boats generally come down the river. The diftancc of defcending is in proportion to the height of the wa- ter; but the average diAance is about eighty miles in twenty-four hours, and from fixty to one hundred are the extremes : fo that thq inean time of going in a fl it-bottomed beat from Pirtfburg to the ra- pids, is between eight and nine days, and about twenty days more to New Orleans : which will make a pafl'age from Pittfburg to that place nearly a month. The inundations of the Mifliflippi commence fomcthing later than thole of the Ohio ; but it is very certain they begin in March, and fubfide in July. This is the moft proper time to afcend the river, as you avoid the Ihoals, have finer weather, but, above ail, when the water is high you have ftrongcr eddies ; and with taking thefe advantages, and with dexterous waternieji, yoii may proceed fifty miles a day, which will bring you back to the ra-. pids of the Ohio in forty days, making a large allowance for contin- gencies. " The articles of fugar and fair, though not abfolutely necefTarlea of life, have become, from habit, fo efl'eutial, that I doubt if any ci-. vilized people wouKi be content to live without them. The extenfivq climate of this country, I belice, is no where wann enough for the cuU tivation of the fugar- cane with fucccfs ; and to import it would be too expenfivc by reafon of its great weight ; but nature has fuperfeded that ncceffity in the fupply of the fugar rnnp'etree. It has been long known that fugar could be made from the juice of this tree ; but from the impcrfcdt knowledge of the biifincfs of fugar-making, the iam-* pies from this liqvnd were fuch as proinifed no great expe£latioiis in future experiments : however, the neceffity which the people were under of making it, or doing without fugai', pr i\ed, that with cure and proper management, it could be made equal to the fineft fugars of the VVefl-Indies or Brazil. Some iamples Ihewn to a fugar yefircr in J'hiladcJphia, whitU aftonillied him, produced feveral in-» (lru£tion| n fty weather in nain low until >ver, which is • boats of any erally begin to s, they are too flat-bottomed. February, and this flood may it is from that own the river, ight of the wa- in twenty-four les : fo that tho [burg to the ra- ty days more to ialburg to that fippi commence My certain rhey oft proper time pr weather, but, _er eddies ; and waternieii, you back to the ra-- ince for contin- jtely neceflTariea doubt if any ci-. Tlic extenfive >uorh for the cuU c it vvonUl be too has fiiperfeded t has been long tree ; but from iking, the i'am- expectations in le people were i\ed, that with lal to the fineft hewn to a fugar uced fever al in^ (tru6tion» I, 4 y ot Kentucky. 187 ftruAlons in the art, which occafumed immediate fuccefs. The pco« p\c began to treat the fugar-trees more tenderly : and inftead of chop- -♦ ping a large gap in their trunk, as had auays been the praftice, and which was fufiicieht to deilroy a Icfs tender tree, the juice was found to ooze as eflfeftually from an incifion made with a fcrew auger of three quarters of an inch diameter. Put this was the fmalleft of the improvements. All the means made ufe of in the Weft-Indies for the perfedlion of the art were foon afcertained and praftifed : fo that the country is not only equal to i'upply itfelf with fugar, but might, with increafe of hands, lupply the inhabitants of the globe. " The fugar maple-tree not only grows in the greateft abundance throughout this country within the limits I have mentioi.ed, but it is known to be the hardieft, and the moft difficult to deftroy, of all the trees in our forefts, the beech not excepted, by the planters, who have a method of chopping or girdling the trunks of trees about one foot and a half above the ground,- in order to kill them, and thereby they prevent their crops from being fliaded. ** It is known, that old trees produce the moft and the richeft juice ; and it is alfo known, that trees which have been ufed for years are bet-, ter than frefh trees. It is a common remark, that whenever you fee a black tree cf this fort, it is a fure fign it is a rich one. The blacknefs proceeds from the incifions made in the bark by the pecking of the parroquet, and other birds, in the feafon of the juice riling, which oozing out, dribbles down its fides, and ftains the bark, which, in the progreflion of time, becomes black. *' I have mentioned thefe particulars with a view to prevent your falling into the general error, that the refource vf making fugar from the maple will foon be dcftroyed from the very nature of producing it ; believing, as many do, that it is impoffihle tor the tree to be able to bear the annual wounds whicii are necellary to be mt.de in its trunk in order to draw off the juice ; and that a tew years muft neceirarily extirpate them ; now, fo far iVom there being any danger of tliat, experience has fliewn, the longer that they arc uied in a proper man- ner, the more plentiful and rich will be their juice to a certain age ; which will be in proportion to the life of thofe trees. Ko exaft cfti- niate can be made of that; but I conclude their decay is not earlier than other trees. " The feafon of tapping is moftly about the middle of February in Kentucky ; but not until the latter ei^fl of the month, about Plttf- burg, in the remote parts of Pennfylvania, on the head branches of B b z the i li 1^ ' ' lil i ill III \ : '■ i. GENERAL DESCRIPTION the Sufquehanna, and Delaware, and in the State of New York. Frofty mornings and bright funihine are neccflhry to produce copious exudations. The feafon continues in this climate about fix weeks, when the juice is found to be too tliin and poor to make fugar ; but it is fiill capable of making molaflcR, fpirits by didillation, vinegar, and an agreeable table beer. " Thebufinefs of fugar-making is moftly managed by women and boys ; the men genenlly having nothing more to do with it than to tap the trees, prepare the fheds, and different apparatus. So that our agricultural employments are very little obftruAed by this bufmefs, which produces fo important an article for domeftic ufes. The per- fe£tion to which we have brought our fugnrs hai induced many peo- ple in the upper parts of the States of New-York and Pennfylvania to make a buiinefs of it during the feafon of the juice running ; and confiderable quantities have been fent to the market! of Philadelphia and York, not inferior to the beft cloyed French and Spanifli fugars. *'The fait fprings that have been found in the fingle State of Ken- tucky, under proper management, would be fufficient to prodi ce fait for all the inhabitants which the wellern country could fupport. There are at ieafl twelve of thofe fpringi between Great Sandy and Cumberland ; the principal of which are the upper and lower Blue licks, on Licking creek ; ene on the Great«bone creek { one on Drin- non*s lick creek, about a mile and a half from the mouth of the Ken- tucky ; and Bullit's lick, on Salt river, twenty miles from the rapids of the Ohio. This fpring is the firft that was worked in the country. The firft eiTays in this buiinefs were alfo imperfe^^* which, however, proceeded more from poverty than ignorance. The great principle by which the fallne particles are chryftalli;(ed, is univerfally known to be by the evaporation of the humid ; and the greater the fuperBcial furface of that evaporation, the more rapidly tl>c chryftals will form. But the firft fettlers could not procure fait pans, and were obliged to ufe as a fubftitute the pots and kettles they had brought out for do- meftic purpofes. *^ Such was the commencement of making fait in this country ; which, from its fcarcity and high price, in fome meafure difcouraged the fettlement of the country. However, the great impro^wments (ince that asra have done away all thofe fearif and fait is now manu- fa^ured in plenty, and fold cheap* *' The "' I of New York, produce copious about fix weeks, nake fugar ; but llation, vinegar, :d by women and lo with it than to atus. So that our by this bufmefs, ufei. The per- duced many peo- i Pcnnfylvania to ;e running ; and I of Philadelphia ich and Spanifli igle State of Ken- cient to prodi ce ry could fupport. Great Sandy and irand lower Blue c { one on Drin- louth of the Ken- B from the rapids '.d in the country. which, however, le great principle niverfally known ter the fuperHcial ryftals will form. i were obliged to ught out for do' in this country ; afure difcouraged at impnMwnents ait is now manu- ♦' The OP KEKTUCKY. «* The water is by no means fo ftrong as fea water. It requires nearly four hundred gallons to make one bufliel of fait, which is more by one half than would be wanted of lea water to product that quan- tity. " The water is not coUefted immediately from the fpring. An area of from five to ten acres round thofe fprings is found to be im- pregnated with this mineral, fo that by digging wells in any part of that Ipace fait water is difcovered. From this circumftance I am of opinion, that by digging pits a body of earth would be found ftrongly impregnated with fait, from which the faline particles might be more cafily feparated than from water ; and it is certain, that if the water receives its particles of fait from the earth that it pafles through, fuch earth mud contain a large proportion of fait, otherwife the flrength of the water would not be fo confiderable. However it will require fome time to determine this matter, as the infancy of our country will not permit us to fpeculate too largely in experiments that would be at- tended with heavy expenfes, were they not to prove fuccefsful, " Salt fprings have been found in every part of the weftern coun- try, which has been well explored, and I have no doubt that time will prove every part of it is well fupplied with them. The manner by which they are moftly found in uninhabited places, is by the large buffalo roads which lead to them. Whenever the ramification of thofe roads begin to concenter, it is almoft an infallible fign that a fait lick is near. Thofe animals reforting to them throughout the tempe- rate part of the year for the benefit of the fslt, make large roads, which leading ft'om the lick, branch different ways into the country. ** We have various other minerals, fuch as iron, which is the moft ufeful, copper, lead, fulphur, nitre, ice. Sec. Iron ore is found in great plenty upon the northern branches of Licking creek, and like- wife upon the waters of Green river. A lead mine has been worked many years with confiderable profit, which lies in the country of Montgomery, upon the waters of the Great Kanhawa. There is another between the Cumberland and TennefTee rivers, faid to be very valuable, and its ore more pure than any other which has been difcovered in America. But the lead mine on the Miffilfippi muft prove inexhauftible. It extends from the month of Rock river more than one hundred miles upwards. Befides thefe, there are feverai others, fome of which lie on the Spanifli fide of the Miilitlippi, and have been ufed for years paft. Copper mines have been difcovered in ieveral places, but the mine on the Wabafli is, perhaps, the richeft vein tpO GENERAL DESCRIPTION irein of native copper in the bowels of the whole eartli: and no doubt tvill render all the others of little or no value. Sulphur is found in fe* veral places in abundance ; and nitre is made from earth which is col- lefted from caves and other places to which the wet has not penetrated. The making this fait, in this countiy, is fo common, that many of the fcttlers manufadture their own gunpowder. This earth is difcovered in greater plenty on the waters of Green river, than it is in any other part of Kentucky ; but perhaps ftill farther fouthward it will be found in greater plenty. However, it is (6 common in every part of the country, that it might be made a confiderable article for exporta- tion. 1 hfive heard of black lead mines upon the head waters of the Kentucky, but I have not been able to procure any certain informa- tion refpefting them. But i ftiould conceive that there can be little doubt, that when the coimtry, and particularly the mountainous parts of it, are well explored, all the ufeful minerals will be found in abun- dance. " I have already mentioned the coal mines in the upper parts of the Ohio country ; befides which there are great quantities of coal upon the upper branches of the Miffiffippi. It is particularly favour- able that this'mineral lies at the heads of our larger rivers, as it can be fent down with the greatcft facility ; and it is very certain that the great body of it, which the Ohio coimtry alone contains, is equal to anlwer all the purpofes for which it may be wanted throughout this cxtenfive empire. *' Though the champaign part of this country has no ftone on its furface, yet every where lime-flone is found from fix to fifteen feet be- low it. Moft of the bottoms of our rivulets and llreams are paved with this ftone. It is very eafily calcined, when it becomes excellent liiiie. It is alfo convenient for building, by reafon oT its peculiar fmoothnefs, and the eafe with which it may be worked into any form. Befides this ftone, which is the moft common, every other kind of ftone is found that is either ufeful or ornamental ; fuch as flint, grind- ftone, and millftones, of a very good quality, which have been reck- oned equal to French burrs. There is the greatcft plenty of marble tipon the banks of the Kentucky, particularly at Leefljurg. I have not feen any that has been poliflied ; but judges in that bufinefs givf us the moft flattering ideas of its quality. " Clay is \ery common in every part of this coimtry which is pro- per for bricks ; and there is a fuperior kind on the Beech fork of Salt river, which no doubt might be ninnufadured into gogd porcelain. Carver OF KENTUCKY. ' I9I Carver has mentioned a clay of this fort that he faw above St. Antho- ny's falls. Marl, chalk, gypfiim, and ocres, arc found in varioui, parts. " With refpe(?t to climate in Kentucky you experience a greater temperature of air than in any country in which lever travelled, Fah- renheit's thermometer feldom falling below 35 degrees in winter, nor rifing above 80 in fummer. The approach of the fealbns is gradual. The fummer continues moftly to the middle of October. The autumn, or mild weather, generally continues until Chriftmas, when we have fome cold and froft until February, when fpring approaches, and by the beginning of March feveral flirubs and trees begin to flioot forth their buds ; by the middle of the month, the buck-eye or horfe-chcf- nut is clad in its fummer's livery ; and by the middle of April the fo- liage of the forefts is completely expanded ; which is a fortnight ear- lier than the leaves are fliot in Virginia and Maryland. Cumberland ■ is proportionally more temperate than Nortlj-CaroUna, as Kentucky is tb^n Virgiqja.'' - - V' ■ STATE "«f«wrp<4««i*«vwM«>w" ( i9» > 'i ' STATE OF I ! I NORTH-CAROLINA. SITUATION, EXTENT, AND BOUNDARIES. ii; ,. HIS State is (ituated between 35® 50', and 36" 30' north-lati- tude, and 1° and 6° 30' weft-longitude from Philadelphia. Its length is about three hundred miles, and its breadth one hundred and twenty ; it therefore contains about thirty-four thoufand fquare miles. It is bounded on the north, by Virginia j on the caft, by the Atlantic ocean ; on the fouth, by South-Carolina and Georgia ; and on the weft, by a chain of mountains a few miles to the weft- ward of the Great Appalachian nnountains. This chain of mountains, taking the whole for a part, has occafionally been calle ' I 194 GENERAL DESCRIPTION to the weather. Were the inhabitants cautious and prudent in ihtfe refpedts, it is alledged by their phyficians, that they might in ge- neral efcape the danger of thefe fatal difeafes. The ufe of flannel next to the fkiri during the winter is reckoned an excellent preventa- tive of the difeafes incident to this climate. ' FACE OF THE COUNTRY, SEA COAST, &c. North-Carnlina, in its whole width, for flxty miles from the (eif is a dead level. A great proportion of this tra6t lies in foreft, and is barren. In all the champaign country, marine productions are found by digging eighteen or twenty feet below the furface of the ground. The fea coaft, the founds, inlets, and the lower parts of the rivers, have uniformly a muddy, foft bottom. Sixty or eighty miles from the fea, the country rifes into hills and mountains. The feveral rivers in this State are the Chowan, formed by the con- fluence of the Meherrin, Nottaway, and Black rivers ; all of which rife in Virginia. It falls into the north-weft corner of Albemarle found, and is three miles wide at its mouth, but narrows fail as you afcend it. The Roanoke, a long rapid river, formed by Staunton river, which rifes in Virginia, and Dan river, which rifes in South-Carolina. The low lands on this river are fubjeft to inundations. It is naviga* ble only for fliallops, nor for thefe, but about fixty or feventy miles, ©n account of falls, which in a great mcafure obftru£t the water com- munication with the back country. It empties, by feveral mouths, into the fonth-weft end of Albemarle found. The planters on the banks of this river are fuppoled to be the wealthieft in North-Ca- rolina. One of them, it is laid, raifes about three thoufand barrel* of corn, and four thoufand bufliels of peas, annually. The Cufliai is a fniall river, which empties into Albemarle found, between the Chowan ami the Roanoke. Pamlico, or Tar, a river which opens into Pamlico found : it» courfe is from north-welt to fouth-eaft. It is navigable for veffels drawing nine ftet water to the town of Wafliington, about forty miles from irs mouth ; and for fcows or flats, carrying thirty or forty bogflieads, fifty miles fiu-ther, to the town of Tarbo- rough. Beyond this place the river is inconfiderable, and is not na- vigable. The N^us, a river which empties into Pamlico found below New- berw; m. 1 prudent in ihtfe they might in ge- le ufe of flannel icccllent prevcnta- \ST, &c. niles from the fea, s in foreft, ftnd is ; produAions are the furface of the le lower parts of . Sixty or eighty mountains, armed by the con- jrs ; all of which rner of Albemarle lanows faft as you inton river, which a South-Carolina, ms. It is naviga* r or fevcnty miles, u£l the water com* y feveral mouths, he planters on tlie lieft in North-Ca- e thoufand barreJ* y- Albemarle found, nlico found: itf IV i gable for veflels gton, about forty arrying thirty or town of Tarbo- and is not na- bund below New- bei'O i OP NORTH-CAROLINA. I95 Wrn ; it is navigable for fea velTeli about twelve mile* abovf th« town of Newbern ; for fcows fifty miles ; and for fmnlt boftti two hundred miles. The Trent river, from the fouth-weft, which falU Into the N«U» at Newbern, is navigable for fea veflels about twelve niiUi Abuvc the owti, and for boats thirty. There are feveral other rivers of lefs note, among which Are thv Pafquotank, Perquimins, Little river. Alligator^ be. which dif- charge themlelves into Albemarle found. All the rivers in North- Carolina, and, it may be added, in SotithoCarolInn, Oeerglfli and the tloridas, which empty into the Atlantic ocean, are navigable by any veflel that can pafs the bar at their month. While the wutcf* couries continue wide enough for veflels to turn round) there If generally a fuflicient depth of water for them to procoedt Cape Fear, more properly Clarendon river, opens Into the fed flt cape Fear, in about latitude 330 45'. As you af(;end It, you pdA Brunfwick on the left, and Wilmington on the right^r The river then divides into north-eaft and north-weft branches, as they are Caltedt It 1^ is navigable for large veflels to Wilmingron, and for bofltl tO Fayetteville, near ninety miles farther. This river affbrdi the bcft navigation in North-Carolina. Yadkin river rifes in thll Statff and running fouth-eaftwardly, crofles into South^CarollnSf whera it takes the name of Pedee, and pafles to the fea below OeorgS' town. The rivers of this State would be much more valuable, were It not that they are barred at their mouths. This circumflancc, and thf cnaft furnifliing no good harbours, will prevent the State from build- ing large fliips, for which they have an abundance of excellent tlm» her. Several caufes have been afligned for all the harbours and rlveri being barred, fouth of the Chefapeak. Some fuppofe the bars are formed by the current of the long rivers throwing up the fafld<;| where their rapidity terminates ; others with more probability fayi that a bank is thrown up by the gulf ftream, which runs near thefe fliores. The banks of the rivers in this, and the other neighbouring Stately often overflow after great rains, which does much d imige to the plantations. A gentleman on the fpot aflerts, that be bai feen the water thirty feet below the banks of the river, juft after it bad been ten feet above them. This Is owing to the narrowitffs of the mouths of the rivers, which do not afford a fuflicient chaonTJ G c » fof ii U A I nii< • Hi ^ ;!i 1^6 GENERAL DESCRl^TIOM for the waters, accumulating every mile, to difchargc thcmfelvet into the ocean. Pamlico lound is a kind of lake or inland fea, from ten to twenty rrtiles broad, and nearly one hundred miles in length. It is feparated from the fea, in its whole length, by a beach of fand hardly a mile wide, generally covered with fmall trees or buflies. Through this bank are feveral fmall inlets by which boats may pafs. But Ocrecok 5nlct is the only one that will admit veltels of burthen into the dif- tritfts of Edciiton and Newbern. This inlet is in latitude 35' 10', and opens into Pamlico found between Ocrecok iiland and Core bank} the land on the north is called Ocrecok ; on the fouth Portfmouth. A "bar of hard fand crofles this inlet, on which, at low tide, there is Fourteen, feet water. Six miles within this bar is a hai'd fand flioal| called the Swafli, lying acrofs the channel. On each fide of the channel are dangerous flioals, fometimes dry. There is from eight to nine feet water at full tide, according to the winds on the Swafh. Common tides rife eighteen inches on the bar, and ten on the Swafti. Between the bar and the Swafli is good anchoring ground, called the l)pi)er and Lower anchorages. Ships drawing ten feet water do not come farther than the firft anchorage, till lightened. Few mariners, though acquainted with the inlets, choofe to bring in their own vef- iels, as the bar often fl^ifts during their abfence on a voyage. North of Pamlico found, and communicating with it, is Albemarle found, (ixty miles in length, and from eight to twelve in breadth. Core found lies fouth of Pamlico, and communicates with it. Thefe founds are fo large when compared with their inlets from the fea, that no tide can be perceived in any of the rivers which empty into them , nor is the water fait even in the mouths of thefc rivers. Cape Hatteras is in latitude 3 ^^ 1 5'. At the time of Sir Walter iRalcigh's approaching the American fliores, the ihoals in the vicinity of Hatteras were f(;Und to be extremely dangerous, and no veffels in that latitude ventured within feven leagues of the land. From a furvey of the ancient drafts of this part of the coaft, there can be no doubt but tl.e fears of former navigators were not without founda- tion, as thele fljoals are laid down very large in extenti and in many .places covered with not more than five or fix feet water, at a great diftance from the land. The conftant experience of the coafling trade of the United States demo}iArates, cither that th9 ancient drc»fts were purpofely falfified m S 'ii irgc thcmfelvet n ten to twenty It is feparate^ d hardly a mile Through this I. But Ocrecok hen into the dif- ititude 35' lo', I and Core bank} uth Tortfrnouth. 3W tide, there i8 hard fand flioal, each fide of the ere is from eight ids on the Swafh. ten on the Swafli. round, called the feet water do not , Few mariners, in their own vef- voyage. North Albemarle found, eadth. anicates with it. leir inlets from the rivers which mouths of thefe ime of Sir Walter als in the vicinity and no veffels in land. From a there can be no without founda- :nt, and in many water, at u great the United States )urpofely falfified in OF NORTH-CAROLINA. ip^ 5n 6tiet to deter fcamen from vettturing too near a cotft, wiih which they had as yet a very (lender acquaintance, c, whic/j is the moft frobabUy that by the ftrong currents hereabouts, which are only counter currciics of the gulph ftrcam, the lands, which were origi- nally heaped up in this part of the ocean by fome ancient convulfion of nature, have been gradually wearing; away, ^iid dimini^iing to what H'C find them to be at this time. .. ' -• ' At prefent the out (hoals, which lie about fourteen miles fouth^ weft of the cape, are but ot five or fix acres extent, and where they are really dangerous to veflcls of moderate draught, not more than half that number of acres. On the ftioaleft part of thefi: there is, at low water, about ten feet, and here at times the ocean breaks in a tre* hiendous manner, fpouting, as it were, to the clouds, from the vio- lent agitations of the gulph ftream, which touches the eaftern edge of the banks, from whence the declivity is fudden, that is to fay, from ten fathoms to no foundings. On the fpot abovementioned, which is firm fand, it has been the lot of many a good veflel, in a gale of wind, to ftrike, and go to pieces. In moderate weather, how* ever, thefe flioals may be palFed over, if neceflhry, at full tide, without much danger, by vefTels not ^Irawing more (ban ei^ht, nine, pr ten feet water. •" From this bank, which was formerly of vaft extent, and called the Full Moon Shoal, a ridge runs the whole diftance to the Cape, about a north-weft courfe : this ridge, which is about half a mile wide, has on it at low tide, generally ten, eleven, and twelve feet water, with gaps at equal intervals, affording good channels of about fifteen or fixteen feet water. The moft noted of thefe channels, and moft ufed by coafting vefiels, is about one mile and a half from the )and, and may eafily be known by a range of breakers which are al- ways feen on the weft fide, and a breaker head or two on the eaftern fide, which, however, are not fo conftant, only appearing when the fea is confiderably agitated. This channel is at leaft two and a half miles wide, and might at full fea be fafely pafiTed by the largeft fliips ; thefe however rarely attempt it. The common tides fwell about fix feet, and always come from the fouth-eafl. A little north of the cape is good aiichoring in four or five fathoms, and with the >v'ind to the weftward, a boat may land in fafety, and even bring pfF calks of frejh nvatcr, plenty of which is to be found every f.ir. One of the halls is now ufcd for a dancing, and the other for a fchool-room j which are the only prtfent ufes of this palace. The arms of the king of Great Britain ftill appear in a pediment in front of the building. The Epifcopal church is a fmall brick building, with a bell. It is the only houfe for public worfliip in the place. A rum diftillery has lately been erefted in this town. It is the county town of Craven county, and has a court-houfe and gaol. The court-houfe IS raifed on bridk arches fo as to render the lower pait a convenient market-place ; but the principal marketing is done with ihe people in their canoes and boats at the river fide. EPENTON. Edenton is fituated on the north fide of Albcninrle found ; and has ^bout one hundred and fifty indiffereyt wood Uoults, and a few * In September, 1791, near one t'aird pan of ti)is town wns confiuiicd by fire. D d a hand* i; ' I' 3 I i <»;! P ;|ii ■t . 'I i 204 OBKEBAZ. DESCRIPTlOSr handfome buildings. It has a brick church for Epifcopallaps, whldf for many years hns bcv^n much negleded, and ferves only to flie>ir that the people once hao' a regard, at leaft, for the externals of reli- gion. Its local fituatior is advantageous for trade, but not for health. It is the county town of Chowan county, and has a court-houfe and gaol. In or near the town lived the proprietary, ^nd the firft of the royal governors. WILMINGTON. Wilmington is a town of about one hundred and eighty houfes, iituated on the eaft fide of the eaftern branch of Cape Fear or Cla- rendon river, thirty-four miles from the lea. The courfe of the river, as it pafles by the town, is from'ncyth to fouth, and. is about one hundred and fifty yards wide. In 1786 a fire broke out, fnppofed to have been kindled by the negroes, and conluiued about twenty-five or thirty, houfes. The town is rebuilding flowly. HILLSBOROUGH. Hilllborough is an inland town, fituated in a high, healthy, and, fertile country, one hundred and eighty miles north-weft from New- bern. It is letiled by about fixty or feventy families. SALISBURV. Salifbury is agreeably fituated, about five miles from Yadkin river, and contains about ninety dwelling houfes. HALIFAX. Halifax is a neat little town ; it ftands on the weftern bank of the Roanoke, about fix miles below the falls, and has about- thirty or forty dwelling houfes. FAYETTEVILLE. Fayettevillc ft;mds on the weft fide of Clarendon, commonly called Cape Fear river, and about a mile from its banks. It is well-built on both fides of a creek, from which the town was formerly called Crofs Creek. Two fmall creeks unite near the town, and an ifland, juft below the jiinition, divides the creek. Some perfon took it into his head that the creeks crofled each other without mixing their waters ; and the ftraiigenefs or imp'"obability of the thing, as in many other cales, feems to have been the reafon, why it was believed. Since the peace, this town has flouriftied, but a confiderabie part of it tpatiaps, wh\d»^ es only to ftiej^ Kternals of reli- it not for health, court-houfe and ?nd the firft of id eighty houfes, iape Fear or Cla- he courfe of the ith, and is about en kindled by the rty. houfes. The high, healthy, and, th-weft from New- ies. from Yadkiu river, jweflern bank of the has about- thirty or pn, commonly called nks. It is well-built [was formerly called [town, and an illand, lome perfon took it [without mixing then- of the thing, as in why it was believed, confiderablc part of it OF NORTH-CAROLIliJA, ^^j^ It was burnt in 1792, It is fituatcd on a iettlemei^t ^f Scotch High« landers. ,ri.. • ^ <<'fS'^' WA8H11JCT0N. Wafhin.^ton Is fituj^ted in the county pf Beaufort, on the nprtl^ fide of Tar river, in latitude 35" 30', diftant from Ocrecok inl« ninety miles. From this town is exported tobacco of rhe Peteriburgh quality, pork, beef, Indian corn, peas, jjeans, pitch, tar, turpentine, rbfin, &c. and pine boards, fliingles and oak ftavcs. About one iiurdred and thirty velTels enter annually at the cuttotn-houfe in this tOV^ n. , , 'H'* f ^.S>" ijii;- ". •■■r ^-ri-mt. CREENEVILLE. Grceneville, fo called after Major-general N?ithaniel Greene, i| fitr.ated in Pitt county, on the fouth bauk of Tar river, in latitude. 350 7,^'^ diftant from Ocrecok inlet one hundred and ten miles. At this town there is an academy eftabliftied, called the Pitt Academy*- TARBOROUCH. ^'^W Tarborough is fituated in the county of Edgecomb, on the foudj ^jank of Tar river, in latitude 35° 45', diftant from Ocrecok ii)lc(| one hnqcired and forty miles. At this town large (quantities of to- bacco of the Peterfburgh quality, pork, beef and Indian corn, itp C«lleded for exportation. , .. • .' * POPULATION. From the marflial's return it appears, that the number of inhabit tants, in the year 1791, was three hundred and nincty-tlij-ee thou- fand feveii hundred and fifty-one, of whom two hundred and ninety, thrte thoufund one hundred and feventy-nine were citizens : perhaps there are i'ew infiances of fuch a rapid increafc of inhabitants as we find in this State: in the year 17 10, we are well aflvired, that the number of inhabitants in North-Carolina did not excetd fix thou- land : this extraordinary increafe niuft arifc, in a great meafure, from the migration of inhabitants from other States, or from diftant countries ; biU this will noi fully account for the prcfent ftate of. population in North-Carolina. By examining the return, we find there are one hundred and forty-lcven thoufai.d four hundred and ninety-four white male inhabitants; \vc alfo fin', that trie number of males iinder iixtcen years excsed the number above fixteen, by feven thou- f.md five hundred and eighteen, which is about one-nineteenth of Vlic whole. This is a very remarkable fav.'t, ai it refpeds the in- 9 creafc I V 4 : Hi 11^ n ii fO$ GENERAL DESGRIPflOK {Creafc of the human fpeciej. We find a fmall diiTerence In the State| of Delaware, Virginia and Georgia, in favour of thofc tinHer fixteeUf The difference in Kentucky is fimilar to that of North-Carolina^ In the other States, the number above fixtecn Is greatcft, and in the feveral kingdoms in Europe, as far as our iitformalion readies, the inhabitants above fixteen arc univerfally much more ntjmerous than thofe under that age. The great diftlrcBce that appears in North- CaVolina in favour of children, cannot be cxplaitifl I y fuppofing that the climate is fickly, for we know that fuch climatM are equally fatal to young and old. The idea too of a fickly climate docs not accord with the prodigious increafe of inhabitanta ifj this State, nor liith another h^, viz. that there is a conlidcrable proportion of very old inhabitants in the State. To explain this wc nnifl; obferve, that tire human fpecies, and all other animals, are found to increafe in proportion to the comforts of life, and the eafe with which they can fupport their progeny. Remove ttie rigours of an inho'pitable cii- mate, and the more uniform diffnafivc to matrimony, fl^i' ipprrhcnJed 'difficulty ef fupportiitg a fivnilyj and the hunian fpecies wojld double, not in twenty but in fifteen years, In North-Carolina, neither the cold of winter,- nor the heat of fummer, arc in tjje back country at ^11 difagreeable: land continues to be plenty nnd cheap ; grain i^ raifed with fo much eafe, and the trouble of 'providing for cattle in winter fo trifling, that a man fvipports hig family with half the la-* hour that is required in the cold climates, l^ndt r thcfc advnntages, we are not to wonder that people in all ranks of life flimild marry very j'oung ; we have heard of j^randmoth(,r» in this State who werq not more than twenty-feven years old. The following tables fliew the proportion of poptilaiion in the tlifierent parts of the State, according to the return made in 179X1 . 1- EPEN-, bF NOkTH-GAROLINA; 167 :« in the Stated tinHer fixteeny lorth-VJarnlina^ tcft, and in the »n reaches, the numerous than pciiro in North- *1 1 y Aippofing atc8 arc equally limate does not I tills Statr, nor ■iportlon of very jfl; obfcrve, that lul to incrcafe in I which they can inlio'pitable cli- ', f/jf ipprc bended j6 wojld dotible, lina, neither tlie ! back country at I cheap ; grain i^ ding for cattle in with half the la- icfc advantages, fe fliould marry State who wcrq t (opulaiion in th^ lade in i79t« EPEX. EDENTON DISTRICT • • , ^ so 4t- 3 a COUNTIES. E ■ 0 0: ?^- 1 U d • ^ "^ S " ^ — s 0 fe tu, U. < tn H Chowan, including 1 town of Edenton, J 641 559 1 182 41 2588 501 1 Perquimons, . . . 885 923 1717 .37 1878 5440 Paiquotank, . . 95' 1034 1810 79 1623 5497 Camden, , . 737 • 7S8 1480 30 1038 4033 Currituck, 1017 1024 i960 »'5 1 103 5219 Gates, . . 790 775 '5^5 93 2219 539* Hertford, . 814 823 1533 216 244* 5828 Bertie, . . 176a 1841 35H 348 S141 12606 Tyrrcl, . 807 959 1777 35 1 166 4744 8394 8696 16488 994 19198 53770 NEWBER N DISTRICT. - Craven, mchiding townofNewbern, 1709 ^538 3227 337 3658 10469 Jones, 736 794 154? 70 i68i 4822 ohnUon, 1039 1119 2083 64 1329 5634 Dobbs, 1 162 1293 2478 45 191 5 6893 Wayne, .... % 1064 1219 2256 37 1 557 6133 Pitt, 1461 1507 2915 25 2367 8275 Beaufort, 9SI 926 1824 129 1632 5462 Hyde, 795 718 1 1522 37 1048 4J20 Carteret, 1 718 707 1 *5°* 92 7»3 3732 9635 9821 19348 836 15900 55540 WILMINGI roN D ISTRICT. New-Hanover, in- "j eluding Wilining- \ 834 695 U97 67 3738 6831 ton, J Brtiniwick, .... 380 ^98 779 3 1511 3071 Bladen, ...... 837 830 1683 58 , 1^76 5084 Duplin, .' . . . . to3^ ii87 20(141 3 1 1383 5662 Onilovv, • 828 i 939 1 7881 84 1 1748 5387 39 H 4049 7801: 21;; i iooi;3 gfe35,| toS b£KEllAL DESCRIPTION i^AYETTE bisTRlcr. i: i'l •si a 3 •s5 c ,2 JC 1 VI •S 1L C6U«TIES. i^ fi^ 1 P. a i » § w •3 t' •^ ^ :a 5 a S've 9 S 3 •a 1^ (34 1 % > ,V3, .^. CiimhcHand, in- ] cJfiulingFayeiieviHc j 1791 IS57 3059 83 2181 8671 Moore, 84t) 968 1570 12 37 » 3770 Richmond^ .... idy6 iio5 21 16 55 583 5055 Robifon, ; . , . . 1131 1141 2244 277 S.13 5326 Saiiipfon, 1145 1281 2316 140 1183 6065 Anfon, ;..... »034 1183 2047 4« 828 5 '3? 7046 7335 13352 608 5679 34026 - HALIFAX DISTRICT. Halifax, including , town of Ha ita.y, J ^835 1778 3403 443 6506 13965 Northampton, . . . 1334 1273 2503 462 4409 9981 Warren, 1070 1319 2220 68 47-0 9397 r Franklin, . . . . ; 1089 1400 2-316 37 2717 7559 .^JaHi, 1 143 1426 2627 188 200Q 7393 Edgecombe,' .... 1659 1879 3495 70 3152 10255 Martin, 1064 1009 2029 96 1889 6080 9194 10084 1 81; 86 1364 25402 64630 HlLt,* 5B0R0 QGH I DISTRICT. Ofadge, rnehiding "I Hilllboroijgh, . J 2433 2709 4913 lOI 2060 12216 Granville, .... 1581 187^ 3050 315 4163 10982 Calwell, 1801 21 10 3377 7* 2736 10096 Wake,' 1772 2089 3688 180 2463 1019s Chathann, ..... 1756 2160 3664 9 1632 9221 Randolph, .... — ^, - ■ ■ ■ -.1. - ...m\ . .^ 1582 1952 3266 24 452 7276 10925 12893 21958 701 i^>- , 59983 it El • T. 101 2060 iw 180 2463 »°^92 J 1632 9"' ^' ' 7276 OF NORTH-CAROLINA. SAUSBURY DISTRICT. t , ao9 COUNTTES, Rowan» including 1 Salilbury, ... J Meckleiiburgh. Tredel], . . Monrgomery, Guilford, . Rockingham, Surry, . . Stokes, . I o c 3288 2378 1118 967 1607 »i73 i53« 1846 13908 I s •5 H i I 3837 aS73 1217 II2I 1799 H»3 1762 2 1 041 6864 97 477* 70 2239 1798 3 i 3242 •7 2401 3182 3778 10 »7 »3 1741 1601 1 100 7S7 158261 28366 2411 8138 — — ■■ ' ■■ ■ — ' ' III II ■— ■— J^MWIi I58«» 5435 47»5 MORGAN DISTRICT. ^ii Burke, . . Wilkes, . Rutherford, Lincoln, . 1716 i6t4 1584 2058 6^ 2111 22^2 2145 2294 8802 368c 3726 3463 3937 1 48 1 1 M iisPfTTS 549 614 _93j n 814 78© 9144 i3|53 SUMMARY OF POPULATION. Edenton Diftridt, Newbern do. .. Wilmington do. Fayette do. . Halifax do. . jHilllborough do. Salilbury do. Morgan do. . 8394 9635 39H 7046 9194 1092 c 13908 69,72 69^88 8696 9821 #049 7335 10084 12893 i<;826 8802 77506 16488.' 994 19348I 836 7801I 215 13352; 608 i8586;i364 21958; 701 28366 141811 242 I59@9 109$:^ 079 »549i 8(38 •693 'J22izmii2ivmm^ 5,1770 55540 ,uos@ 646|9 66489 33*93 To the return the following note was prefixed : <. " The Mardial begs leave to obferve, that the affiftantl having not returned the numbers of the different towns feparate frein the Vol. in. £e eouiuiel il<» GtKERAL DESCRIPTION counties in which they were fituated^ renders it out of his power to make a diftin£t return of them, but is fatisiied that not one town in Noith-Carulin^ rontaiuR more than two thoufand inhabitants. What is the prefent number of inhabitants cannot be determined with precision i but, on the moft moderate calculation, they ipuft be ;nore than four hundred and feventy thoufand. j ; RELIGION ANP CHARACTER. "The weftcrn parts of this State, which have been fettled within the laft forty years, are chiefly inhabited by Prelbyterians from Penn- sylvania, the defcendants of people from the north of Ireland, and nre exceedingly attached to the dodtrines, difcipline and ufages of the church of Scotland. They are a regular, iaduflrious people. AJinpA all the inhabitants between the Catawba and Yadkin rivers are of this denomination, and they are in general well fupplied with 4 feofible and learned miniftry. There are interfperfed fbme fettle- ments of Germans, both Lutherans and Calvinifts, but they have very few minifiers. ? The Moravians have feveral flouriftiing fettlements in this State, «In 1751 they purchafed of Lord Granville one hundred thoufand acres of land, between the Dan and Yadkin livers, about ten miles ifo«th df Pilot mountain, in Surry county, and called it Wachovia, after an eiftate of Count Zinzendorf, in Auftria. In 1755, this tradt, by an aft of AfTembly, was made a feparate parilh "by the name of Dobb's parifti. The firfl: fettlement, called Bethabara, vras begun in 1753 by a number of the b'ethren from Pennfylvania, in a very v'tid, uninhabited country, which, from that time, began to be ra- pidly fettled by farmers from the Middle States, i In 1759, Bethany, a regular village, was laid out and fettled. In 1766, Salem, which is now their principal fettlement, and nearly in the center of Wachovia, was Lttled by a colleftion of tradefmen. The fame cotiftitution and regulations are eftabliflied here as in other regular fettlements of the united brethren. Belides, there are in Wachovia three churches, one in Fricdland, one *m Friedburg, and another at Hope, each of which has a minifter of the brethren's church. 'Thefe people, by their induftry and attention to various branches of manufadture, are very ufeful to the country around them. The Friends, or Quakers, have a fettlement at New-Gai-den, in Guilford county, and ftveral congregations at Perquimins and Pat quotaok. of his power to It not one town inbabitants. Dt be detenninf d )n, they muft be een fettled within Brians from Tenn- i of Ireland, and line and ufagcs of iduftrious people, and Yadkin rivers well fupplied with •perfed fomc fettlc- fts, but they have ments in this State, hundred thoufand [rs, about ten miles :alled it Wachovia, :n i7S5»thistraa, ilh 'by the name of labara, was begun ifylvania, in a very began to be ra- Lt and fettled. In lent, and nearly in Jtion of tradefmen. led here as in other fides, there are in ImFriedburg, and of the brethren's Ittention to various le country around New-Garden, in •r^iuimins and Pat quotanki OF NORTH-CAltoLlNAi* 211 quotJink. 'the Methodifts and Baptifts are numerous and increaHng. Befides the denominations already mentioned, there is a very nume- rous body of people in this, and in all the Southern States, whp cannot properly be claffcd with any fedt of Chriftians, having never made any profcffion of.Chriilianity. The inhabitants of Wilmington, Newbern, Edenton, and Halifajt diftrids, making about three-fitths of the State, once profeffed them- felves of the Epifcopal church; the clergy in thefe diftrifts wcrtt chiefly miffionaries, and in forming their political attachments, at the commencement of the late warj perfonal fafety, or real intereft* or perhaps a conviction of the impolicy of oppofing Great-Britain^ from whence they received their falaries, induced them almoft uni- verfally to declare themfelvci in favour of the Britifli government, and to emigrate. Ther^ may be one or two of the original clergy remaining, but at prefent they have no particular pafloral charge ; indeed the inhabitants in the diftrifts above mentioned feem now to be making the experiment, whether Chriftianity can exift long in a country where there is no vifible Chriftian church : the Baptifts and Methodifts have fent a number of miflionary preachers into theft diftrifts, and fome of them have large congregations ; it is probable, that one or the other of thefe denominations, and perhaps both, may acquire coniiftency, and eftablifli permanent churches. The North -Carolinians are moftly planters, and live from half a. mile to three and four miles from each other on their plantations ; they have .a plentiful country, no ready market for their produce, little intercourfe with ftrangers, and a natural fondnefs for fociety, which induce them to be hofpitable to ftran'gers. The general topics of converfation among the men; when cards^ the bottle, and occurrences of the day do not intervene, are negroes, the prices of indigo, rice, tobacco, &c. They appear to have little tafte for the fciences. Political inquiries and philofophical difquiii- tions are attended to but by a few men of genius and induftry, and ai:e too laborious at prefent for the minds of the people at large in this State. Lefs attention and refpedt are paid to the women here, than in thofe parts of the United States where the inhabitants have made greater progrefs in the arts of civilifed life ; indeed it is a truth confirmed by obfervatlon, that in proportion to the advance- ment of civilization, in the fame proportion will refpeCl for the women be increafed ; fo that the progrefs of civilization in coun« tries, in ftates, in towns, and in families, may be marked by the de- E e a gree ^ .^^ii^< > IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // ^ 1.0 1 1.1 ■^ 122 122 ^ 1^ |2.0 IM ; ||l.25|l.4,,.6 t < 6" ► Photographic Sciences Corporation ^\ ^ •ss c\ \ v\ 33 WIST MAIN STRfET WEBSTH.N.Y. MSSO (716)172-4503 '^ 212 GENERAL DESCRIPTION gree of attention which is paid by hufbandf to their wives, and by the young men to the young women. Temperance and induftry are not to be reckoned among the vir- tues of the Noith-Carolinians ; the time which they wafte in drink- ing, idling and gambling, leaves them very little opportunity to improve tkeir plantations or their minds ; the improvement of the former is left to their overfeers and negroes ; the improvement of the latter is too often negle£ted. Were the time which is thus wafted fpent in cultivating the foil, and in treafuring up knowledge, they might be both wealthy and learned; for they have a productive country, and are by no means deftitute of genius. ^^ n^u^-.t^.^ •,; - Time that is not employed in ftudy or ufeful labour, in every country, is generally fpent in hurtful or innocent exercifes, according to the cuftom of the place, or the tafte of the parties. The citizens of North-Carolina, who are not better employed, fpend their time in drinking, or gaming at cards and dice, cock-fighting or horfe^ racing. ^ ; ■ • • .1 A ftrange and very barbarous practice prevailed among the lower claib of the people before the revolution, in the back parts of Vir* ginia. North and South Carolinas, and Georgia ; it was called gougiagt and was neither more nor lefs than a man, when boxing, putting out the eye of his antagonift with his thumb. How quick, VNi>ER A MILD AND UPRIGHT GOVERNMENT, IS THE REFORMA- TION OF MANNERS ! In a particular county in this State, where, at the quarterly court twenty years ago, a day feldom pafi'ed without ten or fifteen boxing matches ; it is now a rare thing to hear of a fight. North-Carolina, as already obferved, has had a rapid growth ; in the year 1 710 it contained but about twelve hundred fencible men ; It is now, in point of numbers, the fourth State in the Union. During this amazing progrefs in population, which has been greatly aided by emigrations from Pennfylvania, Virginia, and other States, while each has heea endeavouring to increaie his fortune, the human Blind, like an unweeded garden, has been futfered to flioot up in wild diforder. But when we confider, that, during the late revolu- tion, this State produced many diftinguiflied patriots and politician?, that (he fent her thoufunds to the defence of Georgia and South- Carolina, and gave occafional fuccours to Virginia ; when we con- /ider, too, the difficulties (lie had to encounter from a mixture of in- iiabitants, coUet^ed from different parts, ftrangers to each other, t^-:-? ►: ■> •' and OF NORTH-CAROLINA. 213 tnd intent upon gain, we Ihall find many things in their general cba> ra^er worthy of praife* TRADE AND MANUFACTURES. A great proportion of the produce of the back country, confining •f tobacco, wheat, Indian corn, &c. is carried to niarkct in South>Ca« rolina and Virginia. The fouthern interior counties carry their pro- duce to Charlefton ; and the northern to Feteriburgh in Virginia. The exports from the lower parts of the State are tar, pitch, turpen- tine, rofin, Indian corn, boards, fcantling, ftaves, ihingles, fure» tobacco, pork, lard, tallow, bees-wax, myrtle-wax, and a few other articles, amounting in the year, ending September 30tht 1 79 1, to five hundred and twenty-four thoufand five hundred and forty-eight dollars. Their trade is chiefly with the Well-Indies and the northern ;^States. From the latter they receive flour, cheefe, cyder, apples, potatoes, iron wares, cabinet wares, hats, and dry goods of all kinds, imported from Great-Britain, France, and Hol> land, teas, &c. From the Weft-Indies, rum, fugar, and coffee. It is no uncommon thing for the farmer to mark from five hundred to one thoufand calves in a year. No farther attention is paid 10 them till they are fit for flaughter ; then they are taken up, killed, barrelled, and feat to the Weft-India market. Their pork is raifed with as little trouble ; large quantities of which, before the war, were fent to New-England, particularly to Bofton and Salem. The late war, by which North-Carolina was greatly convuIfed» put a ftop to feveral iron works. At prefent there are four or five furnaces in the State that are in blaft, and a proportionable number of forges. These is one in Guildford county, one in Surry, and one in Wilkes, all on the Yadkin, and one in Lincoln. The quality of the iron is excellent. ..l. ■ One paper mill has lately been erefted at Salem, by the Mora- vians, to great advantase. . COLLEGES AND ACADEMIES. The General Aflembly of North-Carolina, in December, 1789, pafled a law incorporating forty gentlemen, five from each diftri£t, as truftces of the univerfity of North-Carolina ; to this univerfity they gave, b)- a fubfcquent law, all the debts due to the State from (he- riifs or other holders of public money, and which had been due before the year 17S3 ; they alfo gave it all eicheated property within the State. 4g^ifSTm*mv<^^im~'^m~.- i 2r4 GEKERAL DBSCRIPTZOIT State. Whenever the truftees (hall have coUe^d a fuilicient Aim of th« old debts, or from the fale of efcheated property, the vnlut of which is confiderablei to pay the ^penfe of erecting buildingi i they are to fix on a proper place, and proceed in tlie finifliing o^ them t i con- fiderable quantity of land has already been given to th@ univcrfity, and the General AlTembly, in December, 1791, loaned five thoul'and pounds to the trufices, to enable them to proceed immediatel/ with the buildings. ,. j. , , ,j. , ,,;' >' There is a very good academy at Warrenton, another at William^* borough in Granville, and three or four others in the StatCi of con* fiderable note. b ' .; CONSTITUTION. .:.'-ii-» .■« DECLARATION OF RIGHTS. I. That all political power is veiled in and derived from the peo« pie only. II. That the people of this State ought to hnvo the fole and exclufive right of regulating the internal government and police thereof. III. That no man, or fet of men are entitled to exclufive or fepa« rate emoluments or privileges from the community, but in coMfidera- tion of public fervices. IV. That the legiflative, executive, and fupremo judicial powers of government ought to be for ever feparate and di^in^ from each other. V. That all powers of fufpending laws, or the execution of laws, by any authority, without the confent of the reprefentativ^i .of the people, is injurious to their rights, and ought not to be cx- ercifed. - VI. That ele^ions of members to ferve as reprefcntativei in Gc« neral AiTcmbly ought be free. VII. That in all criminal profecutions every man hng 3 riglit to be informed of the accufatlon againfl him, and to confront the uccufeis end witneiTes with other teftimony, and ihall not bo compelled to give evidence againft himfelf. < VIII. That no freeman Ihall be put to anfwer any criminal charge but by indi£tment, prefentment, or impeachment. i • - ■ f- IX.Tliat Dtativei in Gc- OF NORTH^CAilOLINA* 21 5 IX. That no freeman ihall be convifted of any crioM, but by the unanimous verdi£t of a jury of good and lawful men, in open court, as heretofore ufed. .'-<>% .,«- X. That oxceflive bail (ball not be requhred, nor excelfive fines ion pofed, nor crue) or unufual puniihments infli^d. XI. That general warrants, whereby an officer or meifenger may be commanded to fearch fnfpe^ted places without evidence of the fad committed, or to fcize any perfon or perfons not named, whofe of- fences are not particularly defcribed and fupported by evidence, are dangerous to liberty, and ought not to be granted. XII. That no freeman ought to be taken, imprifoned, or difleized x>f his freehold, liberties, or privileges, or outlawed or exiled, or in any manner deftroyed or deprived of his life, liberty, or property, but by the law of the land. XIII. That every freeman reftrained of his liberty, is intitled to a remedy, to inquire into the lawfulnefs thereof^ and to remove the fame if unlawful, and that (vxh remedy ought not to be denied or idelayed. .im.iu.d*ijsJl. -iAynmf^itir-i :•:' hksMh Mnu XIV. That in all controveffies at law Kfpeding property, the ancient mode of trial by jury is one of the beft fecurities of the rights pf the people, and ought to remain facred and inviolable* XV. That the freedom of theprefs is one of the great bulwarks pf liberty, and therefore ought never to be retrained. XVI. That the people of this State ought not to be taxed, or made fubjed to the payment of any impoft or duty, without the confent of tiiemfelvea, or their reprefentatives in General Afiembly freely given. XVII. That the people have aright to bear turns for the defence pf the State ; and as ftanding armies in time of peace are dangt^rous to liberty, they ought not to be kept up ; and that the military ihould be kept under ftri^A fubordination to, and governed by the ■civil power. >.vjr.:: v;;-. '. ,,',:-T^ ..ci-' Wi;?r-? "'-'■•i'o;3((; ■ •:•',- -' ■:• XVIII. That the people have a right to afTemble together, to conr fult for dieir common good, to inftru6t their reprefentatives, and tQ apply to the Icgiflature for redrefs of grievances. XIX. That all men have a natural and unalienable right to worr iliip Alnnighty G|9d according to the did^tes pf their own cour fciences. • •'- XX. That fur redrefs of grievances, and for amending and ftrength? ening the laws, elei^ions ought to be often hel^, XXI, That 2l6 GENERAL DESCRIPTION XXI. That a frequent recurrence to fundamental principles is ab« folutely neceflary to preferve the bleflings of liberty. XXII. That no hereditary emoluments, privileges, or honours, ought to be granted or Conferred in this State. XXIII. Thai perpetuities and monopolies are contrary to the genius of a free ftatc, and ought not to be allowed, i^ "^^ ' XXIV. That retrofpeftive laws, punifliing fafts committed before the exigence of fuch laws, and by them only declared criminal, are oppreflive, unjuft, and incompatible with liberty, wherefore no ex foJifaSlo law ought to be made. XXV. The property of the foil in a free government being one of the elTential rights of the colledtive body of the people, it is neceflTary, in order to avoid future difputes, that the limits of the State (hould be afcertained with precifion j and as the former temporary line between North and South-Carolina was confirmed and extended by cummifo fioners, appointed by the legillatures of the two States, agreeable to the order of the late King George II. in council, that line, and that only, fliould be efteemed the fouthem boundary of this State ; that is to fay, beginning on the fea fide at a cedar ftake, at or near the mouth of Little river, being the fouthern extremity of Brunf- isnck county, and running from thence a north-weft courfe through the Boundary Houfe, which fiands in thirty-three degrees fifty-fix minutes, to thirty-five degrees north latitude, and from thence a weft courfe, fo kx as is mentioned in the charter of King Charles II. to the late proprietors of Carolina. Therefore all the territory, feas, wa- ters, and harbours, with their appurtenances, lying between the line above defcribed, and the fouthern line of the State of Virginia, which begins on the fea fhore, in thirty-fix degrees thirty minutes north latitude, and fi-om thence runs weft, agreeable to the faid char- ter of King Charles, are the right and property of the people of this State, to be held by them in fovereignty ; any partial line, without the confent of the legiflature of this State, at any time thereafter di- rected or laid out in any wife notwithftanding. Provided always, that this declaration of rights fball not prejudi :e any nation or nations of Indians from enjoying fuch hunting grounds as may have been, or hereafter fliall be fecured to them by any former or future legiflature of this State. And provided alfo, That it fliali not be conftrued fo as to prevent the eftabJifliment of one or more governments weft ward of this State, by confent of the legiflature. And provided further, ^\i?X pothing herein contained fliaU affe^ the titles or poftelEons of io- • fii .-^.; dividuals, bp north-carolina; 217 ^ividuals, holding or claiming under the laws heretofore in force, or grantis heretofore made by the late King George II. or his predeceflbra, or the late lordk proprietors, or any of them. . ,'. • ^ I FRAME OF GOVERNMENT. . . . •< ». Whereas allegiance and proteAion are in their nature reciprocal, tind the one fliould of right be refufed when the other is with- drawn ; and whereas George the Third, King of Great<6ritain, and late fovereign of the Britidi American Colonies, hath not only withdrawn from them his protecE^ion, but by an a£t of the Briti(h !e- glflatuie, declared the inhabitants of thefe States out of the protec- tion of the Britifli crown, and all their property found upon the high feas liable to be feized and confifcated to the ufes mentioned in the faid aft ; and the faid George the Third has alio fent fleets and armies to profecute a cruel war againft them, for the purpofe of re- ducing the inhabitants of the faid Colonies to a ftate of abjeft flavery ; in confequence whereof, all government under the faid King within the faid Colonies hath ceafed, and a total dilfolution of government in many of them hath taken place : and whereas the continental Congrefs having confidered the premifes, and other previous viola- tions of the rights of the good people of America, have therefore de- clared, that the thirteen United Colonies are of right wholly abfolved from ail allegiance to the Britifh crown, or any other foreign jurifdic- tion whatfoever ; and that the faid Colonies now are, and for ever Aall be, free and independent Stajes : wherefore, in our prefent ftate, in order to prevent anarchy and confuiion, it becomes neceflary that government fliould be eftabliflied in this State j therefore we, the reprefentatives of the freemen of North^Carolina, chofen and aflem- bled in Congrefs, for the exprefs purpofe of framing a conftitution, iinder the authority of the people, moft conducive to their happinels and profperity, do declare, that a government for this State fliall be eftabliflied in manner and form following, to wit : I. That the Jegiflative authority fliall be vefted in two diftinA branches, ioth dependent on the leople^ to wit, a S&natE) and House op Commons. II. That the Senate (hall be compofed of reprefentatives annually chofen by ballot, one for each county in the State. III. That the Houfe of Commons ftiall be compofed of reprefentar tives annually chofen by ballot, two for each county, and one for Vol. III. Ff each i ItS GENERAL DESCRIPTXOll dacH of the towni of Edcntor, Newbern, Wilmington, Saliibuty^ Hilliboroitghi and Hallifax. IV. That the Senate and Houfe of Commona, aflembled fof the purpofe of legiflat.ori| fliall be denoniinatedi The General AllKMBLY. V> That each member of the Senate iliall have ufually refided in the county in which he is chofen, for one year immediately preceding hit cIt'Aion, and for the fame time (hall have poflTelTed, and continue to fHAUitSf in the county which he reprefent», not iefs than three hun< drecl acres of land in fee. VI. That each member of the Houfe of Commons (hall have- tifiially refidcd in the county in which he is chofen, for one year, immediately preceding his election, and for (ix months (Iinll have poflVfTcd, and continue to poflTefs in the county which he reprefents, not Iefs than one hundred acres of land in fee, or for the term of his cwn lilc. ' ' '. VI f. That all /rcdmcn of the age of twenty-one years, who have been inhabitants of any one county within the State twelve months im- mediiitcly preceding the day of any eIe«::>ion, and pofTefTed of a free- hold within the fume county, of fifty acres of land for (ix months next before, and at the day of ele£iion, (liall be entitled to vote for a mem- ber of the Senate. VIIl.Thut all frtemfcn of the age of twenty-orte years, who have been inhabitants of any county within the State twelve months imme- iliatcly preceding the day of cny eleftion^ and (liall have paid public taxes, (liall be entitled to vote for members of the Houfe of Com- inoiis fur the county in which he refides. IX. That all perfons polfefled of a freehold in any town in this State having a right of reprcfentation, and alfo all freemen who have been inhabitants of any fuch town twelve months next before, and at the day of ele^^ion, and (hall have paid public taxes, (hall be en< titled to vote for a member to reprefent fuch town in the Houfe of Commons, Provided always, That this fe£lion (hall not entitle any inhabitants of fnch town to vote for members of the Houfe of Cont- mons for the county in which he may reflde, nor any freeholder in fuch county who lefidcs without or beyond the limits of fuch town, to vote for a member for faid town. X. That the Senate and Houfe of Commons when met, fljall each J>ave power to choofe a fpeaker, and other their officers j be judges of 5 years, who have twelve months im- )offe'ffe(l of a free- for fix months next to vote for a mem- [e years, who have reive months immc- lU have paid public he Houfe of Cotn- » any town in this I freemen who have next before, and at taxfes, Ihallbe en- )wn in the Houfe of (hall not entitle any the Houfe of Comi- lor any freeholder in imits of fuch town, Of IfOllTK-CAROLlNA. dip Che quallAcattonfiind tkAion^ of their iremben ;^t upon their own «djournmenU from dsy to iky i and prepare bills to be pnfled into laws. The two Houftfi flittll diredl writs of clcAion for fupplying intermedbte vRCunekf, mul flinll aKo jointly, by ballot, adjourn themfelveji to any futiii'o dtty and ptncc. XL Tlmt hU UWk dtflll be reid three times in each Houfe before they p«f» into kws^ and be ligned b^ the fpeaker of both HoufcSt XII. Thftt cvf ry perfon v/Ua fljall be chofen a member of the Se- nate or Houfe of CommohP, or appointed to any office or place of tnift, before taking hil fcaf, or entering upon the execution of his office, OiqU tAke mi oath Ut the State, and all officers fliall alfo take w oath pf oflite. XIII. That the Qmm] Affcmbly fliall, by joint ballot of both Houfcji, fippoljit jildged of the fupreme courts of law and equity, judges of idmlmlty, and attorney-general, who Ihall be commiflioned by tlif f^ftmndV, tuid hold tt^uir offices during good be< haviour, , XIV. That the Senate and Houfe of Commons fliall have power to appoint the genersli vnd flotd officers pf the militia, and a|l officers of the regular army of thU 8fati# XV. That the 8en»t« and Houfe of Commons, jointly, at their firft meeting after ilieb iinnuiti «lcftlon, fliall by ballot eleft a gover- nor for one y^sr, who fltHll not be eligible to that office longer than three years In iix Ateetfllve ycAti, That no perfon under thirty years of age, And who \m not been a reftdent in this State above five years, and having in thi Stflte a freehold in lands and tene- ments above the value of one tlioufand pounds^ fliall be eli^ibl^ as a govemof. XVI. That the B§m§ sod ffoiife of Commons, jointly, at their firft meeting after eaeh aiinntd tUflion, fliall by ballot eleA feven perfons to beacounfll of fifrtte for one year, who fliall advife the go- vernor in the execution of bis office, and that four members fliall be a quorum, Jbclr advife and pcoe^edlngs fliall be entered in a journal to be kept for that pwrpofe only, mi\ flgned by the members prefent, to any part of which any niembef prefent may enter his difTent. And fuch journals fliall be laid k'f^Pe the General Affembly, when called for by them, XVII. That there fliall be a M of this State, which (liall be kept by ^he goveraorp and mM hy him as occafiop may require; and fliall be fff ' called^ a 20 OfKBIAL DESCRIPTION cftlkd, 7I11 Qrtat Smt »f ibt Statt ef North-Car«U»o^ and be affixed to all grant! and c#lnttiii!!oni. XVllIf Tb« ffOViinor for the time being (hall be captain-general and coinmandur in ehict of the militia ; and in the recefs ot the Ge- neral AU'embly fltall have (lower, by and with the advice of the Coun- cil of Smte, to embody the militia for the public fafety. XIX. Thar th« governor for the time being (Iiall have power to draw foff and apply fuch fums of money as (hall be voted by the General AflcmbJy for the contingencies of government, and be ac- countubla to tbiiii i&t the fame. He alfo may, by and with the ad. vice of tbi Dnincll of State, lay embargoes, or prohibit the expor- tation of any commodity, for any term not exceeding thirty days at any one time, in the recefi of the General Aflembly ; and fliall have the power of gninting pardons and reprieves, except where the pro- fecmion ftiall b« tarried on by the General AlTembly, or the law fliall otherwil^ dire^ ; in which cafe he may, in the reccfs, grant a re- prieve until the ntxt fitting of the General AlTembly ; and may ex- ercife alt th« other executive powers of government, limited and re- drained ai by this Conflitution is mentioned, and according to the laws of the State. And on his death, inability, or abfence from the State, the fpeaker of the Senate for the time being, and in cafe of \m d«flth, inability, or abfence from the State, the fpeaker of the Koufe of CommflMS, fliall exercife the powers of government after fuell death, ' or during fuch abfence or inability of the governor or fpeakf r of the isnate, or until a new nomination is made by the Gener.l Hflemblyi / XX. 'i\\\ki in every eafe where any officer, the right of whofe ap- pointment if by this Conftitiition vefted in the General Affembly, fliall during their recels die, or his office by other means become va- cant, the governor fliall have power, with" the advice of the Council of State, to All up fuch vacancy by granting a temporary commiflion, which flidl expire at the end of the next felBon of the General Af- fe»)bly, XXI. That the gavirner, judges of thefupreme court of law and equity, judpi of admiralty, and attorney-general, fliall have ade- quate falaries during their continuance in office. XXn, Tb8t' tlte aeneral Aflembly fliall, by joint ballot of b«tb Houfgs, annually appoint a treafurer or treafurers for this State* XXm. That i OF NORTH-CAROLINA. 321 XXni. That the governor and other officers offcncllpip; agilnft the State, by violating any part of this conftitvition, mal-a^Jminiih.ition, or corruption, may be profecuted on the impeachment of the Ce'ieral Aflcmbly, or prcfentment of the grapd jury of any court of fuprcmQ jurifillftion in this State. XXIV. That the General Afll-mbly fliall, by joint ballot of botl^ Houfei, triennially appoint a lecretary for tiiis State. XXV. That po perfons who heretofore have been, or here- after may be receivers of public monies, fluli have a ie.it in either Houfe lof General AlTembly, or be eligible to any oflice in this State, until fuch pcrfon iliall have fully accounted for, ami pai4 into the treafury all fums for which they may be accountable and liable. XXVI. That no treafurer (hall have a feat either in the Senate^ Houfe of Commons, or Council of State, during his continuance in that office, or before he (hall have finally fettled his accounts with •ifhe public for all the monies which may be in his hands, at the ex- piration of his office belonging to the State, and hath paid the fame into the hands of the fucceeding treafurer. XXVII. That no officer in the regular army or navy in the fervice and pay of the United States, of this or any other State, nor any con- traftor or agent for fupplying fuch army or navy with cloathi ide, is lieie comprefled to the width of about one hundred yards ; jult n« it enters the mountain, a large rock projefts from the noniiern lluxv in an oblique direftion, which renders the bed of the river llill nar« r-ower, and caufes a fudden bend ; the water of the river is, of couiii?, thrown with great rapidity againft the Ibuthern Ihore, whence it bounds round the point of the rock and produces the whirl, which is about eighty yards in circumference. Canoes have often been carried Into this whirl, and efcapcd by the dexterity of the roweri without damage. In lefs than a mile below the whirl the river ipreads into its common width, and, except the Mufcle flioals al- ready mentioned, flows beautiful and placid till it mingles with the Ohio. Six miles above the whirl are the Chiccamogga towns, on the banks of the river, and of a large creek of the fame name ; ii'on\ thefe towns to the mouth of the HiwalTee is fixty miles by water, and about forty by land ; this river is a fouth branch of the Ten- neflee, and navigable till it penetrates the mountains on its fouth fide. Tiie climate, the fine fprings, and fertile plains, render the banks of this river a moft delightful place of fettleir.ent. From a branch of the Hiwallce, called Amoia, there is but a lliort portage to a branch of the Mobile, and the road all the diftance firm and level Pairing up the Tenneflee, fixty miles from the mouth of the river Hiwaflee, you come to the mouth ot Pcleion or Clinch river, from the north, which is large and navigable for boats Upwards of two hundred miles, receiving in its courle, befides interior Itreanis, Powell's river, which is nearly as large as the main river, and beata- ble for one hundred miles : this 'aft-meniioned rver runs through Powell's valley, an excellent trade of country abounding with fine fprings. From the Pekfon to the junftion of the Holftein and Tentieflee is computed forty miles ; this laft is the branch which formerly tjave its name to the main river, not from its fize, but from its norom-ty, having on its banks a vaft number of Indian villages, and the cnief town of the Cherokee Indians, called Chota, and was thereibie called Cherokee river; but the name of Tennefli?e i.as of hte ob* taintd a preference ; it crolfes the valley at nearly ri^ht angles witl\ G g z the 228 GENERAL DESCRIPTION the mounMins, and has on its banks a number of bcauti/itl plaiflf, which are chiefly improved as corn fields by the Indiini* In 1788,1 the whites had advanced their fettlementi within ten milei of the Indian villages. Forty miles from the Tenneflee, yp the HolAein branch, comes in Frank river, vulgarly called French Bi'ofld, four or five hundred yards wide ; thence, purfuing the Holftein two hun< dred miles, you come to Long-Ifland, which li the highcA navigation yet ufed ; thence about one hundred miles ii the fourec of the river. One mile below Long-Iiland comes in North'Holftcin, and twenty miles above it the Wattago ; the former is one hundred yards wide at its mouth, and, with a fmall expenle, might be made navigable to Campbell's Salines, feventy miles farther upt In the TenneiTee and its upper branches are great numbers of Mit fome of which are very large and of an excellent flavour. The head waters of the Great Kanhavva are in the weftern part of North-Carolina, in the moft eaftern ridge of the A'legnny or Ap- palachian mountains, and fouth of the 36^ of Intitude. Its head branches encircle thofe of the Holftein, from which they are fepa- rated by the iron mountain, through which it pnflei, ten miles above the lead mines ; thence lleering its eourfe along the foot of the Allegany mountain, until it receives Little river from the eaft, it turns to the north, which is its general courfe till it meets the Ohio. About fixty miles from Little river it receives Gi'cen Briar river from the eaft, which is the only confiderable tributary ftreana in all that diftance. About forty miles below the mouth of Greeq Briar river, in Virginia, in the Kanhawa, ii a remarkable cataradt. A large rock, a little elevated in the middle, ci'oflcs the bed of the river, over which the water flioots and falls about ^fty feet perpen- dicularly, except at one fide, where the deicent i» more gradual. The Shawanhee, now called Cumberland river, of the fouthern branches of the Ohio, is next in fize to the Ttnneflee, and extends eaftwardly nearly as far, but runs in a much more dii'fft coutfe j it is navigable for fmall craft as far as Naflivillu 5 from the fouth it re- cei'cs Harj cr's, Coney, Obey's and Clear Fork rivt-rs j and from the north, Red and Rock Caftle rivers, befides many fmaller ftreiiins. Of this territory, above halt is covered with mountain§ which are iminhabitable ; fome of thefe, particularly Cumberland, or Greut Laurel ridge, are the moft ftupendous piles in the United States ; they abound with ginfcng and ftone coal. Clinch mountain is louth 1 ■ • ' of OF THE TERRITORY S. OF^HIO. 229 of thefe, in which Burk's garden and Morris's nob might be defcribeil as curiofities. The iron mountain, which conditutes the boundary between this diftriA and North-Carolina, extends from near the lead mines, oa the Kanhawa, through the Cherokee county, to the fouth of Chota, and terminates near the fources of the Mobile. The caverns an4 cafcades in thefe mountains are innumerable. SOIL AND PRODUCTION-. The farmers on Cumberland river, for the fake of defcribing their lands, diftinguifa them by firit, fecond, and third quality. Land of the firft quality will bear Indian corn or hemp, but it will not bear wheat without great rcdudtion. Land ot the fecotid quality does not bear wheat to advantage until it has been reduced by two or three crops of corn, hemp, tobacco or cotton. Land of the third bears every kind of grain that is ufiially fown on dry ground in the Atlantic States. It is agreed by all who have vilited (tie Cumberland fettlement, that one hundred bufliels of Indian corn are frequently gathered from an acre of their beft land ; fixty or feventy bufliels from an acre is very common, but the farmer who expeds ti) gather fuch a crop muft be careful, while the corn is fotr, to guard it againft bears and racoons. Wheat, barley, oats, rye, buck-wheat, Indian corn, peafe, beans, potatoes, flax, hemp, tobacco, indigo, rice and cotton, have already been planted in that fettlement, and they 1 thrive in great perfedion ; the ufual crop of cotton is eight hundred pounds to the acre : the ftaple is long and fine. It is alledged, how- ever, that the lands on the fmall rivers that run into the Mifhlfippi, have a decided preference to thofe on the Cumberland river, for the production of cotton and indigo. No experiments have been made on lapd near the Miffiflippi within the ceded territory ; but there is a fmall fettlement farther down the river, within the limits of the United States, on a fimilar foil, where the growth and quality of cotton is fo remarkable, that its culture is more profitable than any other crop. The foil on thole rivers is deep and light, having a fmall mixture of fand with a black earth ; hence, as the plamers alledge, it proves favourable to the culture of all kinds of roots, as well as of indigo and cotton. The lands on the waters of TennclTee and Cumberland rivers are generally well timbered ; in fome places tliere are glades of rich *? land V 2^0 GENERAX DESCRIPTTON land without timber, but thefe arc not frequent nor large. The general growtli is poplar, hickory, black walnut, buck eye, or the horfe chefnut, fycamore, locuft and the fugar maple. The under- growth, in many places, is cine fiitten or twenty feet high, fo clofe together as to exclude all other plants; where the cane does not abound, we find red bud, wild plum, I'pice wood, red and white mulberry, ginieng, Virginia and Seneka fnake root, angelica, fweet anife, ginger and wild hops. The glades arc covered with clover, wild rye, buffalo grafs and pea vine. On the hills, at the head of livers, we find (lately red cedars ; many of thefe trees are foor feet in diameter, and forty feet clear of limbs. A few years fince, this countiy abounded with largeherds of wild cattle, improperly called buffaloes ; but the improvident or ill-dil- pofed among the fii-ft fettlers have deftroyed. multitudes of them out of mere wantonneis ; they are Hill to be found on fome of the ibuth branches of Cumberland river. Elk, or moofe, are fcen in many places, chiefly among the mountains. The deer are become compa- ratively fcarce, fo that no perfon makes a bufinefs of hunting them for their fkins only. Enough of bears and wolves yet remain. Beavers and otters are caught in plenty in the upper branches of Cumberland and Kentucky rivers. They have pheafants, partridges or quails, and turkies in abun- clancc through the year. During the winter their waters are covered with fwans, wild geefe, brant and duck. Cat-fifl» have been caught in thofe livers that weighed above one hundred pounds, and perch that weighed above twenty pounds. The mammoth appears to have been an inhabitant of this coun- try, as his bones have been dug up by labourers at Campbell's Sa- lines, on North -Holfteln, when finking fait pits ; they were from, three to ("even feet below the iiirf ice of the earth. Canipbell's falines are the only ones that have yet been clifcovered on the upper branches of the Tenneflee and on this fide the wi!der- nefs, '.hough great Jcarch has been made for them. The tra£t which contains thele falines is a great natural cui ioficy ; it was difcovered by Captain Charles Campbell about 1745, who was one of the firft explorers of the wederu country. In 17 153, he procured a patent fn- it irom the governor of Vu'ginia. His fon, the late General William Campbell, who behaved lo gallantly in the American war in the years 1780 and 1781, became owner of it on his death. Bu,t, it vyas not till liu lime of his death, when fait was very fcarce and , dear» lor large. The buck eye, or the Ic. The under- et high, fo clofc e cane does not !, red and white , angelica, fweet ered with clover, ;l8, at the head of trees are foor feet irge herds of wild irovident or ill-dii- tudcs of them out fome of the fovnh , are fcen in many- ire hecome compa- fs of hunting them solves yet remain. ; upper branches of ind turkies in abun- waters are covered |cat-fifl» have been Indked pounds, and ^bitant of this coun- Irs at Campbell's Sa- lts ; they were from, yet been difcovered 1 this tide the vvi'dcr- The tra6t which ; it was difcuvered . was one of the firft he procured a patent In, the late General \n the American war [t on his death. Bu,^ I was very I'carce and dear^ OF THE TERRITORY S. OF OHIO. Ijl dear, that fait water was difcovered, and fait mftde by a poor man | fincc that time, under the diretflion of Colonel Arthur Campbell, jt has been improved to a confiderable extent, and many thoufandi of inhabitants are fupplied from it with fait of a fuperior quality, and at a low price. The tra£t confifts of about three hundred acrci of flat marfli land, of as rich a foil as can be imagined : in this flat, pits are funk in order to obtain the fait water ; the befl is found fronj thirty to forty feet deep. After pafling through the rich foil or nuid, from fix to ten feet, you come to a very brittle lime-dune rock, with cracks or chafms, through which the fait water iffues into the pits, whence it is drawn by buckets and put into the boilers, which are placed in furnaces adjoining the pits. The hills that fur- round this flat are covered with fine timber, and not far diftant a coal mine has been difcovered. On Frank river, about thirty miles in a direct line from its mouth, a large, clear, medicinal fpring has lately been difcovered, which, on experiment, has been found to relieve various complaints of the human body ; its temperature rather exceeds blood heat. On the fame river, nearer its mouth, a valuable lead nnine has been dilcovered. On the banks of the Holftein are many mines of iron ore, of the bed kind, fome of which have been opened and worked to ad- vantage, and enough might be made to fupply the whole weflern country : thefe mines are the more valuable, as there is faid to be- none of this ore near the MiiTiflippi, and very little north of the Ohio. Up the HivvaiTee river, in the mountains on the fouth fide, a mine has been difcovered and ore taken, from which, it is faid, gold was extrafted by an artift, while the Britifh were in poffelfion of Georgia: it is certain, that but few Indians know the fpot, and thofe who do are very anxious to keep it a fecret : the gentleman who gave this information has been within view of the place. The mountain is very high and barren, and has feveral of the appearances defcribe^. by mineral ifts. The difcovery was made by means of the river un- dermining the bafe of a large cliff or fpur of the mountain, which occafioned a great column pf the earth or rock to tumble into the water ; this difrupture difcovered the veia of yellow metal at » great tiepth. •■ . ■ . 1 GIVIIi •I< GENERAL DESCRlPTIOlt CIVIL DIVISIONS AND CHIEF TOWNS. Thii territory it divided into two diftri£ts, each of which is agatil- divided into countiei at follows : WASHINGTON DISTRICT. Wafhingtody Greene, South, of French Sulivan, Hawkins, Broad. j^j / MERO DISTRICT. , ; Davidfon, ,u\ f .- Sumner, Tenneflee. The chief towns are Nafliville and Abingdon. ' -'' NASHVILLE. i ;. This is the /hire town of Davidfon county, and is the largeft town in the territory* The courts are held here ; it has two houfes for public worihip, and a handfomely endowed academy, eftabjifhed ia 1786. *.>"^ t •/■*?? •«• ABINGDON. >7Vl Abingdon it the county town of Wafhington county : it contained in 1788 about twenty houfes, and was rapidly increafing: it is about two hundred and fixty miles from Richmond in Virginia, in ■ direA line, and three hundred and ten as the road runs, bearing 8 little to the fouth of weft latitude 36° 30^ ROADS. The follovring are the diftances on the new road from Nafhville, in Davidfon county, to Fort Campbell, near the junftion of Holftein river with the TenneiTee. Miles. Miles. From Na(hville to Stony river 9 Smith's creek 6 Big fpring - 6 Coney river II Cedar lick . 4 Mine lick 9 littie fpring • 6 Falling creek • 9 Barton's creek 4 War path 7 Spring creek - ^ Bear creek 18 Martin's fpring • $ Camp creek « 8 Blair's fpring - 5 King's fpring • 16 Buck fpring • is Grovet's creek - 7 Vouptainei ^ 8 ' ' From frotn i Na(hville, £tion ofHolftcin :k MileS' 6 • II 9 k • 9 7 . i8 I 8 eek i6 - 7 Milu. To Camjpbell's ftation, near Holfteia lo To the Great ifland lOO To Abingdon in Wafli- ington county 3j To Richmbnd in Virgi> nia • 310 Cf tHB TXftHlTOItY Si OF OHIO. 233 Mllci. ftom thi foot of CtUBbttliod inounoin « i I through thf noanttAn to EmiMfjr'i rl¥fft a branch of thi t'tlfftm it 7oth0pippffordofth« Vfl«foa or QWmU ri- vir • I* ., I — • I .—,--«.,»— ..^«_^,- Total 635 By thU ^ rOMi» > plMftitit paflage may be had to. the weilc;rn country with carfiigfifi A> th«r« will be only the Cuniberland moun- tain to piffi And that, il g6(y of dfcent ; and beyond it, the road it SenerMlly livil tnd firffl« abounding with fine Springs of water. FOPULATION. -\ In 176 If thcra Wffi hlit about ten families fettled weft of the! KanbdWRt fo flfi«ny had Joined them in 1773, that the fettlement wa^ ereftsd intoa^ountyf and in 1776, again fubdiyided into thcee.-— In (788f the mmim of inhabitants was reckoned at forty, thoufand 3 they mnft have greatly iflertafed flnce that period— the following is th« wturn inada by ttia governor In 1791. ■ 91=1 '^U'd't ilr> ''yi'iM'tJ won yr.rf;i,ih'\ : \t rAUiVi ?.::iJ oT • 'i| *d| Ui ^iluhiiii h >*Jj bfiiiii 7/; ry.{ ■a; jt,r. •-/ml tit.'?*?? ^iiii^tp*- ?! ■- . I ;i .« .! ('' M h WASH- hfj^ 6EKIRAL bEicki^^ibtt tifAsWiNOTON Dfetftrct. ..t COUNTIKI. Wii(biflgton * * « SulivMn . t « « « OruM * * « « . HtHi1(i»l «... South of Fr«t}eb Broad 100 8d 1*93 1104 68 1 4993 I i •it 179* 1*41 »374 1970 1082 8460 3524 I99S 3580 2911 i6»7 12647 12 107 40 68 66 *93 I t S3S B97 454 807 163 5872 4447 774» 6970 3619 22561 28649 MERO DISTRICT. StlRlflSf . « « • . Tmneffte « • « . 639 404 1278 ^|5 582 380 I8I7 1288 854 S76 2718 18 B 42 68 34 1:54 IIOI 3459 2196 1387 704*. To tbii f«turn the following note was prefixed : There are feveral nptsins who have not as yet returned the fchedules of th«i numbers of their difti'i^Sf namely;— in Greene county, three — in Davidfon, we^mA gouth of French Broad, one diftria. Though it if manifeil the deficiency in this return is great, yet we have not Aifficient data to determine it, but we may reafonably . ibme of t^ Bapt^ and Mct,hodift denom>natioi)>< T^« i^baj^itanti of thfa 4U|^i^ en^i^ated chiefly from Fennfylva- nia, and that part of Virginia which lies weft of the Blue ridge. Th^ fnceftora ot thefe people were geoerally of the Scotch nation, fome of whom emigrated firft to IreJand, and from thence to America. A few Gecman» and ^glifli are intei;mixed. The proportion of the whitei to the bla^cki in th^s diftrlft, jt^dg^ng from the foregoing im- perfis^i: ceofiu, is at ten to one. In 1788, it was thought there were twenty white perfoos to one negroe. The erection of this territory into a feparate government, it is believedf will tend to leffcn the nt* groe population* 1'here is nothing in the charaAec of this people that diftinguifliet them from the fettlers of new countries in genend. Among the bull(, of the inhabitants a great; fimplicity of manners prevails ; duplicity^ or the e^iouette of cities and populous places, is unknown s^nong them* If a man deceives another, he is deemed and called a liar ; and ifi frequently happens that *' a bloody nofe" is the confequence. Wreft- ling, jumping, running foot races, and playing at ball, are the com* iQon, diyerfions. Dancing is coming into faihion. Card playing it a rare amufen^nt. The hunting ihirt is ilill worn by the militia 0^ duty, and by hynters in purfuit of game. At hom;^ and at pubUp aiTemblle^, they drefs like the.Virginians. Great was the damage fuftained by the inhabitants of this country during the war, occaiioned by the incurfions of the Indians ; and it is much to their honour, that when they were offered prote^on by the Britilh« in the early fiage of the war^ they nobly refufed it. COMMERCE. ^ As the waters of thp Cumberland from Naftiville, and of the Ten* neflee from the ft/Iufcle (hoals to the Ohio, are navigable to the Ohio and Miffiflippi, the people of courfe, who live in the interior of the country, have the fame advantages of water conveyance for trade» as thoiib who live on ti^e Ohio or Miffiflippi, to New-Orleans or clfewhere. Biel^d^, there i^ aiipther probable avenue through which trade will be carried on with this country, which is from Mobile up the waters of the IV^obile river as far as it is navigable, thence by a land carrjajte of about fifty miles, at moft, to Ocochappo creek, which Hh £ emptiet . ^' • OENERAL DBSCRIFTXOlf 136 empties info the Tenncflee at the lower end of the Mufele flioalij The mouth of thii creek is the center of a piece of ground, the dia« meter oi which is five miles, ceded by the fouthem Indians at th« treaty of Hopwcil, on Keowee, to the United States, for the cibb< lifhment of trading pods. This couhtry furnifhes many valuable articles of export, ftieh at fine waggon and faddje horfes, beef, cattle, ginfeng, deer ftins and furs,' cotton, hemp, and flax, which may be tranfported by land j alfo iron, lumber, pork, and flour, which might be exported in rreat quantities, if the navigation of the Miffiffippi were opened | but there are few of the inhabitants who underibnd commerce, or are poflTefTed of preper capitals ; of courfe it is badly managed t land jobbing engrofles too ntuch of tho attention of the inhabitants. The degraded ftate of commerce has rendered neceflfary a general attention to home manufia£tures ; and it is to be hoped that the eyes of the people will foon be opened to their true intereft, and agri* culture, commerce, and manufe£tures, each receive proper at- tention. n LEARNING AND LITERATURE. -The inhabitants of this diftri£t have not been inattentive to the in? terefts of fcienre. An academy and feveral grammar fchools have been eftabliflied ; and a fociety, who ftile themfelves, ** A Society for promoting Ufeful Knowledge :*' • it is of modern date, but much good is expelled from it. A tafte for literature is increafing among them. The government is fimilar to that eftabliflied by Congrefs in the territory of the United States, north-weft of the Ohio. The go- yernor is the executive^ and, in his abfence, the fecretary, and th^ governor and three judges the legiflative power in the diftriA. ' The public revenue amounts to about five or fix thoufand pounds. raifed chiefly by a tax on flaves, lands, and horfes, INDIANS. "^ '• The Indian tribes, within and in the vicinity of this diftriA, are the Cherokees and Chicafaws. The Cherokees have been a warlike and numerous nation ; but by continual wars, in which it has been their deftiny to be engaged with the northern Indian tribes, they were reduced, at the commencement of the laft war, to about two ' *• .?^- . '•■^yf rs ■■ .--■• • .-M-u v_,.i. i .(iv,;. thoufand er THE TERRITORY I. OF OHIO. 237 Ihoilfiuiil ftghting men | fince which they b»ve been reduced mor« Ihan one half, and have become weak aiid pufiKinimous. The Chicafaws, of all the Indian tribes whhm tUe Umits of the United States, merit the moft frotri the Amcrtcati*, having at all times maintained a brotherly attachment to them : they glory in fay* ing, ttiat they never flied the blood of an Anglo-American. There ii fo great an affinity between the Chicafaw and Chodlaw languages, that the conunon people can converfe together, each fpeakJng ia his own dialedl. They are a perfonable people, and have an open- neis in their countenances and behaviour, uncommon among favagest Thefe pations fay, they are the remnant of a great nation that onco lived far to the weft, which was deftroyed by the Spaniards, for whom |hey ftill retain an hereditary hatred. Would it not be the policy of Pongrefs to treat with thefe nations ? and might not a reciprocal (riepdflMp b^ mutually feryi^eable t9 the Voioii and the Indians ? s' ' .. ! c -,-; .. ..|»- r. . !'.■•: ■■■; ', ♦•/ !-l ^- >:;■ ».'«>' STATE ( ^3» ) STATE QP SOUTH-CAROLINA. SITUATION, EXTENT, AND BOUNDARIES. HIS State is fituatcd between 32° and 35* north latitude, and 4* and 9° wcfl longitude from Philadelphia. Its length is two hiindred miles, and its breadth one hundred and twenty-five. It is bounded on the north by North-Carolina, on the eaft by the Atlantic ocean, on the fouth-weft and fouth by Savannah river, and a branch of its head waters called Tugulo liver, which faid rivers divide it from the State of Georgia.* CLIMATE. The climate of this State is different in different parts: along the fea coaft, bilious difeafes, and fevers of various kinds, are prevalent "* The boundary line dividing the two States of South-Carolina and Georgia was long the fubjedl of controverfy ; the former claiming the lands lying between the North- Carolina line, and a line to run due weft from the mouth of Tugulo and Keowee river ; the latter contended that the fource of Keowee river was to be confidercd at the head of Savannah river. For the purpofe of fettling this controverfy, commiflioners were appointed in April 1787, by the contending States, veiled with full powers to determine the controverted boundnry, which they fixed as follows : «* The moft northern branch or ftream of the river Savannah, from the fea or mouth ©f fuch ftream, to the fork or confluence of the rivers now called Tugulo and Keowee, and ftom thence the moft northern branch or ftream of the faid river Tt^ulo, till it in< tcrfcdls the northern boundary line of South-Carolinn, if the faid branch of Tugulo ex- tend fo far north, refcrving all the iftands in the faid rivers Savannah and Tugulo to Georgia j but if the faid branch or ftream of Tugulo does not extend to the north boun- dary line of South-Caiolina, then a weft line to the Mifliflippi to be drawn from the head fpiing or fource of the faid branch of Tugulo river, which extends to the higheft northern l.itituJc, ihall for ever hereafter form the fcparation, Uqiit and boyndary be- f,v«en the States of South-Carolina and Georgia." be- • *■. -.V'te '■ '..."li ) ARIES. latitude, and 4* is two hundred . It is bounded i Atlantic ocean, d a branch of its J divide it from arts: along the [ds, are prevalent .la and Georgia was Ig between the North- lo and Keowee river ; ^fidered a$ the head of Xt appointed in ApJ'il line the controverted Irom the fea or mouth Xwgulo and Keowee, ler T\«ulo, till it in- [branch of Tuguloex- jannah andTuguloto [>d to the north boun- be drawn from the Liends to the higheft Lit and boundary be- GfiNEKAL DESCRIPTIDNv &€• S39 VetMbei^ thaa in the otfaet dght tndnthc in the year. Okie caafe of thefe difeafes is, a low marihy country, which it ^vWflowed for the iake of cultivating rice. The exhalations fi-om thefe Aagnated Waters, ^m the rivers and from the neighbouring bceant, and the profufe peroration of vegetables of all kinds, which ebver the ground, fill the 'air with moiflure : this morftune falls in frequent raihs and copious dews. From a£baai "obfervation it has been found that the average annual fall of rain for ten years was forty- two inches, without regarding the moifture that fell in fogs and idews. The great heat of the day relaxes the body, and the agree- able coolnefs of the eveniAg invitee to au expofure to thefe heavy dews. - '''"'' '• -■ ■ ^ .■ •-■■' The difagfrtiable effefts of this climate, experience has proved, inight in a great meafure be avoided by thofe inhabitants, whofecir- cumftances will admit of their removal from the neighbourhood of the rice fwamps to healthier fituations, during the months of July, Au- giift, September, and October ; and in the worft fituations, by tem- perance and care. Violent exercifc on horfeback, but chiefly, exp(»> ftjre to the meridian rays of the fun, fudden fliowers of rain, and tbt flight air, are too frequently the caules of fevers and other diforders* Would the fportfmen deny themfelves, during the fall months, their ■fevourite amnfements of hunting and fifliing, or confine themfelveft to a very few hours, in the morning or evening ; would the induftri* ous planter vifit his fields only at the fame hours ; or would the poorer clafs of people pay diie attention to their manner of living, and ob- fcrve the precautions recommended to them by men of knowledge and experience, much ficknefs and many diftrefling events might bC prevented. The upper country, fituated in the medium between extreme heat and cold, is as healthful as any part of the United States. FACE OF THE COUNTRY, SEA COAST, &c. The whole State, to the diftance of eighty miles from the fea, is level, and almoft without a ftone. In this diftance, by a gradual afcent from the fea coaft, the land rifes about one hundred and ninety feet. Here, if you proceed in a W. N. W. courfe from CHiar- lellon, commences a curioufly uneven country, prefenting a prof- peft fomething like that of a high fwcUing 'fea, formed by a I prodif 'i"^4 24& 6£l^EkAt DESCRIPTION prodigioiis number of fmall fand hills. Some littl6 herbage,' zfii 4 few fmall pinei grow, even on this foil. The inhabitants are but feWy and have but a fcanty fubfiflence on corn and fweet pdtatoes, which grow here tolerably well. This eurious country continues for fixty mik?) till you arrive at a place eallod the Ridge, one hundred and forty miles from Charkfton. This ridge is a remarkable tra£fc of high ground, as you approach it from the fea, but level as you ad> vance north'^weft from its fummit. It is a fine high^ healthy belt of land, well watered, and of a good foil, and extends from the Sa* vannah to Broad river, in about 6° 30' weft longitude from Fhiladel^ pliia. Beyond this ridge commences a country exadbly refembling the no: tbern States, JJeie hills and dales, with all their verdure and vai legated beauty, prefent themfelves to the eye. Wheat fields, which nre laic in the low country, begin to be common. Here Hea- ven has beftowed its bleffing with a moft bounteous hand. The air is much more temperate and healthful than nearer the fea. The hills are covered with valuable woods ; the vallies watered with beautiful rivers, and the fertility of the foil is equal to every vegetable produc- tion. This, by way of diftiiiftion, is called the Upper Countrj', where are different modes and different articles of cultivation ; where the manners of the people, and even their language, have a different tone. The land ftill rifes by a gradual afcent ; each fucceeding hill overlooks that which immediately precedes it, till, having advanced .two hundred and twenty miles in a north-weft dlreftion from Char- lefton, the elevation of the land above the lea coafl is found to be eight hundred feet. Here a mountainous country commences with the Tryon and Hogback mountains; the elevation of which, above their bafe, is three thoufand eight hundred and forty feet, and above the fea coaft four thoufand fix hundred and forty. From the top of thefe mountains there is an extenfive view of this State, North-Caro- lina, and Georgia : and as no objed intervenes to obftrn£l the view, a man with tclefcopic eyca might difcern vefTels at fea. The moun- tains weft and north-weft rile much higher than thefe, and form a ridge -which divides tlie waters of Tenneffee and Santee rivers. ' This State is watered by four large navigable rivers, befides a great number of fmaller ones, which are paflable in boats. The river Sa- vannah waflies it in its whole length from fouth-eaft to north-weft. The Edifto rifcs in two branches from a remarkable ridge in the inte- •rior part of the State. Thel'c branches unite below Orangeburgli, which ftandionthtfNoith Fork, and form Edifto river, which, having •». ,pafletatoe«, which lunuesfor fixty ,ne hundred and arkable traa of level as you ad- healthy belt of „d9 from the Sa- defromPhiladel- jtaftly referobling , their verdure and ,e Wheat fields, ,mon. HereHea- ,s hand. The air IS :hefea. ThehiUs ered with beautiful y vegetable produc- es Upper Couatr>'. f cultivation; where .ge, have a different each fuGceeding hia ^Ul, having advanced lUeaion from Char- coaft isfoundtobc ntry commences with Ln of which, above Iforty feet, and above L. From the top of L state, North-Caro- toobftruat^«^'*=^'' = atfea. The moun- [ban thefe. and form a id Santee rivers, e rivers, befides a great boats. The river Sa- Lth-eaft to novth-weft. Ikable ridge in the inte- e below Orangeburgh, L river, .hich.havuv, f paUe'i paired Jackfonfburgb, leaving it on the f<^\it|it branches uifl €inbi'iicei Edifto ifland. - ■ "* • Santee is the largefl and longefl river in this State : it empties into the ocean by two mouths, a little fouth of George-town, About one hundred and twenty miles in a direft line from its mouth, it branches into the Congaree and Wateree; the latter or northern branch paiTes the Catabavv nation of Indians^ and bears the name of the Catabaw river from this fettlement to its fource. The Congareij branches into Saluda and Broad rivers. Broad river again braiichei} into Enoree, Tyger, and Pacolet rivers, on the latter of which are the celebrated Pacolet fprings; , . r, .. Pedee river rifes in North-Carolina, where it is called Yadkin river ; in this State, however, it takes the name of Pedee ; and, re- ceiving the waters of Lynche's creek, Little Pedee, and Black river, it joins the Wakkamaw river, near George-town. Thcfe united flreams, with the acceffion of a fmall creek, on which George-town ftands, form Winyaw bay, which, about twelve miles below, com* municates with the ocean. All thefe rivers, Edifto excepted, rile from various fources in that ridge of mountains which divides the wa- ters which flow into the Atlantic ocean, from thofe which fall into the Miiriifippi. The rivers of a fecondary fize, as you pafs from north to fouth, are Wakkamaw, Black river. Cooper, Afliepoo, and Combahet-'* Thefe rivers afford, to the proprietors of their banks, a conruifrable quantity of tide fvvamp or rice land, ijooded from the rivers, except in extraordinary droughts. r •, ; .1, ^.jj j.; ,. In the third clafs are comprehended thofe rivers which extend but a fliort diftance from the ocean, and ferve, by branching into nuiu- berlefs creeks, as drains to take off the quantity of rain water which comes down from the large inland fwamps ; or are merely arms of the fea: of this kind are Aftiley, Stono, Coofaw, Broad, Colleton, May, New, and Right's rivers. The tide, in no part of this State, flows more than twenty five miles from the .fea. A company has been incorporated for the purpofe of connctSling Cooper and Santee rivers by a canal of twenty-one miles in lengtht The fum fuppofed to be neceflary to complete this extenfive work is fifty-five thoufiind fix hundred and twenty pounds fterliiig. Twenty- :five percent, are allowed by the legifiature in tolls for all monies atU jvanced by ftockholdefs. The advantage of a canal at this placc^ t« voL.m. j.i 942 GENERAL DESCRIPTIOK one who infpe^ts a map of the CarolinM, muft appear to be greatj^ ^oth to the public and to the proprietori. The only harbours of note are thofe of Charlefton, Port Koyal, ' and Geojge-town. Charlefton harbour Is fpacloMi, convenient, and fafe : it is formed by the junftion of Aflilcy and Cooper rivers : its entrance is guarded by fort Johnfon, Twelve mllei from the city is a bar, over which are four channels ; one by the name of Ship Chan- nel, has eighteen feet water; another fixteeit and ft half j the other two are for fmaller veflels. The tides rife from five to eight feet. ' Port Royal has an excellent harbour, of fufticieiU extent to contain the largeft fleet in the world. *••' •' The bar at the entrance ofWinynwbay, which le.idi to George- town, does not admit of veflels drawing more than eleven feet water j and is, in many refpefts, a very dangerous plaee. Thli circumfiance iias pi'ovcd injurious to the growth of Oeorge'town, which is Dthcrwife exceedingly well fituated tor all the purpofeii of an extenfivc frade. The fea coaft is bordered with a chain of fine fea Iflands, around which the fea flows, opening an excellent inland navigation for the conveyance of produce to market. North of Charlellon harbour lie Bull'i, Dewee's, and Sullivan's iflands, which form the north part of the harbour. Jainc» iiland lies on the other fide of the harbour, oppoiite Charlefton, containing about fifty families. Further fouth-wcft li John's iiland, larger than James ; Stono river, which forms a convenient and fafe harbour, di. -vides thefe iflgnds. Contiguous to Jobn'i ifland, and eonnc6led with it by a bridge, is Wadmelaw ; eaft of which are the fmall ifles of Keyvyay and Simmon. Between thefe and Edifto iiland is N. Edifto inlet, which alfo affords a good harbour for vefieU of eafy draft of water, South of Edifto ifland is S. Edifto Inlet, through which enter, from the northward, all the vtffcU bound to Beatifoit, Afliepoo, Combahee and Coofaw. On the fouth-weft fide of St. Helena ifland lies a elufter of ifland?, one of the largeft of which is Port Royal, Adjiicent to Port Roy;il lie St. Helena, Ladies ifland, Paris ifland, and the Hunting iflancls, five or fix in number, bordering on the ocean, fo called from the number of deer and other wild game found upon them. All thefe ;flands, and fome others of lefs note, belong to St. Helena parifli. Crofling Broad rivtr, you come to Hilton litad, the moft fouthein fea ifland in Carolina. Weft and fouth-weft ol Hilton Head lie fintknay's, Bull's, Dawfiiikic's, and fomp Ihialltr Irtands, between j 3 vhi':h • OP south-cArolinA. 243 Vhich and Hilton Head are Calibogie river and found, which form the outlet of May and New rivers* SOIL ANb i^RODUctidKs; ^' '^ '"•"' The foil of this State may be divided into four kinds ; Hrft, thtf pine barren, which is valuable only for its timber. Interfperled among the pine barren are trads of land free of timber, and every kind of growth but that of grafs. Thefe tra£bs are called favannahs, ronftituting a fecond kind of foil, good for grazing. The third kind is that of the fwamps and low grounds on the rivers, which is a mix- ture of black loam and fat clay, producing naturally canes in great plenty, cyprefs, bays, loblolly pines, &c. In thefe fwamps rice is cultivated, which conflitutes the (laple commodity of the State. The high lands, commonly known by the name of oak and hiccory lands, conflitute the fourth kind of foil. The natural growth is oak, hic- cory, walnut, pine, and locuft. On thefe lands, in the low coun- try, Indian corn is principally cultivated ; and in the back country, befides this, they raife tobacco in large quantities, wheat, rye, bar- ley, oats, hemp, flax, cotton, and (ilk. There is Jittle fruit in this State, efpecially in the lower parts of it* The oranges are chiefly four ; figs are plenty ; a few limes and lemons, pomegranates, pears, and peaches ; apples are fcarce, and are imported from the northern States. Melons, efpecially the water melon, are raifed here in great perfeilion. The river fwamps, in which rice can be cultivated with any tole- rable degree of fafety and fuccefs, do not extend higher up the rivers than the head of the tides ; and in eftimating the .value of this fpecies of rice land^ the height which the tide rifes is taken into coniidera- tion, thofe lying wjiere it rifes to a proper pitch for overflowing the fwamps being the moft valuable. The beft inland fwamps, which conftitute a fecond fpecies of rice land, are fuch as are furniflied with refervoirs of water. Thefe rcfervoirs are formed by means of large banks thrown up at the upper parts of the fwamps, whence it is con- veyed, when needed, to the fields of rice. The foil on the iflands is generally better adapted to the culture of indigo than the main, and lefs fuited to rice : cotton grows very well upon them. The natural growth is the live oak, which is fo excel- lent for fliip timber, and the palmetto or cabbage tree, the utility of which, in tlie conftru^ioti of fortSj was experienced during the late war, ... Ii» ' At I •1 ! f JmH I i44 GENERAL DESCRIPtlOll * At the diflance of about one hundred and ten miles from the ftSf the river fwamps terminate, and the high lands extend quite to the rivers, and form bank?, in fome places, fcveral hundred feet above the furface of the water, and afford many extenfive and de- lightful views. Thefe high banks are interwoven with layers of leaves and different coloured earth, and abound with quarries of free- Aonc, pebbles, flint, chryftals, iron ore in abundance, filver, lead, fulphur, and coarfe diamonds. •: ' ' ' The fwamps above the head of the tide are occafidnally planted with corn, cotton, and indigo. The foil is very rich, yielding from forty to fifty bufhcls of corn an acre. It is curious to obferve the gradations from the fea coaft to the upper country, with refpe£l to the produce, the mode of cuhivation, and the cultivators. On the iflands, upon the fea coaft, and for forty or fifty miles back, and on the rivers much farther, the cultivators are all (laves. No white man, to fpeak generally, ever thinks of fettling a farm and improving it for himfelf without negroes. If he has no negroes, he hires himfelf as overfeer to fome rich planter, who has more than he can or will attend to, till he can purchafe for himfelf. The articles cultivated are corn and potatoes, which, with the fmall rice, are food for the negroes ; rice, indigo and cotton, for exporta- tion. The culture of this laft article is capable of being increafed equal to almoft any demand. The foil was cultivated, till lately, almofl wholly by manual labour. The plough, till fince the peace, was fcarcely ufed : now, the plough and harrow and other improve- ments are introduced into the rice fwamps with great fuccefs, and will no doubt become general. In the middle fettlemetits, negroes arc not fo numerous ; the mailer attends perfonally to his own bufi- nefs. The land is not properly fituated for rice > it produces mode- rately good indigo weed, and fome tobacco is raifed for exportation. The farmer is contented to raife corn, potatoes, oats, rye, poultry, and a little wheat. In the upper country, there are but fiew negroes ; generally fpeaking, the farmers have none, and depend, like the in- habitants of the northern States, upon the labour of themfelves and families for fubfiflence ; the plough is ufed almoft wl: lUy- Indian corn in great quantities, wheat, r}'e, potatoes, &c. are raifed for food, and much tobacco and fome wheat, cotton and indigo, for ex- portation. ' ^. . , Rice ground Is prepared only by ef!ij£laally fccuring'it from the j water, except fome hij^her parts of it, which are foraetimcs dug "p w'ulxl :8 from the <», ,x J; 8hrewlbury« . \. .i'-^-, '^:. -■ ^ '-"-■.■. CHARLESTON DISTRICT^ ' ' ..." Between Saiitee and Gotnbahse rivers. ' Cbarlefion, Marion, Colleton, Wafliington, Berkeley, , Bartholomew* CBORCE-TOWN D^STftlCt^ Between Santee river and North-Carolina. Wcnyah, Kingfton, Liberty. ., Williamiburgh, ^ . OftANGEBlTRCH DISTRICT, Weft of Beaufort Diftrift. Louifturgh, Lexington, Winton. Orange, Cliirendon, Richland, FairHeld, CAMBDEN DISTRICT, Weft of George-Town DiftriA. Clermont, York, Lancafter, Chefter. CHBRAWS DISTRICT, Weft of George-tqwn DiftriiSt. Malborough, Chefterfield, Darlington. NINETY-SIX DISTRICT, Comprehending all the other parts of the State. Abberviile, Union, Grenville, '^ Edgefield, Laurens, Pendleton. Newbury, Spartenburgh, The committee appointed by the a6l of Aflembly to divide th diftrifts into counties, were to lay them as nearly forty miles fquare a* was praAicabtei due regard being paid to fituations, natural boun- (larieii &c. CHIEF 09 soutu-carolina; ^47 )tate. I le, ' ■ , 1 on. " ' 1 y to divide th J irty miles fquare 1 s, natural boun- B Li CHIEF TOWNS. CHARLESTON. , .. ChnvUlhn \§ titf only confiderablc town in South-Carolina : it it fttmtedoil tlvt tmigue of land which is formed by the confluence of Attiky Midi (Joop«r rtversi which are large and navigable. Thei« river? mlngti their Witteri immediately below die town, and form a fpacioui ami ^i^fivcnient harbotir, which communicates with the oeeiin juft below Sullivan's ifland, which it leaves on tlie north, feven miles rmitb'e»(t »f the town. In thefe rivers the tide rifes, in com- mon abo»t Ax (Vet «nd a half.^ The continued agitation which thii oa!«ilo()l in the wateri which almoft furround Charlefton ; th9 refreOiing i'e,] Ufaeaii which are regularly felt, and the fmoke riling from fo tmny i'himneysf render CharleHon more healthy than any part of the low emtntry in the fouthern States. On this account it is the I'ffortof gfiSt mimbers of gentlemen, invaUds from the Weft-India idands, md al the tkh planters from me country, who come here to fpend the ([ek\f mmihif as they are called, in queft of health and of the feelfti eflj*)ymgnt§ which the city affords: and in no part of America Are the fm\in\ bleilings enjoyed more rationally and liberally th»n in Chflrlefti^ni UnaffeAed hofpitality, affability, eafe in man- ners and Mldreff , and a difpofuion to make their guefts welcome, fufy, and pleafed with themfelves, arc charaiSterifligs of the refpec- tflhie peeple in Chuflefton, • - * . ^ ds^rw The Iftfid on whleh the town is built is flat and low, and the water braeklflj ond HHWlwiefoinc. The flrcets from call to weft extend from river to river, «nd, rnnning in a ftraight line, not only open beau- tiful profpe behtg lately flnifhed by them, one for French Froteftants, be. ^dc* a meeting; houfe for Qi^ikers, a Roman C»thoUc Chapel, and a Jewidi fyAflgdgyc. But little Attention is paid to the public markets. A great propor- tion of the fnoft wealthy inhabitants have plantations, fivm which •hey receive Atpplies of almoft every kind of provifion. The country ■boufuii with poultry and wild ducks : their beef, mutton, and veal, •re not of the heft kind. Few fiih are brought to market. In 1787, it w»s computed that there was one thoufand fix hundred i)ottfe« in thin eity, nine thoufand fix hundred white inhabitants, and ftve ttiottfflnd fmir hundred negroes ; and what evinces the healthinefs of the pi(tce, upwards of two hundred of the white inhabitants were •hove fjxty years of age. In 1791, there were fixteen thoufand three hundred and flfty«nine inhabitants, of whom feven tLoafand fix hun- dred and eighty^^fonr were ilavcs. Charlefton was incorporated in 1783, and divided into thirteen Wftfda, which chufe as many wardens, from among whom the citi- fen^ele^lan intendant of the city. The intendantand wardens form the eity eouneil^ who have power to make and enforce by-laws for tlx Tegulitioflof thecity. . BEAUFORT. BeaH/oft, on Port Royal ifland, is a pleafant little town, of about fixty Of feveary houfcs, and two hundred and fifty inhabitants, who »re diftjRgaiflied for their hofpitality and politenefs. The courts whieh were formerly held here, are now held at Coofawhatchie. GEORGE-TOWN. ThJ§ town, the feat of jnftice in George-town diftrii^, ftands on fl fpot of knd near the junction of a number of rivers, which, when united in one broad llream, by the name of Winyaw, fall into the paem twelve miles below the town. COLUMBIA, y fi'1t in th'n i£, with tiled t, and moft luildings arc, r houfe, two alifts, ov In- tifts, one foi oufc for wor- oteftants, be :hapel, and a great propor- , from which The country ton, and veal, :t. ttd fix hundred diabitants, and the healthincft ihabitants were thoufand three oafand fix hun- d into thirteen whom the citi- i wardens form by-laws foithc town, of about nhabitants, who The courts fawhatchie. ftiift, ftands on rs, which, when aw, fall into the «v fAUTH-CABOLIKA, »49 COLVMIIA. Columbia, which hat lately been made the feat of government by the legiiflature, .flands juft below the junction of Saluda and Broad rivers qn the Congaree, The public officei have, however, in foine inftnnces been divided, for the accommodation of the inhabitants of the lower counciei, and a branch of egch retained in Charlefion. . V ' . !f CAMDEN, \ " - •■ ' V > i Camden, on the Wateree, north«weft of Santee hills, one hundred pind thiity miles north'Weft from Charlefton, is regularly built, upon a good plan } but a fmall part of it is yet ^ecuted* ' . ■ PURYSfiURCH. Furyfburgh is a hilly village, about twenty miles ^bDve Savannah* on the north bank of the river of the fame name. It was early fettled by foreigners, with a view to the culture of filk, which for a whi(e they attended to withi;,!> j ■ iJailrJ . , |xfi.i 1^1 ^OPtJLATION, . . .oiib^.;Hvi^j Accor(nng toitlie cen|prof 17^1, the number of inhabUi^nts)t{th^ $tatewasj»'foHQip?s;,-„j, j^^j, :„..^, ;. . . .00 ii.,'«?ni.U • rf ■^V!» 'ro'^f 'Ul j^tpcR ii^C'^ 13 ■ .'£.1 i, 1.^ . p. r P i£ ..•.■>ii I Vox.m. K k . ..1' ftilivi.uu- CLORGE- ■« \ COLUMBIA? 1 *!» \A •k'lf ' n GEHBKAt/ DESCILIfTXOH GEOjROE-TOWN DISTRICT. ii ii i t i 1 t COUNTIES ii 1 • PARISHES. Free white years and |. 1 1 t All Saints Pariib, . 104 102 22^ 1 »795 222J Prince George's do. . »34S 1450 2236 80 6651 11762 PiinccFrcdciick'sdo. • * ' 907 9«S 1596 3» "3 4685 '3»3' «'3S »356 2467 4055 22122 t M/i .. V :] CHERAWS DISTRICT . -fK,.' . '"I' Total, >779 «993 3446 59 3229 • 10706 CAMDEN DISTRICT. '■ FairAeld County, . . 1335 1446 1874 2929 2831 1485 938 7^?J Chefter do 1604 . 47 686% York do »35o 1612 2690 29 9*3 6604 Richland do. ... 596 • 710 «>73 14 1437 3930 Clarendon do. . . . 444 841 ffio 602 *39» Claremontdo. . . . 5'7 ' • IIO 4 $48 Lancafterdo. . . . "53 »537 2074 68 158 1370 6302 6941 8694 13607 8865 38265 NINETY-SIX PISTRIC r. bdgefield County, . »333 2571 4701 6? 3619 13289 Pendleton do. . . . aoo7 »53S 4x89 3 834 9c68 8800 Spartanburgh do. 1 868 2173 3866 27 866 Abbeville do. ... 1904 1948 3653 27 1665 9197 Lauren's do. ... 1969 2270 397' 7 1 120 93,37, Grenville do. ... Union do 1400 1500 1627 1809 2861 3121 4I 606 1215 650J 7693 Newberry do. . . . 1992 2232 3962 12 198 J 144 9344 H973 17165 30324 1 1069 737*9 1 1795 "*5 6651 "7"* 4685] 8»3$ '.' * " 93»1 68^^ ^tjA 6604I 1437 3930 6o» *39* titol 454*1 1370! 63Ctt 1" 8865I 38*65 :l 3619I 13*89 834 9568 8661 8800 X665I 9»97 ii»oi 9337J 6061 6503 x»i5 7693I 1 144 Is 1 1069 737*91 ht lOUTH-CAROLINA. BEAUFORT DISTRICT. %st COUNTIES ANQ u 1 1 v' i ,1 VARlSHEt. ii • 3 . tt. r 0 »53 i t Total, is66 I0S5 *043 14236 '«753 OllANGEBURGH DISTRICT. North part, .... South do. .... 1780 1693 3*58 ai 4^*9 11281 14.11 147^ 9782 •49 1402 7232 3201 3'7' 6040 170 593' .85.3 CHARLESTON DISTRICT. St. Philip's PariQi, • St. Michael'! do; . j ftSio t56i 37'8 586 7684 16359 St. HArtholoniew's do. 6..; 491 1017 '35 10338 12606 St. John's, Berkley, do. ao9 152 33' bo 5.70 5922 St. George's, Dor- chefter, do. . . 337 3" 604 *5 30J2 4*99 St. Steven's do. . . 81 45 100 I 2506 *733 St.Tames's, Santee,do. St.Thomas's do. . . 140 no 187 '5 3345 3797 »45 67 .8^ 34 3405 3836 Chrift Church do. . 156 ^38 272 li 2377 2954 St. James's, Goofe ' Creek, do. . . 158 79 202 '5 *333 2787 St.John's,Colleton,do. 209 104 272 22 4705 53'* St. Andrew's do. . . 125 7> 174 3' 2546 2947 St. Paul's do. . . . 65 48 103 '5 950 3202 3433 5060 3»77 7165 50^33 66985 SUMM [ARY ( OF ro PULATlOIf. George-town Diftria, *3S6 2467 4055 "3 '3'3' 22(22 Cheraws do. . . . 1779 1993 34+'^ 59 3229 10706 Camden do. ... 6941 861.4 13607 '5» 8865 3826;; Ninety-lix do. . . . 14973 17165 30324 U)« 11C69 • 7^729 Beaufort do. . , . 1266 IOS5 204^ M3 U236 i«753 Orangeburgh do. . . Charlefton do. . . . 3201 '5060 3'7' 3177 6040 7165 170 950 1801 593 i 50633 ,8qi3 66985 35576 _17"^* 66680 107094 24QT73! Kk2 It 25^ OENfiftAt bEsCRIPTfoi^ it would be impolllble, without ether ^ata than we poiTefi, to dt^ lermine with any degree of certainty what is the prefent number of jnllabitants in this State; but rhany cirtUmftanee* tend to prove, that it has kept pace in point of increafc with rtoft 6f the other States in the Union ; it cannot, therefore, at this periodv contain }efs than three hundred thoufand. .^ MILITARY STRENGTH. Tkcrie are between thirty and forty thoufand fighting men in thxi State. About ten men are kept to guard Fort Johnfon, on James iflarid, at the entrance of Charlefton harbour, by which no vcflel can pafs, nnlefs the matter or mate make oath, that there is no ma- lignant diftemper oil board. The militia laws, en^fting that every freeman, between fixteen and fifty years of age, fliall be prepared for war, have been but indifferently obeyed fince the peace. An unufiial degree of military fpirit, however, fecms lately to have arifeh among the citizens of Charlefton. A numbfcr of volunteer uniform companies have been lately formed in this city, befides a troop of horfe, and the ancient battalion of artillery. This militaiy ardour' has been encouraged in this and feveral other parts of the Union by the fituation of alFairs in Europe. RELIGION AND CHARACTER. Sirtfce the revolution, by which all denominations were put on anr equal footing,- there have been no difputes between different leligious fefts. They all agree to differ on doftrinal points, and all agree in promoting the grand duties of Chriftianity toward God and man. The upper parts of this State are fettled chiefly by- Prefhyterians, Baptifts and Methodifls. From the moil probable calculations it is fuppofed, that ais to numbers they may be ranked as follows : Pref- hyterians, including the Congregational and Independent churches^ Epifcopalians, Baptifts, Methodilts, &c. Diflblute pleafures, and luxury of every kind, form a grand feature of the national charaifter of the Carolinians. We cenfure not the profufion of their tables} it is the pi-ofufion of Heaven; but to the pleafures of the table they are too much addicted. Here, nnd in every fpecies of luxurious indulgence, they feem galloj)iM;j hard after' the diflblute Europeans ; and fmall are the powers requifite to dif- cern, that they are not very far behind them. The Carolinians fooner arrive at maturity, both in their bodies and minds, than the natiKs of colder cHniatco. Tluy pofiefs a na- tural of SbUTH-cAROLIJTAi 253 taral quicknefs and vivacity of genius, fuperior to the inhabitants of the north ; but too generally want that enterprife and perfeverance which are rteceflary for the higheft attainments in the arts and fciences. They have, indeed, few motives to enterprife ; inhabiting a fertile country, which, by the labour of ilaves, produces plentifully and creates affluence ; in a climate which favours indulgence, eafe, and a difpofition for convivial pleafurcs, they too generally reft contented with barely knowledge enough to tranfaft the common affairs of life. There are not a few inftances, however, in this State, in which genius has been united with application, and the cfFefts of tneir union have been happily experienced, not only by this State, but by the whole Union. The wealth produced by the labour of the flaves, furniflies theit* proprietors with the means of hofpitality; and no people in the world ufe thefe means with mere liberality. Some of the inhahi* tents lj>are rto pains or expenfe in giving the higheft polifli of edu- cation to their childrfen, by enabling them to travel, and by otlicr means unattainable by thofe who have but moderate fortunes. The Carolinians are generally affable and eafy in their manners^ and polite and attentive to flrangers. The ladies want the bloom of the north, but have an engaging foftnefs and delicacy in their ap- pearance and manners, and many of them poflefs the polite and elegnnt accomplifliments. Hunting is the mod i'afliionable amufcment in this State ; at thit the country gentlemen are extremely expert, and with furprifing dexterity purfue their game through the woods. Gaming of all kinds is rtiore djfcountenanced among fafliionable people, in thi« than in any of the fouthern States. Twice a year, ftatedly howj ever, a clafs of fportive gent!cnv::i:, in this and the neighbouring States, hate their horfe-races. Bets of ten or fifteen hundred gui- neas have been fometimes laid on thf.fe occaflons. BacchiJs is much refpeAed ini this country, and ho objeftion can be made to the fway of fo mirth-infpiring a friend, when limited by prudence and moderation. But as that feldom happens, the ob- jections agiiinft this cuflom become ferious and weighty: it is a fpecies of luxury the moft dangerous, b^'caufe leading directly to all others ; but it is a fpecies for which the Carolinians are mofl ex- cnfable. Without the aliiflancc of wine, in all warm climates, the mind is enervate, the fpirits become languid, and the imagination Warren. It is known to all phyficians, that wine, by its tonic quality, obvijtcs 254 GEi^ERAL DESCRIPTION obviates debility induced by climate ; and that the effei^s of putrid miafmata are deftroyed by its anHfeptic power. Henbe the ufe of wintf^ in waim and (Ickly climates, becomes obvious ; knd hence a caufe arifes, Why the inhabitants bf thbfe clihiates are fo generally adtlidtcd to the bottle. With the ihtrodiiftioh of luxury ih this cbuhtryi the pd#er of re- ligion has vifibly deblihed amongft all the different denominations of Chriflians ; but if the Carolinians are hot religious; it may be truly laid, they are not fuperftitious. Theatrical amuftments have beeii introduced and encouraged ainong them. Thefe, though they form a fpecies of refined luxury, are, of many others, the leaft dangerous; their political damage, at leaft, is not ib great ; for^ while they add a polifli to the manners of the people, they feldoni inripoverifli the country : ad^ors are generally protufe in living ; they feldom deprive a country bf its cafli : liente money in their h^ds is hot loft ; quite the reverfe, it is put in circulation. in countries where flavery is encotiraged, the ideas of the people ai^c, in general, of a peculiar caft ; the foul often becomes dark and Harrow, and aflumes a tone of favage brtitnlity. Siich at this day ai^e the inhabitants of Darbary and the Weil-Indies. But, thank Gtid ! nothing like tiiis has yet difgraced an Atrieritan Stdte. We may look for it in Carolina, but we fliall be difippointed. The moft elevated arid liberal Carolinians abhor flavery ; they will not debafe themfelvcs by attempting to vindicate it ; he who Would eticoiiragc it, nblira^ted from the idea of bare rieceility, is not a manj he is a brute in human formi Forj " t/i/gui/e thy/ci/ as thou wilt., O Jlavery^ Jiill ibSu art a hitter draughty" it is intcreft, louder than the voice o^ teafon, whlcli alone exclaims in thy favour. Ariiohgtlieir iieighbours, the Carolinians ftand accufcd of haiighti^ nefs and infolent carriaga'. Nothing is apparently more true than this charge ; nothing is really more iAic. Surrounded by flaves, and accuftonied to command, they acquire a forward, didatorial habit, which can never be laid afidc. In order to judge of their dif- pofitions, we muft ftiidy them with attention. Genuine affability, and generofity, form their diilinguiUiing charafteriftics; for thefe, for the exertiie ot hofpitality, and all the focial virtues, we may venture to aflcrt, that lio country on earth has excelled Carolina. There is no iiiftance, perhaps, in which the richer clafs of people trtfpafs more on the rules of propriety than in the mode of condu£l:- idg their funerals. Th;it u decent rcfpcd fliould be paid to the a dead, ks of putrid ;c the ufe of knd hence a fo generally pdWer of re- mi nations of may be truly Its have bceti ^h they form ft dangerous; rhiie they add iipovenfli the ;idom deprivb lot loli ; quite of the people omes dark and Uch at this day s. But, thank •an Stdie. We ed. the moft will not debafc onld encourage mi h(5 is a brute O Jlaveryy Jiill tan the voice of ^ OF SOUTH-CASOtlNA. 35J dead, is the natural dictate of refined humanity ; hut (hid U not done by fumptuous and cxpcnfive entertainments, fplendid deeort* fions, and pompous ceremonies, which a mifguided faftiion bai in* troduped arid rendered neceflfary in this State.' Wine, punch| and ail kinds of liquors, tea, coffee, cake, &c. in profiilion, are handed round on thefe folemn occafions. In fliort, the Scripture obf^rvatiof). *' // is ietter to ^0 to the houft of mourning than to tht houft of f(*{fi» ing" is unintelligible and wholly inapplicable here, as U it dilSleuU to diftinguifli the houfe of mourning from the houfe of fcafting. TRADE AND MANUFACTURES. Jn the middle, and efpecially in the upper country, the people are obliged to manufadlure their own cotton and woollen cloths, ane^ moft of their hulbandry tools ; but in the lower country the inha- bitants, for thefe articles, depend aimoft entirely on their merehantSt Latie accounts from the i ntcrior parts of this State inform ui, that the inhabitants manufaAure, entirely in the family way, as mueh at they have occaiion for ; that cotton, hemp and flax are plenty ( thac they have a conHderable flock of good fheep ; that great exertioiii are made, and much done in the houfliold way ; that they have long been in the habit of doing ibriething in family manufa^lure^, but within a few years paft great improvements have been made. The women do the weaving, and leavd the men to attend to agriculture* This State fu mi flies all the materials, and of the beft kind, for Piip-building. The live oak, and the pitch and yellow pinra, are of a fuperior quality. Ships might be built here with more eafe, and to much greater advantage, than in the middle and eaftern Statet . A want of featpen is one reafon why this bufinefs is not more gene* rally attended to. So much attention is now paid to the manufacture of indigo in this State, that it bids fair to rival that of the French. It is to be regretted, that it is ilill the practice of the merchants concerntid in the Carolina trade, to fell, at foreign markets, the Carolina indigo, of the firft quality, as French. This country, while it increafei the immediate profit of the merchant, finks the character of the Carolina article ; and in one view almofl neceflitates the trad*;t' to continue % praftice begun in folly and knavery. ' There has been a vaft confumption of foreign imported articlei ( but the quantities and value of their exports generally leave a bl^ tancc in favoiir of the State, The %^6 GENERAL DESCRIPTION The ampunt of exports from the port of Clwrlefton, in the ye^ ending November, 1787, was then cilimated, from fliltheiitic docu-j ments, at five hundred and five thoufand two hundred and feventy- nine pounds, nii^eteen (hillings and five pence, fterling money. The number of veflTels cleared from the cuftom-houfe the fame year was nine hundred and forty-feven, meafuring fixty*two thouiand one hundred and eighteen tons ; feven hundred and tliirty-five of thefe,, pieafuring forty^o^e thoufand five hundred and thirty*otie tons, were American ; the others belongecj to GreatnOritain, Spain, France, th« United Netherlands and Ireland. The principal articles exported from thli State are, rice, indigo, tobacco, Ikins of various kinds, beef, porH* cotton, pitch, tar, rofin, turpentine, myrtle-wax, lumb,er, naval ftprei, cork, leather, pink root, fnake root, ginfeng, ^c. In the (iioft fuccefiAtl feafoni, there have been as many as one hundred and forty thoufand biirrels of rice, and one million three hundred thoufand pounds of indigo exported jn a year. From the 15th '>f December, i^gi, to September, 1798, one hundred and eight thoufand fivp hundred and frnty* feven tierces of rice, averaging five hundred and fifty pounds nftt weight each, were exported from Charleflon. In the year ending September 30th, 1791, exclufive of two quarter?, for wbjeh no returns were made, the amount of exports from t;his State wai one million eight hundred and fixty-fix thoufand and twenty-one dollari. There is in this State, befides a branch of the national bank, a bank, by the name of the South-Carolina bank, which wai eftabliihed in 1 792 in Charlel^on, • An STATE OF LITIERATURE. Gentlemen of fortune, before the late war, fent their fons tc^ Europe for eduoation. Duririg the l»te war tmd fince, they have generally fent them to the middle and northern States. Thofe who ^javc been at this expenfe in educating their fons, have been but comparatively few in number, fo that the literature of the ^tate is at a low ebi). Since the peace, however, it has begun to flourifli. There are feveral refpeftable academies at Charlefton ; one at Beau- fort, on Port Royal ifland ; and feveral otheri in different partj o£ the State. Three colleges have lately been incorporated by law ; one at Chartellon, one at Winnfborou^b, in the diftri£^ of Camden, and the other at Cambridge, in the diftri^ of Ninety-fix. The public and private donations for the I'upport of thefi; three colleges were originally \ [^on, in the yvte nutheritic tlocui red and fcventy- ig money. The \6 fame year was 10 thouiand one irty«ltve of thele, ty-otie toifis, were ^aln, France, the fire, rice, indigo, , pitch, tar, rofin. Ilk, leather, pinic iftil fcafons, there md barrcis of rice, jf indigo exported Septeitibcr, 179*, fixtyfeven tierces s n^tt weight each, ,g September 30th, •eturns were made, lion eight hundred to national bank, a Vichwaieftablifhed fent their fons t(K ,d fmce, they have tates. Thofe who^ mi, have been but e of the ^tate is at begtin to flourifli. fton { otic at Beau- ,n different part* of ;0rpomted by law ; |diftri£^ of Camden, ity.fix. The public three colleges were originally OP SOUTH-CAROLINA. 257 originally intended to have been appropriated jointly, for theerefting and fnpporting of one refpedtable college. The divilion of thefe donations has fruftrated this defign. Part of the old barracks ia Charlefton has been handfomely fitted up, and converted into a col- lege, and there are a number of ftudents ; but it does not yet merit a more dignified name than that of a refpeftable academy. The Mount Slon college, at Winniborough, is fupported by a relpeftable fociety of gentlemen, who have long been incorporated. This in* ftitution flouriflies, and bids fair for ufefulnefs. The college at Cambridge is no more than a grammar-fchool. To put the literature of this State upon a refpedlable footing, nothing is wanting but a fpirit of enterprife among its wealthy inhabitants. CHARITABLE AND OTHER SOCIETIES. Thefe are the South-Carolina, Mount Sion Library, and St, Ce- cilia focieties ; a fociety for the relief of the widows and orphans of clergymen, a medical fociety lately inftituted in Charlefton, and a mufical fociety. At Beaufort and on St. Helena are feveral charitable focieties, incorporated with funds to a confiderable amount, dcfigned principally for the education of poor children, and which promife, at a future day, to be of great public utility. What are called Jockey Clubs have increafed within a few years. PUBLIC REVENUE AND EXPENSES. The public revenue of this State is, nominally, ninety thoufand pounds fterling ; but a great part of this is either not coUefled, or paid in fecurities, which are much depreciated. The expenfes of government are about fixteen thoufand pounds fterling per annum. The great bulk of the revenue of the State is raifed by a tax oa lands and negroes. The lands, for the purpofe of being taxed ac- cording to their value, are divided into three grand divifions ; the firft reaches from the fca-coaft to the extent of the flowing of the tides ; the fecond, from thefe points to the fall of the ri\fers ; and from thence to the utraoft verge of the weftern fettlement makes the third. Thefe grand divifions, for the fake of more exaftly afcer- taining the value of the lands, are fubdivided into tweiitv-one dif- ferent fpecies ; the moft valuable of which is eftimated at fix pounds, and the leaft valuable at one fliilling per acre. One per cent, on the value thus eftimated is levied from all granted lands in the State, The coUeaion of taxes is not annexed to the oflice of Ihcriff, but VoLaU. LI it I I 3158 GENERAL DESCRIPTION is committed to particular gentlemen appointed for that purpofe, who are allowed two and a half per cent, in Charleflon, and five per cent, ip the other parts of the State, on all they coilefl. CONSTITUTION. ,, , k.,, ., The legiflative anthority is veftcd in a General Aflcmbly, conlifting of a Senate and Houfe of Reprefentatives. There are one hundred and twenty-four reprefentatives, and thirty-five fenators appointed among the fcveral diftrids. The reprefentatives are chofen for two years, inufi be free white men, twenty-one years old, and have been inha* bitants of the State three years. If refident in the diftri-^, they muft have a freehold of five hundred acres of land, and ten negroes, or real eftate worth one hundred and fifty pounds fterling, clear of debt; if non-refident, muft have a freehold in the diftrift worth five hun- dred pounds fterling, clear of debt. The fenatois are chofen for four years, and divided into two claflTes, one clafs being chofen tvety fecond year. They muft be free white men, thirty years old, and have been inhabitants five years. If refident in the diftrifl, they muft have a freehold worth three hundred pounds fterling, clear of debt ; if non-refident, a freehold worth one thoufand pounds fterling, clear of debt. Every free white man, twenty-one years old, having been an inhabitant of the State two years, and been a freeholder of fifty acres of land, or a town lor, fix months, or having been refi- dent in the diftrift fix months, and paid a tax of three fliillings fter- ling, has a right to vote for members of the legiflature. The Gene- ral Afiembly is chofen on the fecond Monday in 0£tpber, and meets on the fourth Monday in November annually. Each houfe choofes its own officers, judges of the qualifications of its members, and has a negative on the other. A majority of each make a quorum from day to day, and compel the attendance of members. They arc protedted, in iheir perfons and eftates, during the fcflions, and ten jdays before and after ; except in cafes of treafon, felony, and breach pf the peace. They are paid out of the public treafury, from which no money is drawn but by the legiflative authority. Revenue bills originate in the lovver houfe, but may be altered or rejeded by the fenate. Army and navy contradtors, and all ofiicers, excepting pflicers in the militia, jufiices of the peace, and juftices ot the county pourts which have no falaries, are excluded from the General Af- fembly. The clergy are excluded from civil offices. The executive ^ijth(;rity is vcfted in a governor, chofen for twp years, by both |ioufes sr thatpurpofe, :on, and five per fcmbly, confiding : one hundred and appointed among :n for two years, d have been inha- diftr"^, ♦hev muft d ten negroes, or ling, clear of debt; a worth five hun- ors are chofen for being chofen eve*y irty years old, and n the diftria, they ids fterling, clear of and pounds fterling, le years old, having >een a freeholder of 51- having been reli- ■ three fl^illings fter- Qature. The Gene- Oapber, and meets Each houfe choofes )f its members, and ach make a quorum -nembers. They arc the fcflions, and ten ,, felony, and breach treafury, from which )rity. Revenue bills :d or rejtaed by the 11 ofiicers, exctptmg I juftices ot the county :om the General M- xes. The executive twp years, by both Jioufes Ot SOUTH-CAROLINA. 259 houfes of Aflembly jointly ; but he cannot be re before had a fa- now fix hundred indred pounds. &C. to the year i769» (vas thought. fuf- This ^ourt was cords were kept, increafed, incon- )eople. fed in 1769, by which have been with the powers ;ar in Charlefton. :ourt of common irt of feffions, in- ich in England, in the judges of tlie liftrift, todivide^ the northern cir- liftributiiig juAice eV SOUTH-CAROLINA. 261 In thflr pw^/eft. This mode of adminiftering juftice continued till 1785, when, hy the unanimous exertions of the two upper diftrifts, an oA W(4i {M(ti(i), enablifhing county courts in all the counties of the. four dlllt'l^ State of GEORGIA. *: Vl 'i i;\ . - SITtJATlON, EXTENT, AND BOUNDARIES. f. . X Jn4 Sfiile Is fituated between 31° and 35° north latitude and ^* ffn4 i6' wtft lotigitiuic: its length is fix hundred miles, and its breadth tWQ hufldt^d flhd fifty. It is bounded on the eaft, by the Atlantic ©t^an i m the fouth, by Eaft and Weft Florida ; on the weft, by tlie river Mjlliflipjji ; and on the north and north-eaft, by South- Cardtim, ttnd the lands ceded to the United States by North-Caro- \Ui»t y t^*6 Tenncffee government. ; , j , C L I M AT E, &c. Ifi (ime parts of this State, at particular feafous of the year, the cllmjjfe tiiiKKjt be efteemed falubrious. In the low country near the ¥k§ fwiUiips, bilious complaints, and fevers of various kinds, are pretty (iflivei fttt during the months of July, Auguft and September^ wlii^it, for this renfon, are called the fickly months. The dlfof ders peculiar to this climate originate partly from the IxulH^fs ef the water, which in the low country, except in and about §AVi4ilfi»hf Add fome other places, where good fprings are found, is generally brmkifh, and partly from the noxious piitrid vapours which are eithaled from the ftagnant waters in the rice fwamps. Belides, the long effdthiUfltice of warm weather produces a general relaxation of the uervmis fyfteiti, and as a great proportion of the inhabitants have no fl«t'€fl"ary labour to call them to exercife, a large fhare of indo- Ume k the tiatural confequence ; and indolence, efpecially amongft A ItWftflmtS people, is ever the parent 01* difeafe. The immenfe qttufltities of fpirituous liquors which are ufed to corre6l the brackifli- liefs ©f the water, form a fpecies of intemperance which too often proves rt»inous to the conftitution. Parents of infirm, fickly habits, ofienf in mofe fcnfes than oue^ have children of their own likenefs. A con- •I'M . . " ..CV'k , . . , ,.:*■ .' , . '. . :t' > n :■ ;ii. ■■•"■'■'' ./•■^ • lES. •* ' titude and $* id its breadth r the Atlantic the weft, by ft, by South- Noith-Caro- the year, the untry near the )U8 kinds, are id September^ OP GEORGIA. 263 A confidcrable part of the difcafes of the prcfent inhabitants may, tlicreforc, be confidcred as hereditary. Before the (ickly feafon commences, many of the rich planters re- move with their families to the fea iflands, or fome elevated healthy fituatjon, where they rafidc three or four months for the benefit of the frcfti air. In the winter and fpring, pleurifies, peripneumonies, and other inflammatorj' diforders, occafioned by ludden and violent colds, are generally common and frequently fatal. Cunfumptinns, cpilepiies, cancers, paltiefl and apoplexies, are not fo common among the inhabitants of the fouthern as northern climates. The winters in Georgia are very mild and pleafant. Snow is fel- dom or never feen. Vegetation is not frequently prevented by fevere frofts. Cattle fubfift well through the winter, without any other food than what they obtain in the woods and favannahs, and are fatter in that feafon than in any other. In the hilly country, which begins about fifty, and in fome places one hundred miles from the fea, the air is pure and falubrious, and the water plenty and good. From June to September, the mercury in Fahrenheit's thermometer commonly fluftuates from 76° to 90° ; in winter, from 40" to 6o*. The moft prevailing winds are fouth-weft and eaft ; in winter, north-weft. The eaft wind is warmeft in winter, and cooleft in fummer. The fouth wind, in the fummer and fall particularly, i» (lamp, fultry, unelaftic, and, of courfc, unhealthy. In the fouth-eaft parts of this State, which lie within a few degrees of the torrid zone, the atmofphere is kept in motion by impreflions from the trade winds. This ferves to purify the air, and render it fit for refpiration ; fo that it is found to have a very advantageous eifc6t on perfons of confumptive habits. . FACE OF THE COUNTRY. The eailern part of the State, between the mountains and the ocean, and the rivers Savannah and St. Mary's, a tra£t of country, more than one hundred and twenty miles from north to fouth, and forty or fifty from eaft to weft, is entirely level, without a hill or ftone, At the diftance of about forty or fifty miles from the fea- board, or falt-marfli, the lands begin to be more or lefs uneven. The ridges gradually rife one above another into hills, and the hills fpcceflxvely increafing in height, till they finally termmate in moun- tains. That vaft chain of mountains which commences with the }Latt's Kill) ne^r tiu^iba rivery in the SUt9 of New-York, known by 264 GENERAL DESCRIPTION by the names of the Allegany and Appalachian mounfaini, terminate in this Slate, about fixty miles fonth of its northern boundary. Fronn the toot of thia mountain fprcadi a widc-cxtcnfied plain, of the richcft foil, and in a latitude and climate well adiipted to the cuhiva> tion of mod of the tart- India producHions. The rivers in this State are numerous, and fome of them of the utmoft importance. Savannah river divides this State from South-Carolina : its courfe is nearly from north-weft to fouth-eaft. It is formed principally of two branches, known by the names ot Tugulo and Kcowee, which fpring from the mountains, and unite fifteen miles north-weft of the northern boundary of Wilkes county. It is navigable for large vef- fels up to Savannah, and for boats of one hundred feet keel as far as Augufta. After rifing a fall juft above this place, it is paffable for boats to the mouth of Tugulo liver. After it takes the name of Savannah, at the conlluence of the Tugulo and Keovvce, it receives a number of tributary ftreams from the Georgia iide, the principal of which is Broad river, which rifes in the county of franklin, and runs fouth-eaft through part of Wilkes county, and mingles with the Savannah at the town of Peterlburgh, and might, with a trifling cxpenfe, be made boatable twenty-five or thirty miles through the beft fettlements in Wilkes county. Tybee bai-, at the entrance of Savannah river, in lat. 31' 57', has fixtcen feet water at half tide. Ogeechee river, about eighteen miles fouth of the Savannah, is a fma}ler river, and nearly parallel with it in its courfe, Alatamaha,* about fixty miles fouth of Savannah river, has its fource in the Cherokee mountains, near the head of the Tugulo, the great weft branch of Savannah, and, before it leaves the moim- tains, is joined and augmented by innumerable rivulets ; thence it defcends through the hilly country, with all its collateial branches, gnd winds rapidly amongft hills two hundred and fifty miles, and then enters the flat, plain country, by the name of the Oakmulge ; thence meandering one hundred and fifty miles, it is joined on the eaft fide by the Ocone, which Jikevvife heads in the lower ridges of mountains. After this confluence, havin .^- now gained a vaft acqui- sition of waters, it aflTumes the narae of' Alatamaha, when it becomes a large majcftic river, ilovving with gentle windings through a va^ forell, near one hundred miles, and enters the Atlantic by *■ Pronounced Oltaraawhaw, fevfral tcfm'inate ary. From lin, of the the cuUiva- ihem of the 1 : il» courfe iriucipally of owee, which h-weft of the for large vef- eet keel as far it is palTable IS the name of rce, it receives , the principal FrankUn, and \ mingles with , \vith a trifling iles through the the entrance of at half tide. Savannah, is a ih river, has its le Tugulo, the wes the monn- ulets ; thence it atei al branches, fifty miles, and the Oaknnilge ; is joined on the c lower ridges of ned a vaft acqni- when it becomes ings through a the Atlantic by OP GEORGIA. 26$ fevcral mouth*. The north channelj or entrance, glides by the heights of Darien, on the eaft bank, about ten miles above the bar, and, running from thence with feveral turnings, enters the ocean between Sapcllo and Wolf iflands. The fouth channel, which is eftecmcd the largeft and 3eepeft, after its fcparation from the north, dcfcends gently, winding by M«Into(h*s and Broughton iflands; and laftly, by the weft coaft of St. Simon's ifland, enters the ocean, through St. Simon's found, between the fouth end of the ifland of that name, and the north end of Jekyl ifland. On the weft banks of the fouth channel, ten or twelve miles above its mouth, and nearly oppoHte Darien, are to be feen the remains of an ancient fort, or fortification ; it is now a regular tetragon terrace, about four feet high, with baftions at each angle ; the area may contain about an acre of ground, but the fofle which furrounded it is nearly filled up. There are large live oaks, pines and other trees, growing i^pon it, and in the old fields adjoining. It is fuppofed to have been the work of the French or Spaniards. A large fwamp lies betwixt it and the river, and a confiderable creek runs clofe by the works, and enters the river through the fwamp, a fmall diftance above Brought ton ifland. About feventy or eighty miles above the confluence of the Oakmulge and Ocone, the trading path from Augufta to the Creek nation croflfes thefe fine rivers, which are there forty miles apart. On the eaft banks of the Oakmulge, this trading road runs nearly two miles through ancient Indian fields, which are called the Oakmulge fields ; they are the rich low lands of the river. On the heights of thefe low grounds are yet vifible monuments or traces of an ancient town, fuch as artificial mounts or terraces, fquares and banks, encircling confiderable areas. Their old fields and planting land extend up and down the river, fifteen or twenty miles from this fite. And, if we are to give credit to the account the Creeks give of themfelves, this place is remarkable for being the firft town or fettle- ment, when they fat down, as they term it, or eftabliflied themfelves after their emigration from the weft, beyond the Mifliflippi, their original native country. Bcfides thefe, there is Turtle river, Little Sitilla, or St. Ille, Great Sitilla, Crooked river, and St. Mary's, which form a part of the fouthern bouiidary of the United States. St. Mary's river has its fource from a vaft lake, or rather marfl), called Ouaquaphenogaw, and flows through a vaft plain and pine foreft, about one hundred and fifty miles to the ocean, with which it communicates betweea VoL.III. Mta the / V 266 genei^a;. i>escriptiok . the points o(Anaeliaan4 Talbeit's ifland», latitude 30^44', and ii navigable ^r vei&ls of confiderable burthen for ninety nniles. Its banks afford immenfe quantities of fine timber, fuited to the Weft- Ipdja market. Along this river, every foUr or five miles, are blufis convenient for veffels to haul to and load. The rivers \fi the middle and weftern parts of this State are, Apalachicola, which is formed by the Ghatahouchee and Flint rivers. Mobile, Fafcagpula and Pearl rivers. All thefe running fouthwardly, empty iat;o the Gulph of Mexico. The forementioned rivers abound with a great variety of fiHi, among which are the mullet, whiting, flieepfliead, cat, rock, trout, drum, bafs, brim, white, fhad, and fturgeon. The bays and lagoons are ftored with oyfters and other fliell fiib, crabs, fhrimps, &c. The clams, in particular, are large, their meat white, tender aud delicate. The fhark and great black ftingray are infatiable cannibals, and very troublefome to the fiihermen. ■. The lake, or rather marfh, called Ouaquaphenogaw, lies between flint and Oakmulge rivers, and is nearly three hundred miles in cir« cumference* In wet feafons it appears like an inland fea, and has feveral large illands of rich land ; one of which the prefent genera- tion of Creek Indians reprefent as the moft blifsful fpot on earth* They fay it is inhabited by a peculiar race of Indians, whofe women 9re incomparably beautiful. They tell you alfo, that this terreftrial paradife has been feenby fome enterprifing hunters, when in purfuit of their game, who, being loft in inextricable fwanips and bogs, and on the point of perifliing, were unexpededly relieved by a company of beautiful women, whom they call daughters of the Sun, who kindly save tbem fuch proviiions as they had with them, coniifting of fruit and corn cakes, and then enjoined them to fly for fafcty to their own country, becaufe their hufbands were fierce men, and cruel to ftrangers. They farther fay, that thefe hunters had a view of their fettlements, fituated on the elevated banks of an i Hand, inabeauti> fill lake ; but that in their endeavours to approach it, they were in* volved in perpetual labyrinths, and, like enchanted land, ftill as they imagined they had juft gained it, it feemed to fly before them. They determined, at length, to quit the delufive purfuit, and with much difficulty effected a retreat. When they reported their adven- tures to their countrymen, the young warriors were inflamed with an irrefiftible defire to invade and conquer fo charming a country, but ill their attempts had hitherto proved fruitlefs, they never being ,> ♦ ' able OF GEORGIA. 267 able again to find the fpot. They tell another flory concerning this fequeftered country, which feems not improbable, which is, that the inhabitants are the pofterity of a fugitive remnant of the ancient Yamafes, who efcaped maiTiicre after a bloody and decifive battle between them and the Creeks. It is certain, that the Creeks con< quered and nearly exteiminated that once powerful people ; and it is probable, that they here found an afylum, remote and fecure from the fury of their proud conquerors. Befides the St. Mary ; the riyers Sitilla, or St. Hie, and the beau- tiful Little St. Juan, which empties into the bay of Appalachi at St. Mark's, are faid to flow from tliis lake.* About (ixteen miles from the mouth of Broad riveri on its fouth fide, is what is called the Goofepond, a tradt of about one hundred and eighty acres, covered with living water about two feet deep : it difcharges into the river, and is fed by two fprings. SOIL, PRODUCTIONS, &c. The foil in this State and its fertility are various, according to fituation and different improvement. The iflands on the fea board, in their natural ftate, are covered with a plentiful growth of pine, oak and hiccory, live oak, an uncommonly hard and a very va- luable wood, and fome red cedar. The foil is a mixture of fand and black mould, making what is commonly called a grey foil. A confiderable part of it, particularly that whereon grow the oak, hjc- cory and live oak, is very rich, and yields, on cultivation, good crops of indigo, cotton, corn and potatoes. Thefe iflands are fur- rounded by navigable creeks, between which and the main land is a large extent of fait marfli, fronting the whole State, not lefs, on an average, than four or five miles in breadth, interfe£ted with creeks in various direftions, admitting, through the whole, an inland navi- gation between the iflands and main land, from the north-eaft to the louth-eafl coi ners of the State. The eaft fides of thefe iflands arc, for the niofl parr, clean, hard, fandy beaches, expofed to the wafh of the ocean. Between thefe iflands are the entrances of the rivers from the interior country, winding through the low fait marfhes, and delivering their waters into the founds, which form capacious harbours of fi om three to eight miles over, and which communicate with each other by parallel fait creeks. The principal iflands are» * Bartraro's TravdB. Mma Skida- 268 GENERAL DESCRIPTION Skidaway, Waflaw, Oflabaw, St. Catharine's, Sapelo, Frederka, Jekyl, Cumberland and Amelia. The foil of the main land, adjoining the marflies and creeks, is nearly of the fame quality with that of the iflands, except that which borders on thofe rivers and creeks which ftretch far back into the country. On thefe, immediately after you leave the falts, begin the valuable rice fwamps, which, on cultivation, afford the prefent prin- cipal ftaple of commerce. Mofl of the rice lands lie on rivers, which, as far as the tide flows, are called tide lands ; or on creeks and particular branches of water, flowing in fome deeper or lower parts of the lands, which are called inland fwamps, and extend back in the country from fifteen to twenty-five miles, beyond which very little rice is planted, though it will grow exceedingly well, as ex- periment has proved,' one' hundred and twenty miles back from the fea. The intermediate lands, between thefe creeks and rivers, ar6 of an inferior quality, being of a grey foil, covered chiefly with pine, and a fort of wild grafs and fmall reeds, which afford a large range of feeding ground for flock both fummer and winter. Here and there are interfperfed oak. and hiccory ridges, which are of a better foil, and produce good crops of corn and indigo ; but thefe are very little elevated above the circumjacent lands. The lands adjoining the rivers, and, for an hundred miles in a direft line from the fea, continue a breadth from two to three or four miles, and wherever, in that dlllance, you find a piece of high land that extends to the bank of the river on one fide, you may expeiSt to find the low or fwamp ground proportiftnably wide on the oppofite fide of the river. This feems to be an invariable rule till you come to that part where the ry,'er cuts the mountains. ^ The foil between the rivers, after you leave tl:« fea board and the edge of the fwamps, at the diftaiice of twenty or thirty miles, changes from a grey to a red colour, on which grows plenty of oak and hicccry, with a confiderable intermixture of pine. In fome places it is gravelly, but fertile, and fo continues for a number of miles, gradually deepening the reddifli colour of the earth, till it changes into what is called the Mulatto foil, confifiing of a black mould and red earth. The compofition is darker or lighter accor- ding as there is a larger or fmaller proportion of the black or red earth in it. The mulatto lands are generally ftrong, and yield large crops of wheat, tobacco, corn, &c. To this kind of land fucceeds by turns a foil nearly black and very rich, on which grow large - ■ ♦ • .- , q"an. OF GEORGIA. 269 lo, Frederka, and creeks, is (, except that h far back into falts, begin the e prefent piin- lie on rivers, 5; or on creeks deeper or lower and extend back rond which very igly well, as ex- es back from the 8 and rivers, ar6 red chiefly with :ich afford a large id winter. Here (, which are of a indigo; but thefe mds. The lands [a direa line from r four miles, and land that extends expea to find the he oppofite fide of you come to that fea board and the y or thirty miles, lows plenty of oak of pine. In fome les for a number of of the earth, till it )nfifting of a black cr or lighter accor- of the black or red mg, and yield large nd of land fucceeds which grow large quail- quantities of black walnut, mulberry, &c. This fucceflion of tllf. fercnt foils continues uniform and regular, though there ore fume large veins of all the different foils intermixed ; and what is mme remarkable, this fucceflion, in the order mentioned, ftretches gerofu this State nearly parallel with the fea coaft, and extends through the feveral States nearly in the fame direaion, to the banks of liiidibrt river. In this State are produced, by culture, rice, indigo, f otton^ filk, (though not in large quantities) Indian corn, potatoes, ornng^^i iigs, pomegranates, &c. Rice, at prelent, is the ftaple commodity ) and as a fmall proportion only of the rice ground is under cultlva* tion, the quantity raifed in future muft be much greater thm Ut prefent. But the rapid increafe of the inhabitants, chiefly by emi- grations, whofe attention is turned to the raifing of tobacco, afld the ■' aft extent of land, with a richnefs of foil fuited to the culture ©f tliat plant, renders it probable, that tobacco will fliortly become tho llaple of *his State. Cotton was formerly planted only by the poorer clafs of p' 'r, qnd that only for family ufe. They planted of two kinds, .1 . n ,al and the Weft-Indian; the former is low and planted eyti/ year ; the balls of which are very large, and the phlox long, ftrong, and perfeaiy white. The latter is a tall perennial plants the flalk fomewhat flirubby, feveral of which rife up from the root for feveral years fucceffively, the ftems of the former year being killed by the winter frofts. The balls of Weft-India cotton are not quite fo large as the other, but the phlox or wool is long, extremely fine, filky and white. A plantation of this kiad will laft feveral years with moderate labour and care. The culture of cotton is mvr much more attended to ; feveral indigo planters have convened their plantations into cotton fields. The tobacco lands are eqimlly well adapted to. wheat, which may hereafter make an important ar- ticle of commerce. On the dry plains grow large crops of fweet potatoes, which aro found to afford a wholefome nourifliment, and from which is roflde» by diftiliation, a kind of whilky, tolerably good, but inferior to that made of rye. It is by properly macerating and wafiiing this root that a fediment or ftarch is made, which has obtained the name of fago, and anfwers all the purpofes of the Indian fago. Moft of the tropical fruits would flourifli in this State with proper attention. The rice plant has been tranfplanted, and alfo the tea plant, of which fuch immenfe quantities are confumed in the United iitatcs, ;v;is introduced into Georgia by Mr. Samuel fiowcn, aboiU the 270 GENERAL DESCRIPTION the year 1770, from India. The feed wai difl'emlnBtcdl, and tlie jplant now grows, without cultivationi in mofl: of the fenced lots in Savannah. ' Foom many confiderations we may, pcrhnpi, venture to predid, th'^t the fouth-weftern part of the StatCy and the parts of Eaft and Weft-Florida, which lie adjoining, willf in fome future timet be- come the vineyard of America. REMARKABLE SPRING. In the county of Wilkes, within a mile and a half of the town of Wafliington, is a medicinal fpring, which rlfei from a hol- low tree, four or five feet in length. The infide of the tree is co- vered with a coat of matter, an inch thick, nnd the leaves around the fpring are incruded with a fubftance m white as fnow. It is faid to be a fovereign remedy for the fciirvy, fci'ophuloui diforders, con- fumptions, gOuts, and every other difeafe nrifing from humours in the blood. A perfon, who had a fevere rheumatii'm in hii right arm, having, in the fpace of teii minutes, drank two quarts of the water, experienced a momentary chill, and was then thrown int\, '. perfpi- ration, which, in a few hours, left him entirely free from pain, and in perfed; health. This fpring, fituated in a fine healthy part of the State, in the neighbourhood of Wafliington, where are excellent accommodations, will no doubt prove a pleafant and falutary place of refort for inva- lids from the maikime and unhealthy parts of this and the neigh« bouring States. CIVIL DIVISIONS. Before the revolution, Georgia, like the other fouthern Stafe^ was divided into pariflies, but this mode of dlvifion is now aboliflied^ and that of counties has fucceeded it. '., , ' That part of the State which is laid out, is divided into three dif- trifts, which are fubdivided into eleven counties, as follows : Camden, Glyn, IUcbm3n('j LOWER OlSTRlCTi Liberty, Effingham. Chatham, MIDDLE DISTRI0T. ^ Burke, Wafliington. VPPEK OF GEORGIA. 271 Wilkes, VPPER DISTRICT^ Franklin, Green. C H I E F T O VV N S. - The chief towns are, St. Patrick's, Brunfwick, Sunbiirj', Sa- vannah, Ebenezer, Augufta, Waynelborough, Louifville, Golphia- ton, Wafhington, Greeniburgh. AUGUSTA. The prefent feat of government in this State ^s Augufla. It is fitu- ated on the fouth-weft bank of Savannah river, which is here about five hundred yards wide, about one hundred and forty-four miles from the fea, and one hundred and twenty-feven north-wett of Sa- vannah. The town, which in 1782 contained but three or fom houfes, in 1 787 contained two hundred ; it is on a fine large plain, at the foot of the firft falls in the river, which in a dry feafon are four or five feet in height ; and as it enjoys the beft foil, and the advantage of a central fltuation between the upper and lower counties, is rifing'. h&. into importance. In the vicinity of this town is the remarkable large bank of oyilcr fliells which we have bad occafion before to potice. ... . ^ ' . ' , • ■ ■■ r-'-. . ■: ' SAVANNAH. Savannah, the former capital of Georgia, (lands on a high fandjF bluff, on the fouth fide of the river of the fame name, and feventeen. miles from its mouth. The town is regularly built in the form of a parallelogram, and, including its fuburbs, contained, in 1787^ two hundred and twenty-feven dwelling houfes, oneEpifcopal church, a Prelbyterian church, a Synagogue, and a court houfe. Th© number of its inhabitants, exclulive of the blacks, amounted at that time to about eight hundred and thirty, feventy of whom were Jews. '■' ■'-:-.•• .;- ;.>^:'-.;^ •'v:- , . ■■:x:. In Savannah, and within a circumference of about ten miles from it, there were, in the fummer of 1787, about two thoufand three hundred inhabitants. Of thefe one hundred and ninety-two were above fifty years of age, and all in good health. The ages of a lady and her fix children, then living in the town, amounted to three hundred and eighty-five years. This computation, which was adually 272 GENERAL DESCRIPTION aAually made, ferves to ihew that Savannah is not really fo unheal- thy as has been commonly reprefented. I 8UNBURY. Sunbury is a fea port town, beautifully fituated on the main be- tween Medway and Newport rivers, about fifteen miles fouth of Great Ogeechee river j it is favoured with a fafe, capacious, and very convenient harbour, defended from the fury of the feas by the north and fouth points of St. Helena, and South Catherine's iilands, between which is the bar and entrance into the found. Several fmall iflands intervene, and partly ebftruA a diflant view of the ocean ; and, interlocking with each other, render the palTage out to fea wind- ing, but not diihcult. It is a very pleafant, healthy town, and is the refort of the planters from the adjacent places of Medway and New- port^ during the fickly months. It was burnt by the Britifh in the Jate war, but has fince been rebuilt. An academy was eftabliflied here in 1788, which, under an able inftrudtor, has proved a ver^ ufeful inftitution. BRUNSWICK. Brunfwick, in Glynn county, latitude 31*' 10', is fituated at the ■jouth of Turtle river, at which place this river empties itfelf into St. Simon's found. Brunfwick has a fafe and capacious harbour ; and the bar, at the entrance into it, has water deep enough for the largeft veflels that fwim. The town is regularly laid out, but not yet built. From its advantageous fituation, and from the fer- tility of the back country, it piomifes to be hereafter one of the firft trading towns in Georgia. FREDERICA. Frederica, on the ifland of |St. Simon, is nearly in latitude 31° 15'; it is one of the oldeft towns in Greorgia, and was founded by General Oglethorpe. The fortrefs was regular and beautiful, conftrufted chiefly with brick, but is now in ruins. The town contains but few houfes, which iland on an eminence, if confidered with regard to the ma'rflies before it, upon a branch of Alatamaha river, which waflies the weft fide of this agreeable ifland, and forms a bay before the town, aflbrding a fafe and fecure harbour for vefl*els of the largeft l)urthens, which may lie along the wharf. ,f>"i.-- WAIH-^ bF GEOkGlAi m lly fo unheal- 1 the main be- liileB fouth of capacious, and thefeasbythe herine's iflands, . Several fmall of the ocean; out to fea wind- town, andistlie ;dway and New- he Britilh in the y was eftablillied 18 proved a verj* s fituated at the empties itfelf into 0U8 harbour; and ) enough for the laid out, but not d from the fer- cafter one of the in latitude 31° iS'j junded by General lutiful, confti-ufted mcontainsbutfew red with regard to river, which waHies a bay before the effels of the largcft WASHINGTOiV. Wafliingitoh, the chief town in the county of Wilts, is Htiiated in latitude 33° 22', about fifty mile« north-weft of Augufta ; it had, in 1788', acourthoufe, gaol, thirty-four dwelling houses, and an aca* demy, whofe funds amounted to about eight hundred pounds fter« ling, and he number of ftudents to between fixty and feventy^ LotjisvkLLE. Tie town of LouifVille, li^hich is defigiied as the ftlture feat of go- vernment in this State, has been laid out on the bank of Ogeechef river, about feventy miles from its mouth, but is not yet b,uilt« POPULATtON. The population of this State in 1 791 Was as follows : - « ■ LOWER DISTRICTi COUNTIES. Free white males of 1 6 years and upwards. Fee white males under 16 years. 1 J s 1 1 i 1 < 14 s 27 112 158 1 T.otal.. Camden ..... Glyn, Liberty, <,,,,, Chatham, Eifinghami • * * ' 8i 426 816 627 44 36 264 480 336 96 613 ii. 1 . ■- '• . ■■■" T ER. e Chrifttan religion, md Methodift deno^ ;rs among theni. lants at large. Col* eft, neceffity, or in* tiuft, ofcourfcp;^!^^ veral ftates and king- e uniformity, that it .ngthem. An aver- ,art to the relaxing leceflity to excite in^ :ularly to ftrangers, ihis people* Jancingis a favourite ft the gaming table, inoftbeirhappinefs, lies, horfc-racingand orted from Virgin'^ OF C* .ORG I A. 275 Rwl th« CmoWuMi from whence thofe who pra^llfe them principally emigntted. Uut tht mod rational and univerfal amufement is hunt* ing I And for thil Oeorgiti ii particularly well calculated, as the WAod* nbotind with plenty of deer, racoons,' rabbits, wild turkeys, and ot))«r gfltitfl t <*t the fame time the woods are fo thin and free , from oblll'M^tiditl, that you may generally ride half fpecd in chace witlwJHt dniij^er « In this amufement pJeafure and profit are blended.* Th« eMir^lie, twin than any other, cnntribnrcs to health, fits for gi^ivity in Inidftefs attd expettnefs in war ; the game alio aiTord^ '*' The follawin? WfeHUflt tif a Otorgia planter's method of fpeiiding his time js ex- traiteij ffom fh? AHMftluH Miifcum fur i7(;o ; Ahoiit Ak ji) (\w mtttltlug he qtiW* hJJ bed, and orders his hftrfe to be got ready ; ht ■ (lieii fw4llow« it (JlHfn ftf hitftfro to prevent the ill cfPc^li of the early fogs, and fcts ouJ • upon th« four of llik plrt(»l.til«il( In this route he takes an opportunity to flop at the • fii^.oe hour««, »Htl (f hi' hbi My lurking about home, whofc hufinef* It is to l)e in the Mi, be llHfw4ti(t<(|y iitiiiiitrt the caufe ; if no fufficicnt caufe he given, he applies his rmn whip to tl)« (Iwnhltrs of the (live, and oldiges him inftantly to decamp. If fickr ncfs be alMjse'lj t'l'' Wgf'* l» )rt1fliediate1y (hut up ii> the rick-houfe, bled, purged, and ' Kept 01) low tli#r, till he fif\\if dies or geti in:o a way of recovery. After having ex- • umiiietl th« WfHiur wli*rtv« in tHt welfare of the poultry, hogn, cattle, ice. he proceeds roun4 th« firm, (tkn » d'ltfwy view of the rice, corn, or indigo 6elds, an^ examinet juMithedAKnf lh« f«nm titduther inclofuresi about the hour qf eight, his circuit it • Anilbed, when, Mmt Ih) Alights at his own door, a tribe of young negroes, in the pri-^ mitiv« (\m of mMmhf rlllh out to meet him, and receive the horfe. Bre;)kf^(i hsiiig ov«r, h* jtgajn mounts a frelh horfe, and rides to the county town, or fhc firft publii; liunlis irt the Heiglibtiurhood, where he talks politics, inquires the pice (»^ proJiiM, in^kiS l)«ipi(iS» fday 4 a g.ime at all-fours, or appoints days for horfe races or IwxiniS m«t^lv^S j »bonf foMf o'tloCk he returns, bringing with him fome friends or ac« ,lMaint4i)(:«i to diniWfi If the rtihtpady k lively or agreeable, he rarely rifes f>oin tabte? Itfore fm) fef If It Iw A wet evening, or the weather very difagrceable, cards or con- vcrf^tion ^mpioy him (ill lycd time. If it be fair and no moonlight, after ^n early , fupjier, a fnv U kiixded in a p^tl, iindl two or three of them fet out Ikored with fomo _ bottles of brsnJy, pryeeded l^y » negtot who carries the fire, in order to Ihoot deer in the woq4», 36 (hfk ermum me Pt tttlrafled by a light, that they oonftantly (tand ftill, and fii tlicir#yp§ ofttti flieWrtW, |jy the reflexion of which from the eye-ball they are eafily • difcovered m\ (hot, iOfim\m*l hflWever, U happens, that tame cattle that havcbeci^, turned intu th« wmdn (9 rsttft, m killed by milbke. Abotit miditlghf tlief retttrttf ««t!«mHng to luck, with or without game} their (hinsr and faces M\y fef»ts|»one thoufand four hundred and fe« Vfnt/'twi* dollars. In return for the enumerated exports, are im- portttd Wefk'lndia goods, teas, wines, various articles of cloathing, tiid dty goods of all kinds. From the northern States, cheefe, fifh, pet^UiHit apples, cyder, and fhoes. The imports and exports of thii 8tlt« are principally to and from Savannah, which has a fine htrbotifi and is a place where the principal commercial bufinefs of tht State is tranfadted. The trade with the Indians in furs and (kins Wii Vity coniiderable before the war, but has fincc been interrupted hy th« Wars in which they have been involved. The manufatlilures of tWi State have hitherto been very inconfiderable, if we except indigo, ^Wlf and fagn. The manner in which the indigo is cultivated and IflSflufafturcd is as follows : the ground, which muft be a ftrongrich i4>tl| is thrown into beds of feven or eight feet wide, after having b^eti tfiiide very mellow, and is then raked till it is fully pulverized : the kiA i§ then fown in April, in lows at fuch a diflance as conveni* •fttly to admit of hoeing between them. In July the firfl crop is fit to cot, being commonly two and a half feet high ; it is then thrown into yatf €eoflfu£led for the purpofe, and fleeped about thirty hours ; after which, the 'icjuor is drawn off into other vats, where it is beat, as th§y €iiU it, by which means it is thrown into much fuch a flate of agifafion as cream is by churning. After this procefs, lime water is pnt !nt0 fh^ liquor, which caufes the particles of indigo to fettle at the boltotti* The liquor is then drawn off, and the fediment, which id the ifldlj^b, is taken out and fprcad on cloths, and partly dried ; it Is then put into boxes and prefTed, and, while it is yet foft, cut into ^uate pieces, which are thrown into the fun to dry, and then put vp \n tafks for the market. They have commonly three cuttings a fsafoflt A middling crop for thirty acres is one thoufand three hun-t ^fl^peunds, OF GEORGIA. 277 The culture of filk and the manufnAure of fago are at prefent bat little attended to. The people iti the lower part of this State manu- facture none of their own cloathing for themfelves or their negroes 1 for almoft every article of their ivearing apparel, as wtil as for their hiiibandry tools, they depend on their merchants, who import them from Great*Britain and the northern States. In the upper parts oF the country, however, the inhabitants manufacture the Llr.cf part of the*:* cloathing from cotton, hemp, and ilax ; and in general mani)« failures are on the increafe* , STATE OF LITEUATURE. The literature of this State, which is yet in its infancy, is cora» mencing on a plan which affords the moft flattering profpefts. It fcems to have been the defign of the legiflature of this State, as lar a» poflible, to unite their literary concerns, and provide for ti^em in common, that the whole might feel the benefit, and no part be mg- lefted or left a prey to party rage, private prejudices and coaten- tions, and confeqneiit ignorance, their infeparable attendant. For this purpofe, the literature of this biate, like its policy, appears to be confidered as one object, and in the fame manner lubjcd to com- mon and general regulations for the good of the wholo. The charter, containing their prefent fyftem of education, was palled in the year ■178(1. A college, with ample and liberal endowments, is inllituted in Louifville, a high and healthy part of the cuuntry, near the center of the State. There is alfo proviiion made ror the inftitu* tion of an academy in each county in the State, v> be jupportt-d from the fame funds, ^nd conHdered as parts and members of the faiiie in- fiitution, under the general fuperintendence and dirc£tion of a preli-* dent land board of truftees, appointed, for their literary accomphfli- ments, from the different parts of the State, invefted wnh tiic cufto- mary powers of corporations. The inftitutions tlui.-i compoied, and Vnited is denominated, *'■ The Univerliry of Georgia." That this body of literati, to whom is intrufted the direftion of the general literature of the State, may not be fo detached and in(!epen- dent, as not to pofTefs the confidence of the State i and, in order to fecure the attention and patronage of the principal oflicers of govern- ment, the governor and council, the fpeaker of the Kouie of Af- fembly, and the chief juftice of the State, are aflbciated with the board of truftee", in fome of the great and more folenm duties of ^heir office^ fuch as making the laws, appointing the prefident, fet- a-yS GENERAL DBftCRIPTIOM tllng the property, nnd inftituting academiei. Thus aflbciated, they arc denominated, " The Senate of the Uuiverfuy," and arc to hold a Hated, annual meeting, at which the governor of the State prcfulcs. The Senate appoint a board of commillloners in each county, for the particular management andHiiedlion uf the academy, and the other fchooh in each county, who arc to receive iheir inftrurtioni ! from, and arc accountable to the Senate. The re^or of ca^h academ// is an otticer of the univcrlity, to be appointed by the piefident, wiil^ the advice of the trudees, and commiirioned under the public fcal, and is to attend with the other officers at the annual meeting of the Senate, to deliberate on the general intereds of literature, and to de« termineon thecourfe of inftruiflion for the year, thnughout the uni« verfity. The prefident has the general charge and ovLrfight of the whole, and is from time to time to vilit them, to examine into their order and performances. The funds for the fupport of their inftitution are principally in lands, amounting in the whole to about fifty thoufand aqrcs, a great part of which is of the bed quality, and at prefent very valuable. There are alfo nearly fix thoufand pounds ilerling in bonds, houfct jind town lots in the town of Augufta. Other public property, ta the amount of one thoufand pounds in each county, has been fet apart for the purpofce of building and furnifliing their refpc(5tivp ficadcmics. ,; , .;>.,, CONSTITUTION. , , k, The prefent conftitution of this State was formed and eflablifhe^ in the year 1789, and is nearly upon the plan of the conftitution of the United Siafes, INDIANS. 'r The Mufliogec, or Creek Indiana, inhabit the middle part of thU State, and are the mod numerous tribe of Indians of any within the limits of the United States : their whole number fon|ie years fince was feventeen thoufand two hundred and eighty, of which five thou^ fand eight hundred and fixty were fighting men. They ar? compofe4 of various tribes, who, after bloody wars, thought it good policy to wnite and fupport themfelves againft the Chaftaws, &c. They co^- fift of the Appalachies, Alibamas, Abecas, Cawittaws, Coofas, Coin<> iliacks, Coofaey are fettled in a hilly but not; niountairtous country; the foil is fruitful in a high degree, u'ld wcif watered, abounding in creeks q;id livulets, from whence they &ro called the Creek Indians.* ; The Chaitaws, or flat heads, inhabit a very fine and extcnfive traft of hilly country, with large and fcitile plaiu.i intervening, Iwtweenl the Alabama and MilliiBppi rivers, in tlie weQern part of this 8t;>re. The nation had, not many years ago, forty- three towns ^md viliai^es, in three divilions, containing twelve thoufand one hii/irta au' twenty-three fouls, of Which four thoufand and forty-one wut: fight- ing men. •. . - The Chickafaws are fettled on the head brr^.irht'.) of the Tom* beckbec, Mobile, and Yazoo rivers, in tho n<,-.ih-weft corner of the * General M'Gillivray, the cclcbiareil >• l-.ief oF ttie Creeks, is a half-hlooded InJinm^ hii mother being a woman of high rank in thq^ Cieck nation. He was in hit;hly cf- tccmcd among them, that ihey in .\ formal nwnr.cr clci'lcd him their fovereign^ aild vefted him wit*h confidcrable powers. He has fcvcral filters married to leading; men among the Creeks. This gentleman would gladly have rcmaiued a citizen of the United States J but having fervcd under the I'ritilh liuring the late war, his property in Georgia, which was confiderabltf, was cr r.l'^fcated. This circumftancc induced him to retir* *«>iong his friends the Creeks^ fwce which he has been an ailive and walcus partifan in ' '*' jnoreAs mi ^!iee. a State. aSo GENERAL DESCRIPTION, Sct, State. Their country is an extenfive plain, tolerably well watered from Springs, and of a pretty good foil. They have feVen towns, the central one of which is in latitude 34*' a 3', and longitude 14" 30' . weft. The number of fouls in this nation have been Ibrmerly reck- . oned at one thciifand feven hundred and twenty-five, of which five hundred and fcventy-iive were fighting men* I I WE have how with candour and a fiiicere attachment to truth* iketched the hiftory of the feveral States in the fiederal union* In order to keep within the boilnds profcribed in the plan firft propofed, the accounts are refirained as far as pofiible to thofe fubje£ts which we confidered of the greateft importance, and we have aimed fo to arrange the various fubjeiSts as we truft will afford a fatisfa£tory anfwer to every queftion which the European inquirer may put refpefting the go- vernment, commerce, fociety, learning, &c. of the United States. To have entered intoa minute detail of every obje6lthatprefented itfelf to our view would have been comparatively ufelefs, it might have gratified the curiollty of a few, but the benefits would have been com^ paratively fmall to the public. To this we may add, that many of the fcenes would have been fliifting while under defcription, and the ob" jeft in itfelf imprafticable with refpeft to fome of the States. In fur- ther purfuing our plan, we fhall endeavour, I ft. To point out a few of the many advantages which America poflefiesover the different countries of Europe. 2d. What the advantages and profpeAs are which an European fettler has prefented to his view. Under this latter head we (hall aim to convey all th^ information we can obtain that may prove advanta-* geous in the pnfTage to, or on the arrival at, what we muft call a LAND OF LIBERTY. ;.<.»«* .,'j .t 11 '■ •* OP ( »8' ) OF THE ADVANTAGES WHICH THE UNITED STATES POSSESS OVER EUROPEAW COUNTRIES. which America w, IN RfisrsCT TO GOrERVMEllT. HILE the goveraments of moft coutxtries ia Europe are per* fe6tly defpotic, and while thofe which are nut ad^ally fuch, appear to he verging faft toivlird9 it, the government of America is maktfig rapid ftrides toward pecfe&ion ; it being contrary to all the old gp- vernments, in the hands of the people, they have exploded thofe priv- ciples by the operation of which civil and religious difqualificatioos and opprefllons have beep infli£led on mankind, and rejecting mere TOLEKATioN, they have, with a fmall exception, placed upon an equal footing eye^ chu|rdiifed, and foci^ty of religious perfons what- foeve^. . - -'^/ J.,, ^-.^.-it . . - . ,„ Their laws and .government have for their baiis the natural and imprefcrlptihl^ rights of man : liberty, iecurity of perfon and pro- perty, i;ei&{laQce,agaiuft oppreifioo, doing whatever does not injui;e another, ^ right to concur, ^ither perfonally or by their repre£ei>ta* tives, in the forqnation. of ^ws, and an e<■ \h: '\V. ■■\ J&i I- tiX -^tfi i^: 'liH;.3l ijll-)l» ,'• /( f : f; In TATES profpefUy of n only be co- mnter to the imtnonwcalth, difgracc and heart of every ihoritiesj and :o perplex pro- them has com" id produced an nd government, ;urope, has had :r8 of ignorance. ; TYUANNY ^F rogutJ 9f reUgiof>% ;d views have reftlthasbeento , them the undif- iuftrion* citueni, v^s grofs as their b^ a greater pre- fuming to arraign of which Is to be nftilt too gi-ofe to od morals, by af- gnlng knaves. )nfter*s deftroyed, n, and the people of their own paf- . reward the latter n all the focrid vir- leged, had become , will in America, are the reward of novvlcdgeandhap* ■ '**'? " ' OVER BUROIPEAN KAtlONfi* 2Sj In the United States, every mati who ie taxed has a vote in the ap« ^intment of the reprefentativcs of the State in which be refidei, m well as of the general governn.^nt. Thus thepecpi? have the prU vilege of objecting to fuch charaAers for their goverrors as have not the public approbation ; which has the good efted of producing harmony between the government and the peopie--of obliging men who afpire to the honours of their country to refpe£l: the public opU nion ; and is all the powers of government originate with, fo th«y revert to the people ; the judiciary they have referved to themfelvcf through the medium of juries. The legiflative they intruft to their reprefentatives who are eflentially the fame ; and the executive ema- nates from the legiflature, fo that the whole are ultimately refpon- fible to the people. The executive to the reprefentatives, and tbt reprefentatives to their conftituents* A free government has often been compared to a pyramid. Thtl allufion ii made with peculiar propriety in the fyftem of government adopted by the United States; it is laid on the broad bails of th« people ; its powers gradually rife^ while they are confined^ in pro* portion as they afcend.* When you examine all its parts, they will invariably be found to preferve that eflential mark of free govern* mentj and without which fuch a government cannot exift— a chain of conneftlon with the people. The advantages refulting from tbii fyflem^ [while they are great, will not be confined to the United States, it will draw from Europe many worthy characters who pant for the enjoyment of freedom. It will induce princes, in order to preferVe their fubje£ts, to reftore to them a portion of that liberty of which they have for many ages deprived them. It will be fubferviftnt to the great defigns of Providence with regard to this globe, the muU tiplicadort of mankind^ their improvement in knowledge, and their advancement in happinefst Nor are the immutable principles oil which the American govern^ ment is built, its only advantage to the people at large ; the fame fpirit thai: fixed It on the bafis of liberty has contributed to make the offices of government) poftsof honour and Hot of profit; hence the American government is adminiilered at an expenfe fo exceedingly trifling, that had the afFertioh been made of the praCticablenefs of it a few years back, it Would have obtained ho credit. It is a well*know(l faift, that the general government of America doers not amount to within forty thoufand pounds per annum of the finglifh penfion lift | and if the government of the feparate States are added to it, it Oo a will ^1^4 ADVAM¥A'd£* hi "k-Hfc tfMltfiD STATES will not make iti jtiidiHtitf ihtttto equal to what die Immmt of fitie* twc places wbttld niakid tb the penftoh lifl in Great-Britain j yet iAtn of chara£ter and aVilities are ndt wanting to All iti refpe^ive offices ; "but on the contrary, while the fpirit of the government^ by opening the channel of proilidtion to every individtiai, i< truly f^^ vourable to the growth of geniui, a virtuous ambition to be in- ftrumental in promoting' the happlneff of mankind, alwayi enfures a Efficient number of candidates for public confideneef III RESPECT or NATIONAL DlITt The debt of the United States is divided into two climes, foreign and domefttc. The foreign debt is compofed, in capital; of A 16an ihade in Frah'-e of twenty-four millions of livresat five per cent.} another made in Holland, under the guarantee of France, of ten millions dolii. at four per cent, both amounting in dollars to 6,296»296 Spain at five per cent. ... t •••••••• • r74»o»^ In Holland, in foox drflRBrent loans ..•••••• 3,600,000 Total capital . , . . 10,070,307 Intereft to December 31, 1789 i»65i,aS7 Total, capital and intcreft .......•*..* 11,7*1,564 Pomeftic (tebt liquidated, capital and intereft, to the 3 ill of December, 1790 *....«.•••• 4^f4i4)08> Kot liquidated, efiimatedat . . . •' • • a,ooo,oo» Total, foreign and domeftic ••..**•*..• 54,124,464 • In the profecution of the war wch individual ftate bad occaiion t» eontraa a debt of its own, which, for a variety of reafons, it wu thought beft that the Congrefs iliould a(1\mie and add to the general mafs of the debt of the United States. The fums thus aiTumed, which are fuppofed to abforb nearly the whole of all the ftate debts, amount .' in the whole to 25,000,000 $0 that the total amount of the prefent debt of the United States is 79,124,464 Annua! intcreft of this fum, «• ftipulated , 4tS^7>444 TATES lOMttt of fiftC- Britttln; yet it« refpcftive rernment, by i\, W truly fa* tlon to be in- vvayi enfures a clt^Tes, foreign )itaV, of n loan [ five per cent.; le. of ten millions ' doUi. . . 3,600,000 , , 10,070,307 ,,.. 1,651,257 . . ii,7»»»SH tbe . . 4«>»4»4.o85 , , . »,ooo,oo» . . 54,1*4.464 itehadoccaiionto of reafons, it wa» liddtothc general kthc . , . 7g,t«4»4^ . . . "587.444 OVfik'auILoPEAN NATI0K8. iS^ Thtti we fee that the AnMrieani pay lefs than a million fterling a year, itKludirtg the expeniea of their govetnnnent for having roain« tatned their tibeity ; While Great-Britain pays more than four niiU lions fterling additional, annual expenfe fbr having attempted to dt* prive them of it;' and by the meafures taken by the new go- vernment, the Americans are in a fair way not only to pay their in-* tereft, but to fink the principal of their debt, and that without di-« re6t taxation. Thus white ttve European governments draw annually from their fubje^ls at leafl one fourth of their bona fide property to defray the interefl of their publifr debt, the citizens of the United States are fcarce ienfible of any burthen arifing therefrom ; nay, on the coq« trary, in its prefent flate, it is to them a real national advantage.* KqtJALITT OF SITUATIOK. This is far from being the leafl oc the advantages which America poiTefTes over fiiiropean nations. lathe greater part of Europe the * If the fecrtt hiflory of the debt contraJbd in France were publi(hc(l, ii would dif* 4ovtr the origin 6i itkany fortunes which have aftonifhed us. It is certain, for inftancp, that M. de Vei'gennes difpbfed of thefe loans at pleafurri, caufed military ftoret and mer* dumdife tobe funniflKd by perfous attached to hini, and fufiiered not their accounts to .be difputed. It is a faiA, that in his accounts with Congiefs, there was one mUlion of livres that he never accounted for, after all the demands that were made to him. It U likewife a faA, that out of the forty-feven millions pretended to be fumilhed in the above articles by France toCongrcfsn the employment of twenty-one millions is without vouchers. '^' ' M. Beaumarch'aii, in it Aemoir publifhcd feme years ago, pretends to he the creditor •f Congrefs for millions. There is a report made to Congrefs by vifo refpeflable tieantthaa a regiment of Hefliant. dHlance 286 ADVANTAO«S OF THE UNITED StATEJ diAance between the higher And lower daflet of lociety U fo great, ai to beget on the part of the former a fiipercilioui haughtinefs, and almo0 total negled of all the facial virtues. The fituations in which the privileged ariftocracy of Europe are placed, may be coniidered at hotbedi of vice, ignorance, add folly— nurficd in principles of tyranny and fuperftition— born, as n)any of them are, to the enjoyment of unearned honours, and riches derived from plunder— placed in fitua« tions where they can gratify evciy luft and every brutal appetite, al- moft without controul — and enjoy every advantage that ought only to be the reward of virtue, without application to honeft indufiry, it is not to be wondered at that they are funk in the fcalc of rational beings, and degraded below the level of virtuous fociety. Perhaps a more contemptible figure cannot be imagined, if properly confidered, than what thisclafs of men in the general prefent to our view through- out Europe. Often' without a fingle-virtue, rolling at eafe in fplen- dor and profufion, preying upon the fruits of honeil induilry, and devolving the hard'eamed morfel of the virtuous peafant. But this is not all, their depravity of manners and boundlefs courfe of ' diffipation and debauchery, extend their baneful influence through all the lower clafles of fociety, and poifon all the channels of human happinefs. , In America, this clafs of men are unknown, the mais of inhabitants, exclufive of fervants, conftfts of thofe who poflefs in fee fimple from one hundred to five hundred acres of bnd, actually in cultivation, together with the tradefmen immediately dependent on agriculture, moft of whom'are Hkewife farmers, with the itorekeepers and mechanics in the different towns ; no part of focie^ preys on the ether, but all contribute to the general |bod. A mediocrity of fituation is common throughout the American States ; there are few, indeed, whofe incomes will reach two thoufand pounds ilerling per ann. and the number nearly as fmall, and perhaps fmaller, who are reduced to a dependent fituation. This happy medium is produc' tive of the moft beneiicial confequences to their morals and their happinefs ; it I'upports that fpirit of independence and love of liberty which laid the foundation of their government ; it keeps far diftant that fervility fo common to the lower orders of Europeans, and pre- ferves them from the mifery and wrctchednefs attendant on following the vices of the privileged orders. .'>,. ■S»MVi''-r>,. n ■ ■ ' I '^ -•^, ' , . ■ non « VARIETY ■ port: 1 %• 1 n^ fo great, as )&une(Sy and tns in which :onfidered aa :s of tyranny njoyment of aced in fitua^ appetite, al- ought only to induftry, it ia Ic of rational y. Perbap»» ly confidered, view through- eafe in fpien- neft induftry, I peaiant. But dlefs courfe ot luence through inels of human ,n, the nrafe of m poffefs in fee jnd, aauaUy in y dependent on the ftorekcepera ejy preys on the mediocrity of there are few, [ids fterling per mailer, who are diuro is produc- lorals and thcif d love of liberty keeps far diftant »peans, and pre- ant on following OVER EUROPEAN NATIONS. aS; VAIinTY OF CLIMATE, SOIL AND rK0DUCTt0N8. The United States poflefs in this refpeft an advantage over moft pf the European kingdoms, for they are not only fubjedt to the gra» dations from almoft extreme heat to extreme coUI, but feem capable of fupplying almoft all the produ£tions of the earth. Situated in the northern divifion of that extenfive por'tion of the globe, between the tbirty-firft and forty-fixth degrees of northern latitude; the extreme length of their territory is about one thoufand two hundred and fifty mHes, the breadth about one thoufand and forty. The fuperficiei tire computed to be fix hundred and forty million acres of land and water : afker deducing the fpace occupied by the capacious lakes and mighty rivers, which fertilize and accommodate this country, and occupy above a feventh part of i?s furface, there remain about five hundred and ninety millions of acres of fail land. In fo very extended a fcene as might be naturally expe^ed, the fruits of the earth are many and various : we find even in the prefei^t half-tried ftate of the capacities of the different foils and climates, a lift of invaluable productions, fome found by the firft difcoverers of the country, others introduced by mere accident, and others tranf* ported from Europe, during the fimple ftate of agriculture in the laft century. In the fouthern latitudes, particularly the States of Geor- gia, South-Carolina, and North-Carolina, rice, much fuperior to that of Italy or the Levant, is raifed in very great quantities. The comparative value of this grain is twenty-five per cimt. in the Englifli markets for the American, more than the Italian or Levant rice : and from the ample quantity and goodnefs of /'.merican rice, it appears that little, if any, Mediterranean rice is now imported into England, as it has for fome time been omitted in the general account of prices. The South>Carolina crop alone, of 1789, appears to have been above one hundred thoufand tierces, weighing fixty millions of pounds. It js expefted that \nrginia will add this article to her lift of exports, as k is fuppofed a large body of fwamp in her moft eaftern counties is capable of producing* it ; and mountain rice has been raifed by way of experiment in the new country near the head of the Ohio. Tobacco it a ftaple article of all the Sates, from Georgia as far north as Maryland, including both. Virginia alone, generally ex- ported before the revolution, fifty-five thoufand hogftieads, weighing fifty-five millions of pounds ; Maryland thirty thoufand hogflieads. Tb? parplinas and Georgia, which raifed but little of this article be- ; Li9 •88 ADVANTAGES 09 THE UNITED 9TATES fore the revolution, have, of late yean, produced very largp quan« titles i and as Virginia and Maryland are turpiog more of their at* tention to the cultivation of wheat, Indiwn corn, flax, and henp, the Carol inas and Georgia will probably extend the cultivatUm of thi^ plant, to which their foil and climate are well fuited. Thefoil qf Kentucky and the Cumberland and Tenneflee country feems a1^ tp be ennlnctitly calculated for the culture of this plant. Indigo, of an excellent quality, is produced by Norths-Carolina, South'Carolina, and Georgia. Of this valuable commodity,- one miU lion three hundred thoufand pounds weight have been (hipped froqi the city of Charlefton alone in one year : but this, and the other two •rticles before mentioned, are raifed in much lefs proportions in North-Carolina than in South-Carolina and Georgia. The uniform of the natir>nal troops h^s been hecctofore of blue doth, as alfo of tlie mUitia in general. Their clergy alfo by their cuiloms wear this co. lour, and it is generally liked among the moft frugal andmoft expen. $ve peo{de. Thefe circumilances will no doubt be duly attended |o in future laws and regulations, and will operate very favourably for the indigo planters, without any expenie to the country. ^ Cotton has been lately adopted as an article of culture i^ the Ibutbern States; and as the prices of rice, tobacco, and indigo de- cline, it muft be very beneficial to the owi:^ers and purcha£:rs of lands in that part of the Union. This article is raiied with eafe in Spain, every part of which kingdom lies funhernortb than tl^ Cap- linas, and in thelmie latitudes as Vu-ginia, Maryland, aqd the PeU- ware States. It is alfo raifed in Hm part of Afiatlp Turkey which list between Scanderoon an^ Smyrna, which arc in the latitudet of the three laft States. As the inhabitants incr«iafevesy rapidly by emig^- tkin and the courfe of nature, it is certain tbey canxvot proe ure vfool from their own internal refiources in fufiicient quantities^ T|ie pn-ners of cottoa plantations may therefore expf<^ aconft^ wiffnt denMnd for this article, as a fubftitute for wool, befi4** 4t»ordiQ^ Itfes for light goods. > Tar, pitch, and turpentine are produced in immenieqfAtttities '» Korth«Carolina, which State fhips more of the£s arficjef, particu- larly the luft, than all the reft of the Union. Tar ^n^ pitch arei alfo produced in the fouthern parts of Jeriiey, and vnwe or lefs.in aUnthe States fouthward of that. > Befidea thefe, myrtle wax, and thofe two iavaliiable twbettf tlw UvC'Oak M,d red cedar, ^re pecyiiar to ;he C^rolin^s and Georgia : and ' ' OVBR EUROPEAN NATIONS 289 Still ihey Imve tndlttti corn, hemp, flax, boards, fiaves, fli'mglcs, leather, hetf, pojk, butter, minerals, folfils, and many other ar- ticle* In eonitttott with the middle, or caftern States ; alfo Ikins, furs, ind ^ln(en^ httm their Indian country. Th« wheat mmtry of the United States lies in Virginia, Marj-- hni\, l^eUwfllf, i'« fiwe^ and the adjoining province of Maine, which is connected with Mnirflfhufetts, are the two moft plentiful fcenes : the flock there ileitis ttlmoft inexhauftible. In New-York they abound ; and in North'Carolina and Georgia, the pitch-pine plank, and fcantling, and mk ftaves, are excellent, efpecially in the former. The ftock fiH thefe articles on the Chefapeak and Delaware bays is more ex- hatjfted j but yet there is a great deal on the rivers of both for ex- ^firfatioil, befides abundance for home confumption. Confiderablc /jUfldfifics are alfo brought to the Charlefton market, but a large pfirt of flieni is from the adjacent States of Georgia and North-Ca- folifid. When their internal navigation fliall he improved. South- Cttfolitta will open new fources of thefe articles. Vg( and pearl allies, have become very valuable articles to the Iflnd-holdcrs and merchants of the United States ; but their im- |iei lance was unknown twenty years ago. A fingle fadt will illuftratc the wealth that may be aco»iired by this manufadvure. The State of Mrtlliit'bnfetts, which has been fettled twice as long as the other States 0(1 a medium, which contains about a fiftieth part of the territory of the United States, which is among the moll popxilous of them, and con- STATES ndcr them fti|l t ot the United Cai'olinas, and d mild winters id multiply very e care and attcn- ! generally good, principal objefts •azing, cattle are efe is, of courfe, itry can excel the ions. Their ex- ; raifing of cattle ut of whom have )ugh. Barley and t cultivated to the ention to barley, as ik, fcantling, and i ; but New-Hamp- 1 is connefted with es : the ftock there ^ abound ; and in ank, at\d fcantling, ormer. The ftock •e bays is more ex- rs of both for ex- tion. Confidcrablc larket, but a large rgia and North-Ca- )e improved. South- ible articles to the ites ; but their im- gle fadt will illuftrate iture. The State of igas the other States •t of the territory of ipulous of them, and con- OVER EUROPEAN NATIONS. 29I eohfequently muft have far lefs wood to fpare than many other parts of tht Union, has neverthelefs fliipped two hundred thoufand dollars worth of thefe two articles in a year. New-England and New- York have derived great advantage from their attention to pot and pearl aflies ; but it has hitherto been made in very inconfidcrable quantities in the States to the fouthward of them : in mod of them it has been en* tircly overlooked. New-Jerfey and Delaware have more forefts than MalTiKhufetts ; and as there is no part of either of thofe States that lies twenty-five miles from navigable water, they may venture to ex- pend their wood, and to depend upon coal. In the other fix States, which lie fouth of Hudfon's river, the materials for pot afli are im> menfe, as alfo in the State of New- York. A grand dependence of thecaftern States is their valuable fiflieries : a detail of thefe is unneceiTary. It is fufficient to fay, that with a fmall exception in favour of New-York, the whole great fea fifliery of the United States is carried on by New-England ; and it is in a variety of ways highly beneficial to their landed and manufadturing iatereftS. ' ' ' '•■■ ' ■'" ■ ' ■ ■' ■' ■ Iron is abundant throughout the Union, excepting New-England and the Delaware State, though the former are not deftitute of it^ and the latter can draw it as conveniently from the other States on the Delaware river, as if it were in her own bowels. Virginia is the State mofl pregnant with minerals and foffils of any in the Union. Deer Ikins and a variety of furs arc obtained by all the States from the Indian country, cither direftly or through the medium of their neighbours. Hitherto they have been exported in large quantities ; but from the rapid progrefs of American manufadlures, that exporta- tion muft diminifh. The article of pork, fo important in navigation and trade, merits particular notice. The plenty of maft or nuts of the oak and beech, in feme places, and of Indian corn every where, occafions it tobc very fine and abundant. Two names among them are pre-eminent, Burlington and Connefticut ; the firft of which is generally given to the pork of Pennfylvania, and the middle and northern parts of Jerfey ; the fecond is the quality of all the pork north of Jerfey. It may^bt fafely affirmed, that they are folly equal to the pork of Ireland and Britany, and much cheaper. Cider can be produced with eafe in confiderable quantities, from Virginia ioclufive, to the moil northern States, as alfo in the weftern Pp a country 392 ADVANTAGES OF THE UNITED STATES country of the Carolinas and Georgia; but Ncw-Jcrfcy aud Nev^* I: ngland liavc liitliciiu paid mod attention to this drink. An exquU fitc brandy is tliftillcd tiom the extcnfive peach orchards, which grow U})ou the numerous rivers of the Chcfapcak, and in parts of PennlyU vaiii.i, and luiiy be ui:idc in the greater part of the country. Silk lias bicii atteiuptL'd withfucccls in the fouthernmoft States, fo far au due attciuiou w.-.i paid to it j but is not well fuited to the na- ture of their labourers, who, being blacks, are not careful or flcilful; and there are many other objefts of more importance and profit in the agriculture of thofe fertile States. In ConneAicut, where u ;re is a fenhble and careful white population, and where land is comp^ jatively fcarce and dear, it is found to be practicable and beneficial. A project to extend the white Italian mulberry tree over all the States has been formed, by fome perfevering individuals acquainted with the propagation of them. A great part of Connedticut is already fupplied. An extcnfive nurfcry has been eftablifiied near Philadel- phia ; another at Princeton in New-Jerfey ; and two more are at this time conunenced on New-Yoik and Long-Iflands. Rye is produced generally through all the States north of the Ca. rolinas, and in the wellern parts of the three fouthcrn States. But the detail of American produdions, and the parts in which they moil abound, would be very long. It will therefore be fuiHcient to fay, that in addition to tlie above capital articles, the United States pro- duce or contain, flax-leed, fpelts, lime-ftone, alum, faltpetre, lead, copper, coal, free-flonc, marble, flone for wares, potters' clay, brick clay, a variety of (liip- timber, fliingles, holly, beech, poplar, curled maple, biacl; walnut, wild cherry, and other woods fuitable for ca- binet-makers, fliingles of cedar and cyprcfs, myrtle-wax, bees-wax, butter, tallow, hides, leather, tanners' bnrk, maple fugar, hops, uuifiard feed, potatoes, and all' the other principal vegetables ; apples, and uU the other principal fruits ; clover, and all the other principal grafliis. On the fubjeift of their produdtions it is only neceflary to add, that they muft be numerous, diverfified, and extremely valuable, as the various parts of their country lie in the lame latitude as Spain, Portugal, the middle and fouthern pro- vinces of France, the fertile ifland of Sicily, and the greater part of Italy, European and Afiatic Turkey, and the kingdom of China, which maintains by its own agriculture more paople than any coutry iii thtt world befide. ' , , . 'i „ . Trom OVER EUROPEAN NATIONS^ ••" * 29J iFrom thefe few obfervationi we may form fornc idea of the advai)« taget whicU the United States poflefs over moft Eurupeau counuicj ill thcfti refpeds ; it may be truly faid, that, there ii uot a luxury of nature but their foil is capable of yicldingf and which the climate ta one part ur other of their territory would not bring to pcrfediuiu They can cultivate with eafe every raw material for different manu> fdiftures which the furface of the earth yields, and its bowels yivld them every necefl'ary metal and foffil. Conncfted with this, we may mention another advnnnagc which the States poflefs ; this is the cafe with which the \v v^Ke of one State may be conveyed, by water, to another, with a very trivial addi- tion of expenfe. There is in this refped a ftriking difference between the navigable waters of the United States and thofe of any country in the old world. The Elbe is the only river in Europe which will permit a fea vcflel to fail up it for fo great a length as feventy miles. The Hudfon's, or North river, between the States of New-York and Ncw-Jerfey, is navigated by lea veflisls one hundred and eighty milea from the ocean ; the Delaware, between Pennfylvania, New-Jcrfey, and the Delaware State, one hundred and fixty miles ; the Poto- niack, between Virginia and Maryland, three hundred miles ; and there are feveral other rivers, bays, and founds, of extenlive naviga- tion, far exceeding the great river Elbe. The inland boatable vvatera and lakes are equally numerous and great. When we confider thcfe, and extend our ideas to the different canals already formed, and ftill forming, by which the moft impor- tant rivers arc, or will be united, we may venture to afl*ert, that no country in Europe docs, or poflibly can poflefs fo completely the ad- vantages of inland navigation ; by this the extremes of the confede- racy will become intimately united and acquainted with each other, and each State will reap fiom the produce of the whole nearly the lame advantage as though it poflefltd every refource within itfelf ; in- deed, no doubt can by a lefleding mind be entertained, but that the time is near when a communication by water will be opened with every part of the Union. In a country thus circumftanced, producing the great raw ma- teiials for manufadures, and pofl!efling unlimited powers, by water and refoiuces of fuel, fubjeft alfo to heavy charges upon the impor- tation of foreign fabrics, to negleft manufactures would have been almoft criminal. Thefe important ideas have taken full pofleffion of the American irind. The theory is now crery where approved; and ia New- t^6 ADVAilTAeftS OF THE UNITED STATES. New-England, F^nfylvania, and feverat other States, the praflice hal been taken up with coniiderable fpirit and very extenfively purfqed. Thefe are but a few of the advantages America poflefles over the ■different nations in Europe, but they are fnch a^ hzvt laid the foun- dation of her prefent, and which infure her future profperity. ~ Wefhallnow proceed to Aate as briefly as poffible the profpe^fg tiid advantages whidt the European fettler has almoft the certamty of realizing. «i '! ^"j;.!.iCi'?<-; !i"^fny-i -.'•iur' ..'x'-i U\'if 1 :■>{-" •ill''- .' r, ,. -f '\: I. .T.. .• ■:^■U•:m^■ •:. '.K'-'' f' ^' ''s/p :'-'?, .-'J ,-. }■ ,-1- ;;ci-/-.;i : ' ■: n-in, /.'> :;-;, , \l^-^i\)VC- iKii. '^r.'" :•• -.• '-'rV: -••.■•.' : .) i-.-Aii .■,.1 ' ' '*^ It* ■T-r .'' , - -^ i i ^9i ) .*,ij : I';; •:^- PROSPECTS AND ADVANTAQES PF AN .'J ;!. lOi^t ;I EUROPEAN SETTLER ■-',-. -1 ■■- I, ■i:rs: ,t-: • ;' IN THE UNITED STATES, B EFORE we enter on this part of the work, we wifli to premife to the reader that we Ihall proceed with caution. The numbers that have emigrated to America from this country have already awakened the fears of fome, and the envy of others ; and fome who appear confcious of the confeq\ieqces that muft follow from a fpirit of emi- gration, have thought it their duty to ftep forward, and by magni- fying trifling difliculties into infurmountable obftacles, attempt to put a ftop to a fyftem, which, though its eifefts are flow, are not the lefs fure in weakening the ftrength and refources of the European counties. Hence flight fkirmiflies with tl.e Indians have beer, magnified to the moft tremendous battles. The refiftance of a fmall portion of per- fons to the levying of a tax in one or two States has been worked up to a univerfal rebellion throughout the Union. A fever raging at Philadelphia for a fliort period, and which is now admitted to have originated in the expofure of damaged coffee, has been held forth as a proof of an unhealthy climate throughout the States ; and the intem- perate zeal of a few individuals has been confulered a fufficient proof that the whole body of Americans are averie to the prudent and temperate conduft of their government. The impreflions made on the public mind by thefe means have received additiouHl ftrength from a few individuals, who, like the fpies fent to view the land of Canaan, have, through idlf^efs, or attachment to European diifipa- lion, caft away the clufters of grapes, and returned with an evil re- port 294 PROSPECTS AND ADVANTAGES > port of the laad. If we credit thofe, the United States are ruined- trade is bnJ — every thing is dear — all is confufion — the people flaves —and the United States unable to furnifli employment or fupport to thofe who wifli there to take up their refidence. Thefe, and almoft ten thoufand other evils are conveyed to us through the medium of letters inferted in the daily papers dated from different parts of America, but which carry with them internal evidence of being the production of hireling fcribblers, employed for the purpofe of mif- leading the unthinking mind. In order therefore to follow this fubjeft through all its connec- tions, and to fct the profpedts of an European fettler in a clear point of view, it will be neceflary to proceed in the inquiry under fomG kind of fyftera, that its different parts may ftand clear and diftindt, and yet form one connefted whole. As an introduftory part it may therefore be neceflary to rcftify forae miftaken notions of European^ refpefting the Ameucan States. MISTAKEN NOTIO'NS OF EUROPEANS. ' Many perfons in Europe appear to have formed miftaken ideas and expeftations of what is to be obtained in America ; it may therefore \}Q ufeful, and prevent inconvenient, expenfive, and fruitlefs re- movals and voyages of improper perfons, to give fome clear and truer notions of that part of the world th^n appear to have hitherto pre- railed. It is imagined by numbers, that the inhabitants of North- America are rich, capable " rewarding, and difpofed to reward ail forts of ingenuity ; that they are at the fame time in a great degree ignorant of all the fciences ; 9nd confequently that ftrangei s polTelTing talents in the belles lettres, fine arts, 5:c. muft be highly efteemed, and fo well paid as to become ealily rich themfelves ; that there are alfo abundance of profitable offices to be difpofed of, which the natives are not qualified to fill ; and that having few jjtrlbns of family among them, Jiiangers ofhlrtb muft be greatly refpeCted, and of courfe eafiJy obtain the beft of thofe oflices, which will make all their fortunes ; that the governments too, to encourage emigrations from Europe, not only often pay the expenf'e of perfi)nal tranfportation, but give lands gratis to firangers, with negroes to v/ork for them, utcnfils of hulbandry, and flocks of cattle. Thefe are, in the general, wild ima- ginations ; and thofe who go to America with cxpedatious founded ppon them, w ill fiucly find themfelves difappointed. ThQ » ruined— :ople (laves fupport to and almoft he medium ent parts of >f being the pofc of nnif- l its connec- a clear point tinder (omc and diftin6t, y part it may of Europeans aken ideas and may therefore id fruitlefs re- clear and truer e hitherto pre- bF EUROPEAN SETTLERS. l^'J the truth is, that though there are in America few people ©f the dcfcription of the poor of Europe, there arc alfo very few that in Eu- rope wotild be called rich. It is rather, as before obfervcd, a jjeHeiid 5iappy mediofcrity that prevails. There are few great proprietors of tJje foil, and few tenants ; moft people cultivate their own lands, or foljuw fome handicra:ft or merchandife ; very few are rich enough to live J(Jly upon their rents or incomes, or to pay the high prices given in Europe for paintings, ftatues, archite^ure, and the ( ther works of art tbaf are niore curious than ufeful. Hence the natural geninfcs that hiive arifift in America, with fuch talents, have in general quitted that country for Europe, where they can be more fuitably rewarded. It is Xn\Q tliat letters and mathematical kncjv^bdge are in eflcem there, but tht?V are at the fame time more common than is apprehended ; there being already exifting numerous colleges or univerfitics, for the moft piire furniflied with Itarned prcfeflbrs,befides anumberof fmaller academief, Thefe educate many of their youth in the languages, and thofe fwl* tnces that qualify men for the profeffion of divinity, law, :.nd phyfit*. Strangers, indeed, are by no means excluded from exercil^n^ thelia profeffions ; and the quick increafe of inhabitants every whtre gi"(*s them nn almoft certainty of employ, which they have in coniil.yR ^■ith the natives. Of civil offices or employments there are fewj ne fupeifluous ones as in Europe; and it is a rule eftabliflied in fome of thg States, that no office fliould be vo profitable as to make it defirable fup the income. The thirty-fixth article of the conftittition of PennfylviUiift runs exprefsly in thefe words : " As every freeman, to preferve hii " independence, if he has not a fufficient eflate, ought to Imve ibflie " profeffion, calling, trade, or farm, whereby he ir.ay houeftly iub- " fift, there can be no necefllty for, nor ufe in eftablilliing offices of " profit ; the ufual effefts of which arc dependence and fervility, yri» ♦' becoming freemen in the polTeflbrs and *.xpe6lants, faction, eon» *' tention, coiTuption and diforder among the |>eopIe. Wheiefone, *' whenever an office, through incrtafe of fccs or otherwife, become! *' fo profitable as to occafion many to npply for it, the profits ought " to be lefTened by the legiflature." Thefe ideas prevailing more or Ids in all the Unitc^d States, It egn* not be worth any man's while to expatriate himfelf in hopes of ol>» taining a profitable civil office in America ; and as to military offices, they ended with the war, the armies bfcing dilbanded and reduced to % national militia. Much lefs is it advifcablc for a perfon to g(j ihilhtf who has no other quality to recommend him than his birth. \\\ Vol.. III. Q^q liuj 'P« 29^ PROSPfiGTS AKD advantages Europe it bas, indeed, iti value | but it ii A commodity tliat cannot be carried to a worfc irarlc«t thin to tint of America, where people do not inqi'iirc concerning a ftrangert pyhat it ht f or, ff%o is hef but Wljat can he do T If he hai any uf«ful art lie ii welcome ; and if be cxereifes it^ and behaves well, he will be refpe^ed by all that Iinow hull : but a rocfl man of quality, who on that account wants to live upon the public, by fome oiticc or falary, will be defpifed and di{^ regarded. The hufbandman is in honour there, and even tlie me- chanic, becaufe their employmunte nre ufeful. Tite people have a faying, that *' God Almighty ii himfclf a mechanic, the greateil in the univerfe :" and a man i» refpe^ed and itdmired more for the variety, ingenuity and utility of hil handy works, than for the anti< quity of his family. They are pl^aled with the obliervation of a Jicgro, and frequently mention it, that " Uoccarorra (meaning the white man) make de black man workee, iiiitke d^ horl'e worke ^ make de ox workee, make cbcry ting workee, o\\\y A^ hog. Hede hogi no workee ; he eat, he (kink, he walk ubout, be go to lleep when he pleafe, he libb like a gtHtUman," According to thefe opinions of the Americans, one of them would think himfelf more obliged to a genealogifl;, who could prove fot hiin, that his anceilors and relations, for ten generations, had been ploughmen, fmiths, car- ptnters, turners, weavers, tanners, or fljoeitiakers, and confe- quently, that they were \\{ whofe paflions have been ftronger, whofe rnorals have been lefs callous, or whofe intereft has furniflicd motives, to matrim 3ny, doubts whether each child be not a misfortune, an(l looks upon his offspring with a melarjcholy kind of afl'eAion, that embitters fome of the othervvife moft pleafurable moments of his life. There are exceptions to this from great fuccefs in the purfuits of the father ; there are exceptions from ftronger degrees of parental af- fed'tion; and the more fangu'ne look forward with ftronger hope: but we have feen too much not to be fatisfied of the perfed truth of this general pofttion. We do tiot care what may be the fituatlon in life of the parents, or the rank to which they belong ; from the la- bourer at fix or fcven fliillings per week, and many thoufands of fiich there are in Great-Britain, to the peer of twenty-*ne thoufand pounds per annum, through many intermediate ranks, wi have had too frequent occaiion to obfcive this melancholy faft. In the former inftancc, the labourer confoles himfeif, with tear« ill his eyes, for the lofs of his childien, becaufe he has one or more Icfs to provide for ; and in the fecond inftauce his lordfliip retrenches his pleafures becaufe he has a lar^e family. ' ,,,, In America, particularly out of the large towns, no man of mode- rate defires feels anxious about a family. In the country, where the mafs of the people dwell, every man feels the increafe of his family to be <^he increafe of his riches ; and no (arnier doubtsabout the , - . r . facility , and rogv ; moft wan-, lade. Nor .. Quarrels •eets. They ed fpies and to call forth omeftic quiet fas not a bur- 0 one ftaid in .-antages; bnt h as the finglc fear of the ex- .robahle, extra- . it is operily nature will al- ftronger, whofe irnillicd motives, miefortune, ani )f affeftion, tbat nents of his life, c purfuits of the :s of parental af- 1 ftronger hope: e perfea truth of le the fituation ia log; from the la- lany thoufands of -nty-^i'^R thoul'and Inks, Wi have had limfelf, with teatJ 1 he has one or more n-dflup retrenches no man of mode- lountry, where the Veafe of his family doubts about the facility OF EUROPEAN SETTLERS. JOI . Ikcility of providing for his children as comfortably as they have lived, where land is fo cheap and fo fertile, where fociety is fo mucU on an equality, and where the prodigious increafe of ix)puIation, from natural and accidental caufes, and the improving ilaie of every part of the country, furniflies a market for whatever fuperfluous pro-* duce he chufes to raife, without prefenting iriceflantly that tempta* tion to artiiicial expenfe and extravagant competition fo commuti and fo ruinous in European countries. In Great-Britain, perpetual exertion, incessant, unhe* REMITTING INDUSTRY, DAILY DEPRIVATION Of THE COM- FORTS OF LIFE, and anxious attention to minute frugality, are aU moft incumbent on a man of moderate fortune, and in the middle clafs of life ; and the probabilities of ultimate fuccefs are certainly* againft a large family. In England, no man has a right, calculating ypon the common chances, to expert that five or fix children fliali all fucceed, however virtuous or induftrious they may be. In America it is otherwife ; you may reafonably reckon upon a comfortable fettlement, according to your fituation in life, for every part of a family, however numerous. There is nothing in Eu- ropean countries equivalent to the taking off this weight upon the mind of a father of a family. It is felt in tlie occurro;ices of every day. Mr. Cooper remarks, he has fcen with pleafure the coun- tenance of an European emigrant, in America, brighten up on this very comfortable refleiStion; a refleftion which coiifules even for lofs of friends, and exile from a native country. To perfons in genteel life, and of the dais which we call men of fortune, nearly the fame difficulties occur : with us every rank treads fo clofe on the heels of the rank abo'c ir, that an excefs of expenfe flfove income^ is general ; and perhaps the difficulties of a family are ftill greater in the clafs laft mentioned. Temptations to unuecellary expenfe, owing to the numerous gradations of rank in England, are perpetual, and almoft unconquerable. With the Americans, wnx is more equitably appreciated ; he is ellimated more at what he //, and lefs at what he feems. Something like European manners, and fomelhing of the ill cffeft of inequality of liches, may indeed be found in the great towns of America, bin nothing like what an in- habitant of the old country experiences ; and the ff/tifs of the people in America are nearly untainted. Hence the freedom from artificial poverty, and the univer^l diffufion of the common comforts and ^oDveuiencics of life. In ' '1 JOa PHOSPECTS AND ADVANTAGES In England, if a man has been pecuniarily unfortunate, the eagfcf crowd prefs on and trample over him, and, once down, he is kept 4lown. In America, a falfe ftep is not irretrievable, there is room to get up again ; and the lefs unfortunate flumbler looks round at klAire, and without difniay, for fome more profitable path to be purlued. In England, every employment is full, we arc prefled and cllx)wed on all fides : in America, every employment has room for induftry, and for many years almoft every Ipecies of induftry niuft be fucccfsful. In fine, America is a rifing country, but there is cauic to fear, that moft of the European countries are going faft to ruin and decay. In America, the cxpenfes of tlie government are very much lefs, in proportion to wealth and numbers, than thofe of any nation in Europe. ••'':■,'- ■■ -h^^^--}--.. There is no land tax among the national revenues, lior is there any interior tax, or excife upon food, drink, fuel, lights, or any native or foreign manufafture, or native or foreign produftion, ex- cept a duty of about four pence fterling upon domeftic diftilled fj/trilg. The grcateft part of the public burdens are paid by an im- port dtity on foreign goods, which being drawn back on exporta- tion, it remains only on what is a^ually ufed, and is in that view the Joweft in the world. In England, there is fcarce an article that an individiKil can eat, drink or wear, but what is taxed double, treble, and fometimes more than what was its original intrinfic value. Trade has been encouraged by a drawback of all the import duty on foreign goods, when they are exported, excepting only a very few commodities of a particular nature, which are not delired to be touch imported into, or confumed in, the United States. A national mint is eftabliflied under the direftion of the ableft pra£lical man in the arts and fciences which America affords, Da- vid RiTTEN HOUSE, It is provided by law, that the purity and in- trinfic value of the filver coins fliall be equal to that of Spain, and of the gold coins to thofe of the ilrideft European nations. The govcrnrnsnt of the United States foregoes ail profi om the coinage; thi» is certainly an honeft, a politic at^d wholefone forbearance, but America is the firit that has adopted it. The banks eftablifhed in the feveral cities of Philadelphia, New- York, Bofton, Baltimore, Charlefton, Alexandria, &c. divide a profit #f feven and a half to eight and a half per cent, per annum * at prc- * More migbt be faid with truth, fcnt| the eagfet tit is kept ;S room to round at path to be )reffed and is room for :ry naift be • is caule to to ruin and y much lefs, iny nation m "nor is there ghts, or any )duftion, ex- leftic diftil'.ed ,aid by an \m- k on cxporta- i that view the article that an [ouble, treble, |c vaUie. ic import duty jg only a very ^t defired to be es. . of the ableft :a affords, D a- purity and in< of Spain, and nations. The ,m the coinage; )rbearaoce, bu| ^delphia, New- . divide a profit inn«m*atprc- fent, OV EUROPEAN SETTLERS. ^1^ Unt, which if paid hilf-yearly. The int«reft of the public debt of tli« Ultltfd States is paid every quarter of a year with a pundluality •bit'Ultl fltld p«rfidt. There is no tax on property in the funds aucl Th0 ntip'tniilding of the United States has been on the increafe CVfgr (ilte« tli« r«volution ; it was greater in the year 1793 than in any iWmfli- year (ince the fettlement of the country, and it is greater i(» iUi £iiri«itt yeir than it was in the laft. Generally fpeaking, the ur( of Aiip«buil(ling was never fo well undcrflood, never fo well exe- ewtstif mr Wii there ever, a time when fo many of the manufac- tmm l«quintt( for the furniture, tackle, apparel, and arming of vcf- k\»t wave tiitide in the United States. The vhUic of the mnnufadlures of the United States is certainly g)(iiitGr ihdil double the value of their exports in native commodities, uaU mmU gfcnter than the grofs value of all their imports, including thti nhm bf goods exported again. Theftf itiMitufadtures coiilift generally of articles of comfort, uti- lity Uild nem&ityi Articles of luxury, elegance and fliew, are not nnuutfit/tUifid in America, excepting a few kinds. Manufactures in geiiil «1 \me itlfrcuied very rapidly fince the commencement of the revuliifiofl wart uud particularly in the laft five years.* The fkports uf the United States have increafed in the lafl three yeRli from lout teeti to twenty per cent. f Thefe exports confiit, in ft gteat diPgrutf of the mod neceflary food of man, of working ani- mals, (ii)d uK mv materials, applicable to manufactures of the moft general ufiliiy and confumption. II .,1. The 9%pittti uf the United States are ilx times the amount of the nattdnnl tmna ttinl duties ; and the amount of the outward freight of the flllpi md veflels of the United States, at this time, is probably * H'^ulhfiltl HiMiufflAuret are carried on within the families of a!moft all the far- mfi^ mA fi\mttf<>f mij of a grcit proportion of the inhabitants of the villages anl t4Wn§> TItii |)til^iee )l Increafing tinder the animating influences of private interclt mi ptiMk fpifiti t li\ llw ihm Jrtari ending Sept, 30, 1793, they increafed from eighteen miUiotis »n4 en* ^ut^iier tsfwrny-fi* miltiuns uf dollars. II Th«8 )« (ittf rtttjr ddty upon tlie exportation of the produce of the earth, nor can fttfh linff t^C iiti|M«r(<'i on any exported commodities, but the exportation of produce mny be fuf|(i(tl«ti nt prohibited in cafes of neccffity or policy. Ptudu-i* snd till ullier merchandife may be frcfly exported in the fhips and veirels •f ftU fi»\\mii iltfi Uing alien encmiet, willwuc '^iCcriaiinatioii. § inorc^ I 1 1 ',i I ! 3^4 PROSPECTS AND ADVANTAGES more rhf n «qii«l to all their national taxes and duties. The inward frttf^,Ut If confiderable. The earnings of the fifliing veflels, in lieu of (m^htf nre alfo condderable. fiut the coafting freights are greater m '/iiUte than both the lad. All (Itipi and veflels flepart from the United States, fully laden, t%'iKpt\ng ti part of the 1 afl-Tndia traders ; and a large quantity of tonnfige i» employed in the coafting trade ; and a confiderable quan- tify ill the cod and whale fiflieries. Tnc Imports of the United States are lefs in value than the ex- port»» «ledu<'ling the outward freights of their own Ihips, which are rfiiirim\ ui goods, the nctt fales of their (hips to foreigners, and the pKi\i(}fty imported by migrators from foreign countries. *' The \ery great proportion of the imports, which confifts of ma- lt nfi»('t«) re* from raw materials, which America can produce, affords (ioaUmt iifld inviting opportunities to leflen the balance againft the INiirtd Slates in their trade with foreign countries, holds out a rrr^ t>i/ft h^U)c market to Ikilful and induftrious manufacturers in Ame- li(fi, itiid gives the moft flattering expedlations to the landholder »i((l fainier, of a very increafing demand for his produce, in U5>255 f » i The inward U, in Ucu of s arc greater • fully laden, e quantity of Icrable quan- ; than the ex- j8, which are ;ner8, and the onfifts of ma- "oduce, affordJ ncc againft the lolds out a cer^ \\xrai in Ame- th« landholder jduce, imobich n to the increafe viz. the conjiant hemfel-ves^ and a roanufaaures in 0 the fame tnxjo ceafed to exhibit id others of the fame two cau/es, neceffaries, in a 3dations, and in t chiefly of pri^^^ IS, with feme ar- uxuiy. Thefol- e of the principal ling the year end- ; embargo. OF EUROPEAN SETTLERS 305 3,145,1^5 Bu(hel8 of grain and pulfe, principally wheat, Indian corn, rye, beans and peas. 44,75s Horfes, horned cattle, mules, hogs and flieep. 1,469,723 Barrels of flour, meal, bifcuit and rice, reducing calks of various i'zes to the proportion of flour barrels. 146,909 Barrels of iar, pitch, turpentine and rofin. .116,803 Barrels of beef, pork, mutton, faufages, oyfters, tripe, &c. reducing cades of various fizes, to the proportion of beef and pork barrels. ^3 1,776 Barrels of dried and pickled fijih, reducing them to bar* rels of the fame fize. 948,115 Gallons of fpirits, diililled in the United States. 7,823 Tons, 12 cwts. and 141b. of pot and pearl aihes. 1 1 2,428 Hogfheads of tobacco. 60,646, J6 1 Feet of boards, plank and fcantling. 19,391! Tons of timber. j 18,374 Pieces of timber. '2 1,080 Cedar and oak fliip knees. Vfi93fi(>3 Shingles. 31,760,702 Staves and hoops. 191 Frames of houfes. 73,318 Oars, rafters for oars, and hand-fpikeSk 48,860 Shook or knock-down calks. 52,381 Hogflieads of flax feed. The exports of the year of which the above are a part, amounted to twenty-one millions of dollars ; biit the exports of the next foU lowing year, ending on September 30, 1 793, amounted to five mil- lions more, being twenty-fix millions of dollars. Provifions and raw materials have greatly increafed. Of flour alone there were (liipped one million and thirteen thoufand of calks. The imports of the United States are now generally brought di* reftly, and not' circuitoufly, from the countries which produced or manufaftured them. China, India Proper, the ifles of Bourbon and Mauritius, Good Hope, the foiithern fettlements of America and the Weft-Indies, the Wine iflands, and the countries on the Mediter- ranean and Baltic feas, Great-Britain and Ireland, France, the Ne- therlands and Germany, Spain and Portugal, Thus their commerce is diverfified and profperous, and confifls in importing for their own confumption, and for exportation, in the ex- porting, the coafting and inland trades, the Indian trade, manufac- Vol. Ill, R r tures. %y -^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 :.i 11.25 2.5 lAil2.8 US ^^ 1^ 1^ 12.2 us - u lluu % <^ .V^.'?^'^? ^ ^-J^ ..■»'' /; Photographic Sdences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 v ^ •^ \\ ^ \ ^"^ <^^ ^^^ ^v^ * \\ ;\ 306 PROSPECTS AND^ADVANTAGES tures, (hipping, the fiflieries, banking, and infursncei on (hipl cargoes, and houfes. There is no branch of commerce, foreign oi* domeflic, in which every diftridt, city, port and individual ii not equally entitled to be intercfted.* The commanders and other officers of American (hipinre deemed ikilful. and judicious ; from which caufe, combined with the good* •nefsof their fliips and of their equipment, infurancei upon their vefleli are generally made in Europe, upon the moft favourable term*, compared with the correfponding rifques on board of thi veiTeli of ^ther nations. The lawful intereft of money is fix per cent, per annum, in moft of the States ; in a few it is feven per cent. { in one it is five per cent. The poor taxes in the United States arc very fmall, owing to the facility with which every man and woman, and every child, who ii old enough to do the lighted work, can procure a comfortable fub* fiftence. The indiiflrious poor, if frugal and fober, often place themfelves in a few years above want. Horfes and cattle, and other ufeful beads, imported for breeding, are exempted by law from the import duty. The clothes, books, houfliold furniture, and the tooli or imple* ments of their trade or profeffion, brought by emigrators to Ame* rica, are exempted from the import duty, and they may begin their commerce, manufaftures, trades or agriculture, on the day of their arrival, upon the fame footing as a native citizen { and there it no .greater nor other tax upon foreigners or their property in the United States, than upon native citizens. Almoft evety known Chriflian church exifts in the United Stfltei ( as alfo the Hebrew church. There has not been a difpute between any two fe£ls or churches lince the revolution. There arc no tythcs; jiiarriage and burial fees, glebes, land rents, pew rents, monies at intereft and voluntary contributioiiG, are the principal meani of Aip* porting the clergy. Many of them are alfo prufciruri and teachers in * The (lavc traJc is a'loliftied, and Amcican ddtent CKniuJt lawfully be employed ■ tlierein, and in (omc inftances negroc flf.vcry ; in others they Imve HJujUeJ cffiwcii)!)! meafures for its certain, but gradual abolition. The jroportatjou pf (kvei U difeontl* nued, andean never be renewed, fo as to liucnupt the repife of Afiitdj orendiingfl the tranquillity of the United States. The Heady ufeof cffic-uifni6 ulteriirttlvcs lspre« ferred to the immediate application of rtiore ilrong remedies, 'u\ a tafe bf fu much Iflo* Syntary and uUrinfic importance. 4 fortable line of dealing, or trade, or manufacturing, or farming, ac« cording to their education, knowledge and qualifications. • America has not, indeed, many charms for ihe difiipated and voluptuous part of mankind, but very many, indeed, for the n- tional, fober-minded and difcreet. It is a country which affords great opportunities of comfort and profperity to people of good property, and thofe of moderate property, and to the induftrious and honef^ poor : a lingular and pleafing proof of which laft aflertion is, that there are very few, if any day labourers in the city and liberties of Phi- ladelphia, of the Quaker church. That religious fociety is very nu« merous; but the fobriety, induftry, and frugality which they praftife, enables their poor quickly to improve their condition, in a country fo favourable to the pooreft members of the commxH nity. ' • i That part of the tradefmen and manufafturers who live in the country, generally refide on fmall lots and farms, of from one acre ' to twenty, and not a few upon farms of twenty to one hundred and fifty acres, which they cultivate at leifure times with their own hands, their wives, children, fervants, and apprentices, and fometimes by hired labourers, or by letting out fields for a part of the produce to fome neighbour, who has time or farm hands not fully employed. This union of manufactures and farming is found to be very conve« '* It is probable that all the jewels and diamonds worn by the citizens of the United , States, their wives and daughters, are Icfs in value than thofe which fometitnes form a prt of the dvcfi of ia individual in fcvera) countries of Eui^opc* ^ ■ -"*■.' nient OF EUROPEAN SETTLERS. 309 nient on the grain farms, but it is ftill more convenient 6n the gra- zing and grafs farmS) where parts of almoft every day, and a great part of every year, can be fpared from the bufinefs of the farm, and employed in fome mechanical, handycraft, or manufacturing bufi* nefs. Thefe perfons often make domeftic and farming carriages, im- plements, and utenfils, build houfes and barns, tan leather, manu- hStare hats, (hoes, hoiiery, cabinet work, and other articles of cloathing and furniture, to the great convenience and advantage of the neighbourhood. In like manner i'ome of the farmers at leifure times and proper fcafons, manufacture nails, pot afl), pearl a(h« fiaves and heading, hoops and hand fpikes, axe handles, maple fugar, &c. The mofl: judicious planters in the fouthern States are in- duftrioufly inftruCting their negroes, particularly the young, the old, the iniirn?; and the females, in manufactures. ' A large proportion of the moft fuccefsful manufacturers in the United States are perfons who were journeymen, and in fome in« ftances foremen in the workihops and manufactories of Europe, who having been fkilful, fober, and frugal, and having thus faved a little money, have fet up for themfelves with great advantage in America, and few have failed to fucceed. From this brief fketch we may juHly draw this concluHon, that the advantages America offers to European emigrants are fuch as no country befide can hold forth. , , > OK THE CHOICE OF RESIDENCE. SuppoGng an individual from political fentiments or other circum- fiances, to have formed a refolution of taking up his refidence in the United States, a queftion will naturally arife, what part of America is heft adapted to his purpofe ? The anfwer to this queftion will certainly depend much on the difpofition, circumftances, and pur- fuits of the perfon himfelf. Some few circumftances may, however, influence neaHy the whole clafs of Englifti emigrants. Quitting a country where the church is forced into an unnatural connection with the ftate, and where religious opinions are the fub« jeCt of popular obloquy, and civil difqualifications ; fuch will feek in America an afylum from civil perfecution and religious intole- rance—fome fpot where they will fuffer no defalcation in political rights, on account of theological opinions, and where they may be permitted to enjoy a perfeCt freedom oifptKh ^ well as of fcntimet t, CQ giQ PROSPECTS AND ADVAN^TAGES on the t^o moll important fubjeds of human inquiry, religion and politics. A* the people of England have oppofed the fyftcm of negroe fla- Vcry, the moft part will have very ftrong, if not infuperable objeftions, to thofe parts of the continent where flaves are the only fervants to be procorcd, and where the praftice of the country tends to fupport this humiliating diflindion between man and man. But as labourers in huftandry, as well as for domeftic purpofes, will be neceflary, fome fituation muft he chofen where iervants may be procured with tole- rable facility, although flavery do not prevail. As the period of civil commotion and internal warfare, feems in the opinion of moft perfons, not far diftant in almoft ever}' part of Europe, fuch would wifli, we fnppofe, to fix in a place where they are likely to enjoy the bleflings of peace, without the hazard of in- terruption from any circumilances atprefent to be forefeen. Dreading the profpedV, however diftant, of turbulence and bloodftied in the old country, they will hardly expofe themfelves unneceflarily to fimilar dangers in the new ; they will therefore not direni of removing farther and farther back as the country becomes fettled, for the fake of hunting, and what they call range for their cattle, which is that of feeding upon the natural grafs, that they ijpem ud* qualified for any other kind of life. This is favourable to the fettling a wild and infant country i and no doubt this difpofitfon will laft» with fome, as long as there is left a wildernefs in America. It is however certain, that this is advantageous to fociety, which will be bet- tered and dot hindered by fuch peculiar habits, fo long as they have new countries to people ; for this adventuroi>s fpirit tends to accele- rate the propagation of domeftic animals of every fort. Ferfons of moderate fortune, upon taking pofleifibn of the land thejr intend to form into a plantation, will, doubtlefs, procure fuch a ftock a^ their circumftances will admit, and the extent of their^obj.e6l requires ; but let us fuppofe an induftrious man already provided with the ne- ceflary tools for his agricultural employment, and a little money to buy ftock. In fuch a fituadon, after building a log-houfe, which will coft him little more than his labour^* he will procure fome dunghill fowls* a cow, and a breeding fbw. ' Thefe animals are very prolific in this climate and foil ; and it is BOt a fanguine calculation to fuppofe the fow will have eight or tea pigs at each litter; by which mtians the family will havei pork fuffi- cient for the next year, and the year after they may barter bacon for beef and mutton, which we will conclude their circumftances have hot permitted them as yet to purchafe, though both may be eafily procured at a moderate price. His labour will have provided him with com before this thne, and in the extenfion of his plantation, and the increafe of his cow and hogs, his difficulties will be over. The in- creafing ratio of ftock is prodigious^ where provifion for them cofts fo little as it does here, and where the fertility of the foil is fo wonder-. * A log-houfe is very Toon erefled, and in confequencc of the friendly difpcltioa which exifts among thofe.hofpicable people, every neighbour will come to the afliftance of each other upon occaiions of emergency. Sometimes thi^y are built of round logs entii^y, covered with rived afti ftiingles, and the interflices flopped with clay, or lime and fand, to keep out the weather. A houfe of this fort may be made as comfortable and elegant as any other kind of building, and is therefore the moft convenient, as it may be eiefted in fuch a manner as to anfwer the circumftancci of all dcfcriptions of pcrfonj. '.ituixiil ■ T t a ' \ fill, 324. l^ROSPECTS AND ADVANTAGES ful, that it umply repays the labourer for his toil ; if the large trees are not very numerous, and a large proportion of them the fugar maple, which is very common, they are an advantage to the fetlter ; it is very likely from imperfedt cultivation, that the ground will yield from fifty to fixty bulhels of corn to the here. The fecond crop will be more ample ; and as the (hade is removed by cutting the timber away, great part of the land will produce from feventy to one hundred bufliels of corn from an acre* This will enable the farmer who has but a fmall capital, to tncreafe his weakh in a moft rapid manner.*^ His cattle and hogs will find fuificient food in the woods, not only for them to fubfift upon, but to fatten them. His cows want no provender the greateft part of the year, except cane and wild clover ; but he may afford to feed them with corn the fecond year, if be finds it neceflaiy. His garden, with little attendance, will produce him all the culiDaiy roots and vegetables neceflary for his table ; and the prolific incnafe of his hogs and poultry will furniih him without fear of injuring his flock, with a plenty of animal food ; and in three or four years his flock of cattle and fbeep will prove fufficient to fupply him with both beef and mutton, and he may continue his plan at the fame time of increafing his flock of thofe ufefiil animals. By tht fourth year, provided he is induflrious, he may have his plantation in fuffici- ent good order to build a better houfe, which he can do either of flonr, brick, or a framed wooden building, the principal articles of which will cojH him little more than the labour of himfelf and domeftics ; and he may readily barter or fell fome part of the fuperfiuous produc< tions of his farm, which it will by this time afford, and procure fuch things as he may fland in need of for the completion of his building. Apples, peaches, pears, &c. &c. he ought to plant when he finds a foil or eligible fituation to place them in, as that will not hinder, or in any degree divert him from the objed of his aggrandizement. A few years of induftry will now nuike him a roan of property, and infure his comfort and independence for the remnant of his life, and lay R firm foundation for the future opulence of his family. We have taken no notice of the game he might kill, as it is more a facrifice of time to an induflrious man than any real advantage. The befl proof of the truth of thefe remarks is the pafl progrefs of the fettlement of this country, from dirty flations or forts, and finoaky huts, into fertile fields, blufhing orchards, pleaiant gardens, *(A. ^ By wealth i;> meant the comforts of life. luxuriant OF EUROPEAN SETTLERS. 325 )f them vantage n, that :orn to le (hade the land from an apital, to and hogs to fubiift le greateik y afford to Jary. His le culinary [ic incnpafe njuring his iir years his y him with It the fame ^ thft fourth i>n in fuffici- icrof ftone, esof which domeftics ; lous produc* trocure i'uch [his building. |en he finds a It hinder, or |izement. A iroperty, and his life, and ly. We have a facrifice of Inxuriant fugar groves, neat and commodious houfes, rifing villages, and trading townsw Ten years have produced a difference in the po- pulation and comforts of this country, which to be pourtrayed in jiift colours would appear marvellous. To have implicit faith or be- lief that fuch things have happened, it isfirft neceffary to be a fpeAa- tor of fuch events. We have entered into thefe feveral minutise in order to afford as clear a view as polfible to the individual who wiflies to depend on the farm for his fupport, of what part of the continent he is moit likely to fucceed, agreeable to the plan he may chufe to mark out for himfelf ; in doing' this, we have aimed at but one obje£t, viz. to convey information. In thofe iituations far from towns and feaports, and which may be confidered as but one remove from the favage wildemefs, the difficul- ties to an European fettler, no doubt, appear greater than they really arc, and the contrafl of the inhabitants with thofe of European States is greater flill ; the American farmer has more fimplicity and ho- nefty — we more art and chicanery — they have more of nature, and we more of the world. Nature, indeed, formed our features and intel- lefts very much alike, but while we have metamorphofed the one, and contaminated the other, they have retained and preferved the natural fymbols of both. While motives fuitable to the fituation of life d\n& the man who depends on the earth forfupport, what part of the States to fix his refidence in ; men who have to depend on their efforts in trade, or their exertions, in mechanics and manufadtures, the fine arts, or what are termed in Europe the learned profelllons, mufi: be dirc6^ed by different circumflances. The mechanic and manufadturer, whe- ther he is by the advantage of property enabled to begin bufinefs as a mailer, or being deilicute of it, is neceifitated to labour as a jour- neyman, muft take up his rcfidence in large cities or towns. With hi^ the progiefs of arts dod manufiiAures, the flate of fociety, the price of provifions, &c. ^e the principal objects of inquiry. Law- yers and phyticians mufl likewife make thefe the places of their refi- dence; for with refpeft to the former, whether his line of bufinefs is that of a conveyancer, a notary, or folicitor, no place of any other defcription can find him employ, as his whole fupport muft be drawn from the commerce, or the vices and follies of mankind. With refpe6t to theJatter, Britain, fuch as Btrmiogham, Briflol, Li- verpool, Manchefier, &c. , New -York, for inftance, is the perfeft coimterpart of Liverpool i the fituation of the docks, the form of ftreets, the fiate of the publk buildings, the inlide as well as the outfide of the houfes, the manners, the amufements, the mode of living among the expeofivc part of the inhabitants , all thefe circumftances arc as nearly alike in the towns laft mentioned as poffible. In all the American towns above noticedj there are theatres and aflemblies ; they are, in fliort, precifely what the larger and more opulent provincial towns of Great-Britain are. Hence alfo we may eafily conceive, that European comforts and con> veniences are not fcarce. In fadt, we may find in Philadelphia or New>York, every article of that defcription ufually kept in the fliop^ in the Englifli towns referred to, in equal plenty, but not, indeed^, equally cheap. To the price of all articles of luxurious furniture, pi£rures, pier glalTes, carpets, &c. add one-third to the Englifli price, and you have the full American price. Houfe rent is alfo much the fame as in the places hitherto compared ; if any thing, fomewhat dearer in America for houfes of the fame fize and conveni- ence. The houfes in the one fet of towns as in the other, are built of brick and ftone. In the country, houfe»«f equal convenience are as cheap as in the country of Great-Britain. Provifions, milk and butter excepted, at Philadelphia and fouth' ward, are a full third cheaper than in fimilar places of Great-Britain. Butter, in Bofton and New- York, is cheaper than in Philadelphia, where it is from eleven-pence, to one Ihilling and three-pence per pound. Cheefe about the fame price as in England, but perhaps not fo good. Fireing in the great towas very dear, a chord of hiccory wood, eight feet by four feet, aifd four feet, felling in Phi- ladelphia and New- York, in the winter, at feven dollars. In the country it would be about one dollar and a half. In the fettled country, however, from fifteen to two hundred and. fifty miles from the large towns, the ftate of fociety, and the (Vyle of living, is preferable to the country life of Great-Britain. With refpcdt to the federal city, or, as it is called, the city of Waih' ington, though it may in time become the rival even of Philadelphia, we cannot but doubt the fuccefi of manufa^uren and artifls of any - .- .kind OF EUROPEAN SETTLERS. 327 kiad #ho fliouhl take up their refidence there for fotne fears to come, chofe in the building line and 'the manufa6hire of houfehold lumi*' mre excepted. Having thui briefly attempted to point out the moft eligible fitua- tion for European fettlen, it is necelTary to attend to another qnef- tion which may naturally be afked; and to which w$ fliall aim to give as fatisfa£bory a reply as poffible. WI|AT CLASS OF lUROFHAN CITIZENS WILL FIND IT THEIR INTEREST TO FIX THEIR RESIDENCE |N THE yMITED STATES i One remark, by way of anfwer, may be confidered as general. America is not a place futted for the idle, the profligate, the debauchee, nor the diflipated of any clafs; it is far from a congenial foil for what is termed in Europe a man of pleafnre. Thefe poifonous and obnosdous animals in the form of man, will find but little encouragement in the United States ; the minds of the federal Americans are not corrupted by European fyftems fufliciently to give a welcome to chara^ers of this (lamp, but, on the contrary, they are held in the deteftation they merit. In America, the terms honour and pleafure have diiferene meanings affixed to them than in England ; a man can claim no ho« notir from his birth or his riches in that cou.itry; integrity and ability are the only paths that can lead him to that goal. And with refpe£t to pleafures, the great body of the Americans know of none, but what arife from the pra£tice of virtue. Thus their pleafures ftrengthen the ties of fociety, and contrary to what aie called by that name iu England, add to the flock of human happinefs, inflead of incceafing its mifery and wretchednefs. While charaders of the above defcription will not find any advan- tage in migrating to America, few virtuous and induftrious perfons will find themfelves dii'appointed in their expedtations of at Icaft a comfortable provifion in their own lineof bufinefs, though in this re^ fpeft fome will have advantage over others. Merchants, tradefmen, and ftiopkeepers will find moft of the large towns in the different States eligible fituations ; in general, they afford good water carriage for goods of all kinds, and are well (ituaced tor an extenfive connedtion with the back countries. Men of this de- fcription, though it is not abiolutely necefl'ary, will yet find it their advaiftage to ferve a kind Of local apprenticefliip, for whatever be the pre- 5^S PR08P1CT8 AND ADVANTAGES f rjnovi cooneAiom or circumftancci wbicb bdnoe them to go thither, time it McaAiy lo acquire* fuflkient knowledge of the halnts endmm- bcrt of the peoj^e, of the charaAers and fituationt of thofe with whom they are to deal, of the channels of commerae, the article! of bar- ter, and the other details of bufiuefa, which notlung but aAual refidence and l6cal invefiigation can fupply. With this, noperfonofgood charaAer and recomnoeodatton, with credit on the old country, can fdil to fucceed in the new. Succeff, however, will be much aoceIe« rated by a knowledge of the German and French languages, m Fenn- fylvania and New-York States m particular. In Philadelphia every fiorekeeper has the name of hts firm and trade written in German as well as Engliih. Mailer workmen in every manufit^ring and mechanical art, ex- cept thofe of fuperfluous or luxurious kinds, with their journeymen ar.d labourers, muft fucceed here. .The freight, infurance, and other charges of a voyage of three thoufand miles, and the duties laid there, operate greatly in favour of American fabrics. Mannfac^ tures by fire, water, and emigrating workmen, muft fucceed even in the moft agricultural of their States, and will meet with every en- couragement in the New- England and o(ber States, whole lands are nearly full. A regard for the republican manners of the country, and juftice to Europeans, render it a duty to warn the manulaAurers of fuperfluous and luxurious articles, not to emigrate to the United States. Gold, filver, and other laces, embroidety, jewelleiy, rich iilks and lilk velvets, fine cambrics, fine lawns, fine muflins, and articles of that expenfive nature, have few wearers there, and thofe who do wear them, have a predilection in favom' of European and other foreign articles. There can be no doubt of the fuccefs of a glafs manufactory, a gun- powder manufactory, a manufactory of all the heavy kinds of iron work, fuch as callings from the ore, bar iron, pig iron, rolling mills, flitting mills, and the making of nails, and of every article ii> the flupping line : woollen, linen, except in the heavy and coarle articles, and cotton manufactures, are perhaps dubious, owing to the want of hands, though the latter has been attended to with fuccefs. j We be- lieve that no Ibap boiler, hatter, gunfmith, tallow chandler, white- fmith and blackfmith, brafs founder, wheelwright, cabinet maker, carpenter, mafon, bricklayer, taylor, flioemaker, cooper, tanner, currier, maltfter, brewer, diftiUer, failmaker, ropemaker, printer ai)d bookbinder, whether matter or journeyman} can mifs of em- ployment irt, ex^ 'At and e duties cd evea ivcry en- ,andsaE^ country, fodurers oUn'ttcd !ry, rich lin8» and itid thofe tn aii(l OF EUROPEAN SETTLERS. 329 ployment there. Even filverfmitht and watchmakers will find the ftatt of Ibciety not unfavourable to their trade. Of filverfiniths, mafteri and journeymeni there are reckoned about four hundred in Phila* delphia alone. It it impradlicable to enumerate every trade ; but in general, without fear of erring, we may conclude, that ail ihof* of common ufe are now, and will long continue to be in demand there. The wages of journeymen are conlidernbly higher than in Europe, and the money of a working man will certainly go tar* ther. The profeflion of the law is not fo different in any of the States in America, from what it is in England, as not to afford a fair chance of fuccefs to any lawyer from the old country, who will fpend a coupla of years in attaining the pra^ice, and the knowledge peculiar to, and neceflary for the particular flate in which he wiflies to a£t. The feet are much the fame as in England. The reports of cafes determined in England are authority, but not precedent. They have great weight, and are generally decidve, but they are open to obfervationi to animadverfion, and contradiction. The law, however, is a faihionable, and therefore a full profeffion in America, and we doubt whether an Englilh lawyer will, in general, mend his pecuniary fituation by removing there ; the lawyers of great pra£tice, who all aft as attornies, get from five hundred to two thoufand pounds cur- rency a year. We believe the prohts of none exceed three thoufand pounds. German and French, if not abfolutely neceffary, are very convenient to an American lawyer. The profeflion of phyfic is well filled in America, but there arc many foreigners who pra^ife: the profeflion we believe is open, but, unlefs in the cafe of a German or French pra£titicner among the inhabitants who fpeak Englifh imperfectly, the American pby- ficians have, and perhaps juftly, the preference. Surgeons are not fo experienced as in Europe, nor, indeed, do furgical cafes fo fre« quently occur. The poor are lefs expofed to accident and difeafct and therefore hofpital practice is not inftrui^ive there. With refped to divinity, the States certainly are already in the pofleflion of teachers, who, for ability, faithfulnefs, piety, and vir- tue, are inferior to none. Of this clafs of men in the United State*, we find none of thofe idle, difllpated, debauched characters which European eftablifliments fofter and cherifli. There are no lordly priefts rolling in affluence, preying on the vitals of the poor, and opprefltng thofe they were appointed to infiruft* There are non« Vol. III. Uu thai; 330 PROSPBCfS AND ADVANTAdSS that can tyrannife over the confcience of man, and hurl the thunderi of a i'piritual in^uifition around his head, for not believing nonfenfi. cal dogmas, or fubmitting to their tyrannic fway.— No, the mintfters of the gofpel in America cbim no lordfhip over the church, but are what they ought to be, inftruAors and examples of the people ; and as there are no tithes nor livings, independent of the people, through- out the States, but on the contrary, the falaries of minifters are en- tirely dependent on them, and in general not very large, there can be few temptations to men to embrace the miniftiy from improper motives. Many divines of different denominations have, however, quitted Europe forAmerica ; and where charafter and ability have been blended, they have invariably fucceedcd. Certain it is, that where a man is ambitious of becoming ufeful in fpreading the gofpel, no part of the world feems better adapted to gratify his wiflics; an extenfive back country, where there are few or no mini(^ers, and an extenfive Indian miflion, prefent themfelves to his view, independent of fettled towns and cities, where a variety of fentiments and increafing poj^u* Jation are certainly favourable to the fettlemert of a number of mi- nifters. Thofe divines who emigrate from Europe, will probably fucceed beft who blend with the miiiifterial charadter that of a fchooU mailer, a character much in requeft in every part of the American continent. With refpeft to literary men, it is to be obferved, that in America there is not as yet what may be called a clafs of fociety, to whom this denomination will apply ; fuch, for inftance, as is to be found in Great-Britain, and, indeed, in moft of the old countries of Europe. A clafs who^ profeflion is literature, and among whom the branches of knowledge are divided and fubdivided with great mi- nutenefs, each individual taking and purfuing his feparate depart- ment. Literature in America is, in general, an amufement only, collateral to the occupation of the perfoa who attends to it. In £a* rope. It is a trade, a means of liveKhtfod. • > ' ' ' Certainly the Americans are not inferior in abilities to the Europe- ans ; they are comparatively an infant fociety, Ind their numbers are comparatively few ; and yet old as Great-Britain is in experience, abounding in her eftablifhments for the promotion of learning, pre- eminent in reputation, and gigantic in her attainments of knowledge and fcience of all kinds, the ftripilng of the new world, has taught hec war by Wafliington, and philofophy by Franklin. Rittenhoufe ranks with the beft JBritiib mathematicians and aftronomers. European di- ,*n: i . plonaatift« OF BUROPEAK 8Ef TtERS. 33t Linden nfend- linH^eri but are ie ; and nrough- are en- lere can mproper lowever, Lave been t where a , no part extenfive extcnfive t of fettled Sng po^u- t)erof mi- 1 probably f a fchool- American in America , to whom IS U to ^ lountrks of long whom h great mi- ate depart- iment only, it. InEo- he Europe- numbers are experience, irning, pw* Vnowledgc [• taught hec ihoufc ranks iuropean di- plomatifti ploRiatiih have (hrunk before the reafoningt of JeflMba ; and the Utcft and aruteft of our political philofophert are fpore than fuiy)P<^ed of being the difciplea only of Paine and Barlow, mhtite knowledge ii natorioufly the produce of the American (chool— but though npt in abilitiei, the Americana are inferior to Europeanf in the opportuni- tiei of knowledge { their librariei are fcanty, their collections are al« noft entirely of modem books ; they do not contain the means of tncing the hiftury ot queftions : this in a want which the literary poople feel very much, and which it will take fonie years effectually to remedy, notwithftanding the exertions that have been made, and are making, to accomplifli it ; the convulfed ftate of Europe, and the increafing profperity of America, will, however, contribute rapidly (ft improve their Otuation in this refpeCt. There is another circumftance alfo which has hitherto tended to keep back the progrefs of letters with the Americans* The war brought on much individual, as well as national poverty ; neceflity therefore, as well as the habitual indufiry and frugality of the people, led every Ixxly to attend to commercial purfuits, and their attention was abforbed in the improvement rather of their p6ckett than of their minds. But a great change has taken place, and ere long a new generation will arife, and it is riflng, who will be enabled* by the exertions of their parents, to difpenfe with inceiTant labour--* they will begin to feel the want of, and they will imbibe a tafte for li- terature, philofophy, and the fine arts ; the ufeful fciences will find their votaries as numerous and fuccefsful in America as in Europe ; even at prefent the literati of the old continent will eallly find conge- nial fociety in moft of the great towns of tlie United States. From what has been faid, it may be doubted whether a man of large income can pleafantly fpend it in America. A large income is not, indeed, fo eafily fpent there, as in Europe ; there are not fuch variety, nor fuch expenfive amuCements ; nor does an expenfive ftyle of living procure fo much refpeft there as in Great-Britain.* As we have before obferved, it is not the place for a man of pleafure, inour acceptation of the word. , A man may, however, enjoy all th^ focial comforts of life as well as thofe •f a more enlarged kind ; he ' may likewife increafe his fortune either by judicious purchafes of * Mr. Cooper obfcrves, he could not find on inquiry that the moft expenfive per- fons in Philadelphia and New- York, lived at aii expcnfe beyond two tUoufand f ouu^l fterllng a year. • . . , • Uu » landj '33* PROSPECTS AND ADVANTAGES land, or by the public funds, without burdening himfelf with the toils of the tradefman, or the hazard of the merchant. Thofe who buy land on the expectation of re-felling it at an ad< vanced price, muft not, however, buy in the thickly*fettled part of the country, for there land is nearly at the roaximum price it will ar • « . But 0{i the whole, it is certainly bed for a man of middling for- tune, that is, perfons of from two hundred and fifty to five thoufand pounds fortune, to become farmers. We do not know that large fortunes arc to be made by farming, but aflured we are, that a mode- rate fortune may as certainly, eafily, and more pleafantly, produce a common average profit in that line than in any other. A hundred and fifty acres of land, with a tolerable houfe and bam upon it, and fufficient land cleared, for*a perfon immediately to be- gin as a farmer, may be purchafed in many parts at four pounds currency an acre,* payable one-fifth, perhaps, down, and one-fifth every year, with intereft. We doubt whether this is more profitable, than the purchafe with the fame money of a large quantity of un- improved land, if the fettler chufe to encounter the difficulties of the firft twelve months, which are difficulties to Knglifhmen only ; to Americans they do not appear under that form. The land thus purchafed is a fpecies of property that muft of ne- ceflity receive an annual increafe in value, from the natural popu- lation of the country, iefi/fes that which the induftry of the pro- prietor may confer upon it ; we think we fpeak within compafs, whca we fay that an induftrious cultivator, befides making a plentiful liveli- hood and good intereft of his capital, will find his farm quadrupled in value at the end of ten years, if he bought it in any cheap part of the back country, which was at the time in the courfe of fettling. To perfons with a family, the advantages are much on the fide of farming ; the value of the produce of America is much higher than in England, when the lightnefs of the taxes, and the cheapnefs and fertility of the land are confidered. Among farmers, there is not, as in grefit towns, a perpetual temptation to unneceffary expenfe, or a ftyle of living above income ; and a man who has lived in the eafe and plenty of middle life, need not give his fon a better or a more certain eftablifliment at fetting out in the world, than five hun- dred acres of land and five hundred pounds to begin with ; and this, ten years hence, will eafily be within the compafs of men of mode- rate fortune, who begin their American career now. * Not q\iite fifty ftiilllngs fterling. Many 334 PROSPECTS AND ADVANTAGES Many things are daily prefenting themfelvM, by which the prdfiti of land will be greatly enhanced in the United State*. They have hi- therto imported a great part of their drink from AbroAd, viz, rum, brandy, gin, &c. but they find, by extending their breweries fo far as to render thefe fpirituous liquors in part unnecclTary, that they will want above two millions of buftiels of barley for the puipofc'i and large quantities of hops, befides having ufe for a farther part of the immcnfc quantities of fire-wood and coal, with which their country aboundi. They have alfo obtained the European cotton mill, by meant af which, and a few of their innumerable mill ffati, the owners of lands, in the fix fotithern States, will be called upon to fupply great quantities of cotton. The 'movements of a mill for fpinning flax, hemp, and combed wool, have alfo been conftruAed there, by which the farmers, throughout the Union, will be called upon to Cupply farther quantities of flax and hemp, and to increafe thciir iheep. The rolling mill for iron and other metak, and the tilt hammer for all large iron work, have been lately brought into extenfive u(e, ati4 will, no doubt, be ere£ted in all the States. But the detul of water works, and mechanifm, which may be introduced into a country, that lias, moderately fpeaking, ten thoufand, and probably nearer twenty thouiand mill feats, would be endlefSt The term '* farmer" is not fynonimoui with the iam« word in England, where it means a tenant, holding of ibme lord, paying near feven-eighths of the produce in rent, tythes and taxes s an interior rank in life, and occupied by perfons of inferior manners an4 education. In America a farmer is a land-owner, paying no rent, no tythei, and few taxes, equal in rank to any other in the State, having a voice in the appointment of his le]^(latort, and a fair chance, if he deferves it, of becoming one himfelf. In fa<^, nine*tenths of the legiflators of America are farmers. A roan may buy three himdred acres of rich, but unimproved, land at prefent, in the well-fettled part of the baci( country, for thirty fliillings per acre, currency, payable by inftalmenti. In the courfe of a fummer he mny, with a couple of men to help him, clear ground enough to maintain fome cattle through the winter, and may have a comfortable log-houfe byilt, which he may improve or en- large at his leifure. To do this, to put one*third of the whole into an arable ftate, and to pay the firft and fecond inftalments, will coll: him, with the wages of the men, the keep of himfelf and a mode* rate family for twelvemonths^ and the neceflaty cattle and impte- ' mentt m .4 rum, ) far as iCy will d largie nincnfc }oun(!i. earn ef tiers of »ly great ingflax, )y which 0 fupply if iheep. nttier for ufe, a&4 of water 1 country, ily ttcarei « word In lying near trior rank ciilion. In ^tiiea, and having a ,nce, if he th» of the limprovcd, )uniry, for In the him, clear r, and may fove or en* whole into ti, will coft ;nd a modc- and iitiple- inentt OF European settlers. 23S nents of huJbandry to cultivate this quantity properly, about four hundred and fifty or five hundred pounds flerling. The above is the price of prime land in very eligible fituations,- but purchafes may be made much lower, and to much greater ad- vantage, particularly in Kentucky and the weftern territory, where the population of the country is not fo great. We have thus endeavoured to anfwer, in as brief and comprehenfive manner as poffible, the lead- ing queftions which an emigrator will be inclined to put : there are «thers which, though not of equal importance, are not without their weight, as "W^t is the (late of politics in. America ?— Is the Commonwealth •f the United States likely to prove durable ? ' With refpedl to the (late of politics in Atiierica, they have among them a few fufpefted royaliil?, exclufive of fome Englifhmen fettled in the great towns, whom the Americans regard as unreafonably prejudiced againfl their government, and infeAed with a kind of maladie du pays. The reft of the Americans are republicans, but of two clafTes : the one leaning to an exteniion rather than a limitation of the powers of the legiHative and executive government ; or, in other words, rather leaning to Britifh than to French politics ; inclining to intro- duce and extend the funding, the manufacturing, and the com- mercial fyilems. In this clafs rank almoft all the executive officers •f govei-nment, with the Prefident at their head ; the majority of the members, of the fenates, and the greateft part of the opulent merchants of the large towns : this party is denominated the Fede- ralifts, partly becaufe they were the chief introducers and fupporters of the prefent federal government, and the conftituiion of 1787; and partly fropfi the very ingenious feries of letters in favour of that conftitution by Mr. Hamilton, termed " The Federalift." The other party are called, " Anti-federalifts ;" not becaufe they are adverfe tp a federal government, or wifli, like the French, for a republic, one and indivifible, but in contradiftinftion rather to the denomination of the other clafs. The Anti-federalifts, at the time when the prefent American conftitution was in agitation, were hoftile to the extenfive powers given to government, and wiftied for more frequent returns to the people, of the authority they were to delegate to their truftees in ofHce. This party objefts to the fabrics given to the officers of government as too large, to the ftate and dif- tauce airumed by fome among them. Not even excluding the Prefidcat I Wafliington, 33^ PROSPECTS AND ADVANTAGES IVaihiogton, whofe manners and mode of liviog, cold, referved and ceremonious, as is faid^ have tended in fome degree to counteract the effedt of his great abilities and eminent fervices. The Anti-fe« deralifts alfo rather lean to the French theory, though not to the French pra£tice of politics ; and they are averl'e to what they deem the monopolizing fpirit, and infulting arrogance of fuperiority in JEngland. This fpirit of animofity againil Great-Britain has been prodigioufly increafed by the part flie is fuppofed to have taken in fomenting the Indian war, in exciting the hollilities of the Algerines, in feizing the fliips and obflru^ting the commerce of the American merchants, in refufing or negleding to give up the^ofts upon the lakes, or to make reparation for flolen negroes. The con> du£t of the Biitvdi Court has certainly given ftrength to the Anti< federal party, among whom may now be ranked the majority of the people, and the majority -of the houfes of reprefentatives. > It will be eafy to conjedure from the preceding account, tjhat the Federalifts are the /«j, and th« Anti-federalifts the outs of the American, government ; and this is in a great degree, but not uni- verfally true. With refpeft to the {lability of the American Commonwealth, there is great probability that its duration will be longer than any empire that has hitherto exifted : for it is a truth imiverfally ad- mitted, that all the advantages which ever attended any of the monarchies of the old world, all center in the new ; together with many others, which they never enjoyed. The four great empires, and the dominions of Charlemaigiie and the Turks, all rofe by con- quefts, none by the arts of peace. On the contrary, the territory of the United States has been planted and reared by a union of liberty, good condu«51', and all the comforts of domeftic virtue. All the great monarchies were formed by the conquefls of king- doms, different in arts, manners, language, temper and religion, from the conquerors ; fo that the union, though in fome cafes very ftrong, was never the real nnd intimate connexion of the fame people; and this circuinftmre principally accelerated their ruin, and was abiblijtely the caufe of it in fome. This will be very different in the Americans. They will, in their greateft extent and popu- lation, be one and the fame people ; the fame in language, religion, laws, manners, tempers and puriuits ; for -the fmall variation in fome di(lri£ts, owing to the fettlcment of Germans, is an exception fu very flight, that in a few ages it will be uukuovai* The land :era£^ iti-fc- Lothe deem •ity in i been : taken of the of the le^ofts he con- ic Anti- }j of the r OF EUROPEAN SETTLERS. ^37 The Aflyriara and Roman empires were of very flow growth, and tlierefore tailed the longeft ; but fiill their increafe was by conqueil, and the union of diflbnant parts. The Perfian and Macedonian monarchies were foon founded and prefently overturned ; the former not lafting -fo long as the AiTyrian, nor a (ixth of the duration of the Roman ; and as to the Macedonian, it lafted but fix years. Thi? advantage of a flow growth is ftrong in favour of the Americans ; the wonderful increafe of their numbers is the natural eflFedt of plenty of land, a good climate, and a mild and beneficent govern- jnent, in which corruption and tyranny are wholly upkpown. Somp centuries are already paft fmce their firft ftttlement, and many more will pafs before their power appears in its fulHplentlor; but the quicknefs of a growth that is entirely natural will carry with it no marks of decay, being entirely different from monarchies founded by force of arms. The Roman empire periflietl by the hands of northern barbarians, whom the maflers of the world disdained tp conquer ; it will not be fo with the Americans, they fpread gradually over the whole continent, infomuch tlut two hundred years hence there probably will be nobody but themiclves ia the whole northern continent ; from whence, therefore, fliould their Goths and Vandals come ? Nor can they ever have any thing to fear from the fouth ; firfl, becaufe that country will never be populous, owing to the pof* feffion of mines ; fecondly, there are feveral nations and langiiages planted and remaining in it ; thirdly, the mofl confiderable part of it lies in the torrid zone, a region that never j'et lent forjh nations of fonquerors. In extent the habitable parts of North- America exceed that of jiny of the four empires, and confequently can feed and maintain a people much more numerous than the AfTyrians or the Romans. The fituation of the region is fo advantageous that it leaves nothing to. be wiflied for ; it can have no neighbours from whom there is a poffibility of .attack or moleftatlon ; it will pofTefs all the lol id ad- vantages of the Chinefe empire without the fatal neighbourhood of the Tartajc. - It will have farther the fingular felicity of all the advantages of an ifland, that is, a freedom from the attacks of others, and too many difh'culties, with too great a diftance, to engage in enterprifes ^hat heretofore proved the ruin of other monarchies. Vol, III, ^^ Tl^e PROSPECTS AND ADVANTAGES The foil, the climate, produ£lion, and face of the continent, |« formed by nature for a great, independent and permanent govern* inent : fill it with people who will of themfelves, of courfe, poffefs all forts of manufa£turcs, and you will find it yielding every neceifary and convenience of life. Such a vaft tra6t of country, poflefFuig fuch ijngular advantages, becomjng inhabited by one people, fpeak- ing the fame language, profeffing the fame religion, and having the fame manners ; attaining a population equal to that of the greateft empire ; fprung from an aftive and induftrious nation, who have transfufed into them their own induflry and fpirit, and feen them vporthy of their original ; inhabiting a foil not dangeroufly fertile, |ior a clime generally conducive to effeminacy ; accuftomed to com- merce : fuch a people mufl found a commonwealth as indifToluble as humanity will allow. SufHce it for England, that flie will have been the origin of a commonwealth greater and more durable than any former monarchy; that her language and her tpanners will ^onrifh among a people who will one day become a fplendid fpedacle in the vafl eye of the univerfe. This flattering idea of immortality no other nation can hope to attain. And here let us make an obfervation, that fhould animate the authors in the Englifli language with an ardour that cannot be infufed into thofe of any other nation ; it is the pleafing idea of living among fo great a people, through almoft a perpetuity of fame, and under almoft an impolTibility of becoming, like the Greek and Latin tongues, dead; known only by the learned. Increafmg time will bring iiicrealing readers, until their names become repeated with plea^ fure by above an hundred millions of people ! Having endeavoured to anfwer what we conceive will be the leading inquiries of an Europ-san, who has an intentiop of removing from his native country to America, we fliall proceed to offer fuch information, as from the plan laid down we had not the opportunity of -ntroducing, or at leaft but flightly, into the preceding part of the work, or which we judged would be befl deferred to the prefent period of it : in doing this, we fliall endeavour to introduce our information with a fpecial reference to that clafs of emigr.t'^rs, whofe various callings may induce them to fettle in towns oi .;ities ; and to thofe who, engaged in rural economy, will take up their refidence in the back country, or the weflern territory : many parts, however, will be applicable to both, for the tarmer will in various cafes nt, \i )vern- poilefs ceffary (TefTing {peak- ing the greateft 10 have en them Y fertile, to com- iiffoluble will have able than ners will 1 fpeftack nvnorlality limate the tbcinfufe4 ^ of living fame, and and Latin time will i with plea- bP EUROi?EAN SETTLERS. 339 cafes fincl himfelf connected with the cities and towns ; it is ther^ he muft feek markets for his ftock, and it is from his labours th^ towns and cities muft receive fupplies. The following tables will prove advantageous to men of every defcription, who have any connection with America, but particularly t* an European fettler. . ;.<..,. j\ .t ■'* ■ !■: ^ \ ■ i . .- ».ii -• 'i .'■'.'. . i' ;s. :j -.-^ -.., ^ke up their nany parts, 111 in various cafes !♦'. ; ' . ,.•*'■ XX2 A TABLE 340 CENERAL INTOB.MATIOK A TABLE of the Value o^ fundry Coins^ as they noii7 pafs in Grtaty Britain and the United States '* N. Hamp* c .. Pcnnfvlva- (hirer Maf- , mev of "'^'' N^*- f^^'^"'«». Ncw-iYork South.Car#. NAMES OF COINS "^l? jerfey.Dc Rhode an J North - linn, ahj 7ft. 11-4*11- lawarcj inand, Carolina. Georgia. bdlll* Maryland. Con. Vir- ■ 1 gini &c. ' ■; /. s. d. : /. I. d. /. i. d. /. J. d. /. 1. d. Eng]irti guineas - - I 1 o I i; 0 I 8 0 I 17 4 1 1 9 £n(;lilh lialf ditto . . o lo 6 0 17 6 0 14 0 0 18 8 0 10 io| Englilh crowns - - 0 5 o 084 068 090 052 Englilh half ditto - . 0 z 6 0 4 2 034 046 027 Englilh (hillings - . 0 I o 0 I 8 0x4 019 010 Englilh lix-pcnccs o o 6 0 0 10 008 0 0 io| 006 f rench Loirs-d'or - I 6 o 1 14 6 I 7 6 I 16 0 ' » 5 French crowns - - o 5 o 0 8 .4 3 6 8 094 0 3 3 SimniHt dollars o 4 6 076 060 o' 8 0 048 Johannes - - . - Halfjohannes - - 3 li o 600 4 16 0 680 400 ' i6 o 300 280 34a a 0 0' Ficnch pirtolcs - - o i6 o I 7 6 120 r 8 0 Q 17 6 Spanilh ditto - • • o i6 6 I 8 o I 2 0 190 0 18 0 Doubloons - - - 3 6 0 5 12 6 480 i; 16 0 3 10 0 Moidorcs ... - I 702 1; 0 ' I 16 0 280 t 8 0 METHOD OF REDUCING CURRENCY TO STfRLINO. Currency in Pennfylvania, New-Jerfey, Delaware, and Maryland, is reduced to fterling by multiplying by three and dividing by five, one hundred pounds fterling making at par one hundred and fixty-fix pounds thirtden and eight-pence Pennfylvania currency. That is, a merchant, when exchange is at par, will give a draft on Pennfylvania for the above fum on receving one hundred pounds fterling. At pre- fent a merchant in London will give more, and therefore it is advan- tageous to buy bills on America. Currency in New-York and North-Carolina is reduced to fterling by multiplying by nine and dividing by fixteen. Thus a fliilling New- York currency is lix-pencc three farthings fterling. Currency in Nevv-Hampfliire, Maflachufetts, Rhode-Ifland, Vir- ginia, and the weftern territory, is reduced to fterling by multiplying by three and dividing by four. Currency in South-Carolina and Georgia is reduced to fterling by deducting one twenty-feventh. A TABLE TO EUROPEAN SETTLERS. 34« jriaty X TABLE of the Value of the dold Coins of the following; Countries, as eftabliihed by the A& of Congrefs, pafled Feb. 9th, 1793, viz. I, and oigia. tO» Maryland, Ing by five, jnd fixty-fix That is, a lenhfyWama At pre- it is advan- to fterling is a lliiUing [ifland, Vir- multiplying fterling by Grcat>Britnin and Poitugal. France> Spin, Md titc Dominions of Spin. Gr. I Z 3 4 5 6 7 3 7 II U 18 22 *5 8 29 9 33 10 37 It 40 12 44 13 48 14 51 M 55 1* 59 »7 63 18 67 19 70 20 74 21 78 22 81 ^3 85 24 89 Dwt. Dot. Cts. I o 89 I 2 3 4 7 8 9 10 II 67 55 44 5 33 6 22 7 " 8 00 2 3 4 Or. Cts. I 3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 80 78 12 10 67 »3 »» 55 14 12 44 15 '3 33 16 14 22 17 15 II 18 16 00 19 16 89 ao 17 78 21 18 67 22 19 55 23 20 44 242133 7 II 14 18 24 as 8 29 9 33 10 36 11 40 la 44 »3 47 14 51 Dwt. Dol. Cts. I O 87 2 63 3 50 4 38 6 13 a 3 4 I 7 8 7 7 I 88 8 76 9 63 >5 U 16 17 62 18 66 >9 69 20 2 1 76 22 80 23 84 »4 87 9 10 II 12 10 51 »3 " 39 14 12 26 »5 >3 H 16 14 I 17 14 89 18 15 76 19 16 64 20 17 52 21 18 39 22 19 27 23 SO 14 24 21 2 Value of Dollars in Sterling, reckoning the Dollar at 48. 6d, Dol. L. s. Dol. L. s. d. DoL L. s. d. 100,000= =22,500 — 700 = ^57 10 — 10 = 2 5 — 50,000 11,250 — 600 135 — — 9 2 0 6 20,000 4,500 — 500 112 10 — 8 I 16 — 10,000 • 2,250 — 400 90 — — 7 I II 6 5,000 1,125 — • 300 (>7 10 — 6 I 7": 4,000 900 — 200 45 — — 5 I 2 6 3,coo 675- 100 22 10 — 4 — 18 — 2,000 450 — 5<3 II 5 — 3 ■ — 13 6 1,000 225 — 40 9 — — z — 9 — <)0O 202 10 30 6 15 — I — 4 6 ^.. ^^° 180 — 20 4 10 ■— A TABU ATABI4 34« GENERAL INFORMATION _ ■ A TABLE of the Value of Cents iii Pence,* as computed at the Banks of the United States and North-America. . ~~s — 8 1 1 u i 1 I I 24 27 47 5* 70 78 ft 2 *l 28 48 S3 7» §2 3 3 26 29 49 54 72 4 4 *2 30 SO S5 73 81 S S 28 3' 5' 57 74 8s C i 29 3* S* S8 75 P 7 30 33 S3 S9 76 I* 8 9 31 34 54 60 77 ^ 9 10 3» 35 i^ 61 78 SS lO II 33 37 62 79 II iz 34 38 57 63 80 89 • tz '3 35 39 58 64 81 90 '3 H 36 40 59 65 82 91 H »5 37 41 60 tl 53 9» '5 17 38 42 61 84 93 i6 18 39 43 6z 69 II 94 ^7 19 40 44 63 70 95 i8 ao 41 45 64 7» 87 9^ 19 21 42 47 65 72 88 98 20 22 43 48 66 73 89 99 2( ^3 44 49 67 74 90 100 2Z 24 45 SO 68 75 s 23 25 46 SI 69 77 1-160 fa doll ar, 6i cents. 1-2 do 50 do. i-S do. 12I do. 1-2 2 I pidan :en, la do. '-+. do. -'^5_ do. X piftareen 2C > do. *> Tliat is, pence in currency, wlisrcin on? penny currency is -equal to tliiee-fifths ol a penny llei Ung. _ ^^ , J ,a • •-- A TABL ^ a^'^AT ^^ TO EUROPEAN SETTLERS. A TABLE of the Value of Cents in Sterling Money ^-,.^/. 5 1 Cents equal to a I Cent equal to at the 3 4 7 8 9 lO ti i» •3 •4 'S i6 '7 iB '9 zo 21 22 23 24 25 2b *7 28 29 30 3' 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 4» 4? 44 45 46 47 48 49 o b 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o I I a % 3 3 4 4 S S 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 u 10 o 10 O II O II o o I a 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 01 10 II II o o I I 2 3 far, a, 16 0,3a a,48 o,()4 2,8 0,96 3»ia 1,28 3'44 1,60 3.76 i,9» 0,08 2,34 0,40 2,56 0,72 3,88 1,04 3»2Q 1,3^ 1,68 3.84 a, c,i6 2,3a 0,48 2,64 o,H 2,96 1,12 3.28 1.44 1,76 3>9* 2,08 0,24 2,40 0,56 2,72 o,'o8 3'0+ 1,20 3'3<' 1,5* 3,68 1,84 5» • 53 • 54 . M: 57 • 58 . 59 • 60 . 61 . 62 . 63 . 64 . 65 ■ 66 . 67 . 68 . 69 . 70 . 7' • 7* ' 73 - 74 . 75 76 77 78 79 8o 81 82 8;i 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 9» 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 - 3 4 ■ 4 ■ 4 • 4 • 4 • 4 • 4 • 4 • 4 • 4 • 4 • 'f 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 8 9 10 10 1 1 II o o I I a a 3 3 4 5 i 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 II o o I I 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 6 343 3»l6 0,3* a,48 0,64 z,8o 0,96 3.«* i,i8 3.44 i|6o 3.76 '•9*1 0,08 3*24 0,40 3,56 0,7a 2,88 J.04 3.20 '.36 3.52 1,68 3.84 2, 0,16 2.3 J 0,48 2,64! 0,80 2,96 1,12 3.28 i»44 3,^0 1,76 3.9a a,o8 0,24 2,40 o,i;6' 3,72 o,B8 3.04 I1 3»3 1.5* 3.68 1,84 1.04 [,20l }»3<»» J POSTAGE 544 GENERAL INFORMATIOM jPOITACC OP f.ETTI]l8 THROUOHQUT Till UNITKD STiVTII. For the poftagc of any Angle letter to or from any place by land, not exceeding thirty tniles, 6 cents ; over thirty to fixty, 8 cents ; over fixty to one hundred, lo cents ; over one humlrcd to one hun* dred and fifty, i2| cents; over one hundred andfilry to two hundred, 1 5 cents; over two hundred to two hundred and fifty, 17 cents ; over two hundred s^nc) fifty to three hundred and fifty, so cents ; over three hundred and fifty to fo\ir hundred at.d fifty, 2z cents ; and from every place more than four tivindred at^d fifty miles, s 5 cents. 5- '>,.> 1+ ' <;» ) f tii. c- fRICE CURRENT, • • • •• • r' '" PHILADELrHIA, Jan. II, 1791, '< ■ Per quantity, dollars too cents each. I %.t ... To thofe engaged in mercantile cujicerns, we conceive the followi ing price current of goods, wares, &c. as they actually were at Plii ladelphia in January, 1794* will prove acceptable, as it will afford them an opportunity of comparing the prices of articles at the greatcft American marti with the fame sirticl^s at the port of London. nils. C^ DIJ5. Cti. Atichors, per lb. from « « 0 7 to 0 IQ Alum, Engliih, percwt, « 0 0 4 3.1 Pitto, Roch per lb. . 5 0 p 0 II Aihes, pot, per ton % 0 p 120 0 m Pearl ;. «34 0 140 7 Arrack, per gallon . < ' I 33 1 36 Brandy, common » , « I P 1 20 X 30 I 40 Brazilctto, per ton . , p p 50 Q Bricks, per 1000 . , 4 p 7 Q Bread, (hip, per cwt. , , 0 p z 67 Ditto, pilot . t • 0 0 5 Q Ditto, fmall water, per keg ,- P 36 0 4Q Beer, American, in bottles, per dozen, , pottles included . ^ t 0 I 74 $ Beer, I. rnts ; hun- dred, entt ; , 82 66 »73 ' 33 ido 33 • ^ 0 ' O 12 tperb( Is. CM. ■ 1*0 EUROPEAN SETTLERS. 347 1 ^ o 1 K • • ' * Dlls. Cts. J Dlls .Cts. i 67- 1 ifeUd, in p!g8, per cwt* » from 5 33 to i 67 1 — — in bars * . * 0 0 7 .0 2 5» 1 i white ♦ ., . * • . 10 0 10 67 » 67 1 1 red . , , 6 6 6 40 I 67 I Leather, foal, per 11^. . • 0 17 0 20 £0 H Lignum vitae, per ton . < 0 0 7 0 4 ^^ 1 Logwood . ♦ > 0 0 30 0 0 90 H Mace, per lb '• » * t 0 0 9 0 >i ' 33 1 Mackarel, beft, per barrel • . 0 0 9 0 0 17> 1 i 0 0 4 0 1 Madder, beft, per lb. 0 16 0 20 1 Marbfe, wrought, per foot • I 33 % 67 0 24 I Maft fpars, ditto . * 0 0 0 33 4 '0 1 Molalfes, per gaU. .- • .• 0 33 to 41 I Muftard, per lb. » » 9 0 0 87 ■ "■ flour, in bottles, per doz. 0 0 I 20 0 70 1 Nails^ 8d. lod., iid. and zod. » 0 0 0 xo '"'0' 3S' I JJutnjiegs, per lb. , . > 7 0 8 0 i^.' 0 56 I Oil, linfeed, per gall. , » 0 0 0 55 io! , 10 1 ' Olive * k » 0 0 t> 87 ir 0 ' 7" 1 ■■ Ditto, pe^ cafe • 0 0 5 20 f'"o''40 1 * Sweet, b^j in flalks, per box • . ® 6 10 5^ . j6o 0 1 — =- Ditto baflcets, .;2 bottles « 0 0 10 0 0 7 1 *— — Spermaceti, ppr gall. ; * 0 Q A.-' 0 4^ 1 J 0 I ' — - Train» per barrel 0 0 10 5» 1 0 0 1 ^ Whale ,. . , ■» 0 25 .u;;e 6 3^ 1 1 0 13 1 Porter, per calk , . » 0 0 5 33 \ 1 IS ° 1 — ^ London, per doz. % 0 0 I 60 1 I ^7 1 r— »• American, ditto, bot. incl. 0 a t 81 1 I 80 1 Pitch, per barrel , « I 73 1 Ot 1 '33 ^? 1 Poik, Burlingtqn, per barrelj loolb. ♦ 0. 0 i5 0 ■ 1 1 4 '^° 1 - — : Lower cpunty ». 0 0 i£ 6 1 81 66 1 ■^—Carolina . 0 0 10 0 1 H '* Peas, Albany, per buCliel 4 0 0 „.- : I 0 1 173 • 33 Pepppr, per lb» ^ ♦ . .*,« 0 0 Q 40 ■ 100 33 Pimento » , * • 0 0 0 18 1 Raifins, beft, per keg, loolb.. » • 0 0 7 0 1 Ditto, per jar .... •••;■.■■■ 0 0 ^t^ a 33 ■ iMr Ditto, per box 4 * 0 0 3 33 1 >.f- Y y « ^ RiC I ^^H -- 4 " • i 348 GENERAL INFORMATIOK Dili. Cti. from 0 0 0 o o 0 Rice, per cwt. • ^ • . Rofin, per barrel . •Rum, Jamaica, per gall. • ■I Antigua . ■■ Windward « ^ ■ ■ Barbadoes • — — Country, N. E. Saltpetre, per cwt. • Saflafras, per ton * Shot, ditto . . Steel, German, per lb. It— ~> Englifli, bliftered, per cwt. •— American, per ton . — — Crowley's, per faggot Snake root^ per lb. % Soap, brown, per lb. • White * Caftile Starch . • Snuff, per doz. bot. Spermaceti, reiined, per lb. Sailcloth, Englifli, No. I. per yard •— Bofton, No. I. ditto No. II. Sugar, lump, per lb. — Loaf, iingle reiined . - <• Ditto, double do. ■ • ■■" Havannah, white . — — Ditto, brown . — — Mufcovado, per cwt. Spirits, turpentine, per gall. Salt, alum, per bufliel . .— — Liverpool . ——Cadiz . . . — — Lifbon . » Ship, built W. O. frames, per ton Ditto, live oak Ditto, red cedar, per foot . ShingleS) i8 inch, per looo < to Dill. Cu. 3 ao o 0 0 o 0 6 140 0 o o 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 0 9 o o o o o o o o hil o o 0 0 0 o o 0 o 0 0 •0 o 0 0 0 4 o 0 o o o o o IS 10 o o o o o o o o 37 33 » I X 6 0 o 1^ 16 o 86 60 H 33 8 0 141 0 10 113 0 9 0 33 o o 0 0 10 67 0 ,4» 6 8 11 7 5 60 o 48 40 36 3$ ai it 33 14 II 0 ■•'S^'U D'r'lH o o o 0 o o 0 o t% 0 *7 80 O 100 ni; r«'^ 80 /IIU •>''o 80 «9 ? "aa 0 .'!' •'•0 45 ■"'3 67 Shingles, 1 ^,T0 EUROPEAN SETTLEAs. 34? 1. Cu. 1 Dlh. Cts. Dill. CIS. Shingles, % fee^ b ■ from 6 0 to 6 5« , ^8 1 Ditto, 3 tcet, drefled . . 13 0 »S 0 1 t6 1 Staves, pipe, per 1000 . ., 0 0 3» 0 1 0 1 !..i_- White oak hoglliead . , . 0 0 20 33 6 86 1 .^ Red oak do. • , ' • / 0 — — Ltrogaa • * . 0 0 '9 5» 0 87 1 0 21 33 0 60 1 — — Barrel • • . 0 0 16 0 14 33 ■ - — Heading . ,0 0 as 33 Skins, Otter, feafoned * . . , 0 0 4 67 41 0 1 ——Minks "" .# . . 0 20 0 40 0 9 1 Fox, grey ^ , i . • 0 40 0 80 10 0 ■ .— Ditto, red ' • . 0 0 t 20 113 33 1 m — Martins ... 0 a4 I 0 10 67 1 — Fifliers » . • 0 33 0 67 0 4ts 1 «— Bears * ' . • . 0 0 3 0 ■ — — Racoons . . •, . 0 *7 0 60 0 8 1 —— Muik rats • - •" •^- --- ■•' ^ ^ 11 0 20 0 II ■ Beaver, per lb. :;>: o:..^a..i ^ 67 I 33 0 7 1 — Deer, in hair . « 0 20 0 30 5 60 I Tar, N. Jerfey, 44 gall, per barrel , 0 0 1 0 0 48 1 Carolina, 32 gall. . , 0 0 s 0 ■ Turpentine, per barrel . • 0 0 2 P 1 0 36 ■ Tobacco, J. River, beft, loolb. « 0 0 4 33 0 3$ I 0 3 33 1 0 It 1 ■ ' — old , , 0 0 4 67 1 0 ft* 1 0 3 33 1 0 33 1 33 8 0 1 0 14 ■ TV_..l. 0 z 40 1 0 n 1 0 2 40 1 u 0 1 • Eaftern fliore . . a 0 2 23 1 0 a? 1 ■ — Carolina, New, . . a 7 3 0 W 0 80 1 Old ■ . '--^f'^;^ 0 0 3 33 1 0 100 1 Tea, Hyfon, per lb. . .0 93 I 23 1 0 80 1 Hyfon (kin . , 0 53 0 60 1 0 80 1 ——Souchong , • * ■"' , 0 50 0 93 ■ *9 ? 1 Congo • /.olli: , •'(q .'{E'!t*!5' 0 43 0 SO 1 a» 0 ■ — — Bohea " ". , . . • 0 3J 0 3^ 1 0 4S 1 Tallow, refined, per lb. . ,. 0 0 ? 9 1 3 ^7 1 Tin, per box ^ ... 13 33 ^3 67 1 Shingten 1 ■ v< frdi,. ■iso C^NEKAL IVTOKMATtatt .«:r» Verdigredie, pet lb. . YeriWiHon, ditto * "Variifth, per gallon IVax, bees, per lb, WHalebonc, long, per lb. tVine, Madeii^, per pipe •»■ . — Lilbon i * m ■ i— Teneriffe, per gall. — — — Fayal » . — — - Pert, per pipe * - — . Ditto in bottles, per doz. --<^ . ■ Claret "■I. ■'■.- Sherry, per gall. . m' < '• Malaga k . On London^ at 30 days, per ^.100 fterling •-— — — — at 60 tiays at 90 days t>lls Cts. bits. crsi 'frdtn 0 0 to 0 6a •' I 33, I 1-1. • 6;/ c 0 33 0 Mt i; .. . .3? ay m 0 »3 0 io i 176 0 %»b 0 ^ • 120 0 0 0 0 0 , iz6 [•0350 . , 0 0 63 0 0 »'3 33 0 0 , 4 0 0 0 4 90 '.'■'•■.'6 X 0 2d 0 77 3 0 ^u.■^.,- ■ 80 1 iXCHAN fterling IGE. • 466 2 • ' htii , 463 1 n?/iii rh lii:'? J ^*i rt 461 « Mr^ h'Unr- .) - 44 Amfterdam, 60 days, per guilder ■I 90 days i Government bills, drawn at 10 days fight, at 42c. per guilder. 40 V- '■• . " TABLF^ OF DUTIES, &c. The following table of duties payable on goods, wares and mer- chandife, imported into the United States of America, after the 30th «lay of June, 1792, in conformity to the feveral a£ts of Congrefs of »oth of Aiiguft, i5'90j 2d day of March, 1791, and 2d day of May, 1794. Alio rates of fees^ coins and tonnage, by the adt for the coUedion of the faid duties^ and by the aft for laying a duty on tbe tonnage of fhips and veflels, we conceive will prove of impor* nnce. to thofe in the mercantile line in particular. WINES. _ .^_ ,,^^,,_,.,^ '■■Tf'i 4 n lifadeira wine, London particular, per gallon London marker, per ditto • . . Other Madeira wine, per ditto tbcrry wine, per dlno « *>%^-' A.I oil ^od Cents. ' 4^ 40 ■33 Sti 0 6a 1 6^ > 3? o ay o p ia6 0 o 63 o 5a it3 33 6 0 X ail o 80 466 461 lU-iv Ider. 4 1 T X 44 40 :s and mer- ter the 30th Congrefs of ad day of the aft for g a duty on e of itupor* Ccrtts. 40 • • ■- • '33 .•1 ,.^'^ TO EUROPEAN SETTLERS, Cent*. St. Lucar wine, per ditto . * , . fi;^: lac 'n,^i ■^xa 10 18 3» to TEAS FROM EUROPE, IN SHIPS OR VESSELS OF THE UNITED STATES. Bohea, per lb. . , - . '■■ Souchong and other black teas, per lb. Hyfon, per lb. Other green teas, per lb. ^">;»'* .-♦ ^ ■ . -^ H ♦«tj*. It 40 »4 TEAS, &C. FROM ANY OTHER PLACE, OR IN ANT OTHER SHIPS OK VESSELS. M Bohea, per Ibv »5 Souchong . v.-'U Souchong and other black teaa» per lb H^fon, perlb. • , • Other green teas, per lb. MoIaiTes, per gallon . ni»ilvi«q*':nh' .w* 2S^ GENERAL li^FORMATIOK DMs. Cts. • • *7 SO Beer, ale and porter, per gallon , ." ^ ' ", g Coffee, per lb. . . • .4 Chocolate, per lb. . . . . ^ Cocoa, per lb. . «im-» *-• v t :-'!■'/»• .! : iit' jiTt«M«, t' Loaf liigar, per lb. . . r^.. ,,^,j fj, ,,,,^ ^^ - ♦ftb Jt «?• ■ ' ■ So Brown Aigar, per lb. ^ . ,,...:. -j^lf;, ".,.>, jj • • > f Other fugar, per lb. . ^m;;, -..^.^ ,k^ ,-j ,,. ^^j.^ . » i Candles of tallow, per lb. . « . % Candles of Wax and Spermaceti, per lb. . . , ,^ . 6) Cheefe, per lb. . . . • j di/.f n,:4<> Soap, per lb. , , ' • • i» Pepper, per lb. . »• t ' .1,1 'i j c i^! 4 <*; ? ' ■ ' ^^ 3 k v <> ..| a .v , \ ^ Pimento, per lb. ■ . ;., ■ ,1^,^.^ .„j,^ :T.,:q\, ./i I»bnf.5;f v ^iJ Manufaaured tobacco, per lb. (,. .;;, •;.,•, ;i,j,,,,j -,<> 3-1,13 j;,;.-!. .,.^.4) Snufli; per lb. . ^^i<, .,.,, ;, ,,, :y ip ;j,.,* ti,,^ .„!|^j Indigo, per lb, . • li^rvi *a./"| lo ri«h. ,i\,-> 91 Cotton, per lb. , . i, ;,q^.?ioi'; i ,i..'.v ,.'^'- : iV .3S3 Qi. 7 to •5 FIETEEN PER CENT. AD VALOREM. Swords, cutlafles and other fide arms ; china ware, fringes, muf- kets, piftols and other fire-arms , glafs, black quart bottles excepted^ ^ue, hair powder, laces and lines ufed by upholllerers, coach- makers and faddlers ; paper hangings, painters colours, whether dry or ground in oil ; ftarch, talTels, trimmings and wafers. . ., " . • , _> TEN ^ER CENT. AD VALOREM. i; Anifeed, bricks and blank books, fhoe and knee buckles, but- tons of every kind ; bonnets of every fort ; manufaftures of brafs ; clocks, cinnamon, cloves, currants, comfits, capers, fugarcandy» cabinet ware, copper ware, or in which copper is the article of chief value ; carpets and carpetting ; caps of every fort ; cofmetics, dates, medicinal drugs, dolls dreffed and undrefTed ; dentifrice powder, earthen and ftone ware ; figs, fruits, generally ; artificial flowers, feathers and other ornaments for women's head-drefTes ; fans, gold, filver and plated ware ; gold and filver lace ; groceries, except ar- ticles enumerated, ginger, gunpowder, gloves and mittens ; hats of every fort ; jewellery and pafle-work ; iron, caft, flit and roiled, and generally all manufadures of iron, or of which it is the article of chief value, not being ©therwife particularly enumerated ; lamp- black, lemons and limes, leather tanned or tawed, and all other manufaftures of which leather is the article of chief value, npt other- wife .particularly enumerated ; marble tables, mortars, and others utenfils ; mace, muflard in flour, niillenery ready made* matts and floor cloths } nutmegs, oranges, oil and olives ; writing and wrap- ping paper, flieathing and cartridge paper, parchment and pafle- board 5 plums and prunes, pickles of every fort ; pewter, or where it is the article of chief vaUie, not being otherwife particularly enumerated ; powders, paftes, balfams, oils, ointments, waflies, tinftures, eflences, or other preparations or compofitions, commonly called fweet fcents, odours, pei fumes, or cofmetics ; preparations or Vol.111. Z z com- J54 Ceneral information compofittons for the teeth or gums ; pictures and printSi raifini, flafe and other Aones, inanufadures of fteel, ofwhichitisthe article of chief value, not being otherwife particularly enumerated ; flockings, lail cloth, tiles ; manufactures of tin, or of which it is the article of chief value, not otherwife particularly enumerated ; toys, vellum, and watches. dn ail goods, wares, and merchandife, imported dire6Uy from China or India, in (hips or vefleis not of the United States (teas ex* cepted) twelve and a half per centt ad valorem. Upon all other goods, wares, and merchandife, feiren and a half |)er cent, ad valorem. SEVEN AND A HALF ri% CENT. AD VALOREM. Anchors, brufhes, canes, cloathing ready made, cambrics and chintzes, coloured calicoes, and all printed, fiained, and coloured goods, or nianufadture of cotton or of both ; gauzes, lawns and laces, muflins and mullinets, faddles, nankeens, walking (ticks, fatins ani wrought filks, velvet and velverets, and whips. ?i( ADDITION OF TEN PER CENT. To be made to the feveral rates of duties above fpeciHed and im. pofed, in rcfpedl to all goods, wares, and merchandife imported in iliips or veflels, not of the United States, except in the cafes- in which an additional duty is herein before fpecially laid, on any goods, wares, and merchandife, which (hall be imported in fuch (hips or veflTels. ° Goods ad valorem to be valued by adding twenty per cent, to the actual coft, if from the Cape of Good Hope, or from any other place beyond the fame, and ten per cent, if from any other plac% excluUve of charges. CREDIT FOR THE PAYMENT OF DUTIES, &c. When the amount of the duty to be paid by one perfun, or copart* ner(hip, (liall exceed fifty dollars, On fait . . . ; nine months. On all articles, the produce of the Weft-Indies • - fait excepted . . . four months. r I in fix months Oa all other aitlci^, wines and teas excepted ^ | in nine months ^ I in twelve months, tannage is, ^ < On any (hip or. reign port or Inflate itie of :Wmgs, tick of fcliutn, y from teas ex- id a half >rics and coloured and laces, fatinsani d and im- ported in s ift which ny goods, ;h Ihips or sr cent, to any other Ither plac^ I* &^ or copart' iths. iths. iionths months live wontV.5. TO EUROPEAN SETTLERS. ^^^ No beer, ale, or porter, after the laft day of December, 179B, to be imported from any foreign port, except in cades or veflels, the capacity whereof (hall not be lefs than forty gallons, or in packages, containing not lefs than fix dozen of bottles, on pain of forfeiture of the faid beer, &c. and of the Ihip or veflels in which the iame ihall be brought. No diftilled fpirits, arrack and fweet cordials excepted, after the laft day of April, 1793, to be imponed from any foreign port, in veflels of lefs capacity than ninety gallons, on pain of forfeiture of the faid fpirits, and of the Ibip or veflel in which the fam« ihall be brought. E X C E P T I O N si Bullion, tin in pigs, tin plates, old pewter, brafs, teutenack, iron and brafs wire, copper in plates, pigs, and bars, faltpetre, plaifter of Paris, unmanufa£tnred wool, dying woods and, dying dnigs, raw hides and Ikins, wood, fuphur, lapis calaminaris, uhdref* fed furs of every kind, the fea ilores of fliips or veflels, the doathi, books, houfliold furniture, and the tools or implements of the trade or profeifion of perfons who come to refide in the United States, philofophic apparatus fpecially imported for any feiuinary of learn* ing, all goods intended to be re-exported to a foreign port or place In the fame flitp or veflel in which they fliall be imported, and gene* rally all articles of the growth, product, or manufadturet of th« United States. . BOUNTY. ^ Centi. AUowed on evejy barrel of pickled fi(b, of the fiflieriei of the United States .... i9 On every barrel of falted provifions, falted within the Umted States . . . . . . 1$ And from and after the firil day of January, 1793, an addidon of twenty per cent, to the allowances refpe£tively granted to fliips or veflels employed in the bank or other cod fiflieries. TONNAGE, TtttHage is, ij omaHef the aoth of July^ 179a, to ht paid in ten days after the entry ^ or iefore clearance* Cants. On any fliip or veflel of the United States, entering from any fo- reign port or place, per ton . •. 6 Zz a Oft 3S^ GENERAL INFORMATION On any iliip or veflll of the United States, entering in a diftrldt 'in ono State, from a diftriift in another State, other than an adjoining State, on the fea coaft, or on a navigable river, having on board goods, wares, &c. taken in one State, to be delivered in another State, per ton On all fliips or veiTels of the United States, licenfed to trade be- tween the different diftri£ts, or to carry on the bank or whale fillicries, while employed therein to pay once a year, per ton • . • • • • On all fliips and vefTels built within the United States after the 20th July, 1789, but belonging wholly, or in part, to fub- jcds of foreign powers, per ton « . . On all other fhips or veflels, per ton , . . On every fliip or veflel, not of the United States, which fliall be entered in one diftrift from another diftri£t, having on board goods, wares and merchandifi-, taken in, in one diftridt, to delivered in another diftri£t, per ton ,, Ctitti« 30 SO ;*'.ftjjHr PAYMENT OF DUTIES. Payable in gold coins of England, France, Spain, and '* Portugal, and all other gold coins of equal finenefs, at per • peony weight . . , . , In Mexican dollars, each . . In crowns of France and England . • In all other iilver coin of equal finenefs, per ounce . In cut filver of equal finenefs, per ditto ; . 1 Each pound Iterling of Great ritain . . Each pound flerling of Ireland •^ ? ; > - 4 .,, ' . . , ■■ Each florin or guilder oi the United Netherlands . Each mark banco of Hamburgh . .- , ». . Each rial of plute of Spain . . . , j- ' ♦ \ Each uiijice of Portugal ♦ , . , Each tale of China , , , Each pagoda o, India , ' ' '^^ ^ Jiacb rupee of iiengal *'■''> o-iV»-»A -^ ''.;«•■. •/. ^rl Dolls. Cents, 89 100 II II 6 44 10 39 331 10 24 48 9+ SSl TARES AND ALLOWANCES, The following :u'e the tares allowed by the thirt* -fourth fetSlion of the 3(3: for the colledtlou of duties, &c, ■ • TO EUROPEAN SETTLERS, CclttV n ft be )C- ale per the [ub- 30 50 \ ill be loard % to' ml 50 DoUs. Cents, id o 89 100 1 It I II I 6 4 44 4 'O o 39 o 33i 0 10 1 «4 I 48 1 9+ o 55l Ith feftion of On every whole cheft of bohea tea # • On every half cheft of ditto . • • . On evtry quarter cheft of ditto . . . On evciy cheft of hyfon, or other green teai, the grofi weight of which lliali be yolb. or upwards . . On every box of other tea, not lefs than 5olb* or more than yolb. grofs . • . '..' » On coffee in bags 357 Ibf. 10 •0 ,• "1 On Cdtfee in bales , On coffee in caflis . » Pepper in bales ■» '. ' • Pepper in caflcs '' . . Sugars, other than the loaf, in calks Sugars in boxes '< ' ■ ' if ; i v^i i9 ft per cent. 3 per cent. IS per cent. 5 per cent* II percent* II per cent. 15 percent. FEES OF OFFICE. TO THE COLLECTOR AND NAVAL 0FFICER3| JOINTLY. DoUi. Centi. For entrance ol" any fliip or veflel of one hundred tons and upwards . , . s $• Clearance of any fliip or veflel of one hundred tons and upwards . , , . . ft $0 Entrance of any fliip or veflel under one hundred tons . i 50 Clearance of Hitt J ditto . .« • • '5^ Every pernnit to land goods . » . o ao Every bond taken oflicially . . • O 40 Every permit to load goods for exportation . o 39 Ever)' oflicial certificate . • . o 19 Every bill of health . . « o 29 Every other oflicial document, regifter excepted » o S9 S\ RVEYOR'S FEES. For the admeafurement of every fliip or veflel of one hundred tons and under, per ton . . I • Pitio above one hundred tons, and not exceeding two hun- ci.ed tond . . . . • ' 5^ Above two hundred tons ; • 1. ' ^ For 35* GENERAL INFORMATION Oolli. OtQti, For all other fervices to be performed on board any (hip or veflfel of one hundred tons and upwards, having on board goods, wares, and merchandife, fubjeft to duty . 3 « For like fervices on board any (hip or veiTel of lefs than one hundred tons burthen, having on board goods, wares, and merchandife, fubjedt to duty . . > So On all ve(rel8, not having on board goods, wares, and nner> chandife, fubje6t to duty . . . o 66 In a former part of this work * we (lated the amount of the ex» ports of the United States for the year, ending September 30, 1791, with their proportions to the different countries to which they trade ; to that ftatementwe now add (Inular accounts for the years 179a and 1793, ending at the fame period in each year. By comparing thefe «ocovnts, we may form fome idea of the rapid increafe of their trade. \ * Vol I. p. »74, ■1? . *fr AMOUNT * Tlie cx| '79»» were 0 t Nothavi caft up the tor TO XUROPEAN SETTLERS* 3S9 ■:* ;y ' ■. AMOUNT OF EXPORTS. For the year coding 30th of September, 1792. Dollars. 181,407 s,689,9ai . 698,084 Fur the year ending 30th o( September, 1793. Dollm. ' i98»'97 I ■ 616,416 770,139 «i934.369 - 54.17^ 6,958.736 7i,»4« 3,687,119 ■ *.984.3»7 363,307 3.«9S'874 — 50*. 383 Ne\v>Hampfliire MalFachufetti . Rhode-lfland . Connecticut . New^York . New-Jerfe)r . Pcnniylvania . Delaware . . Maryland . . Virginia . . North-Carolina South-Carolina . Georgia . . . ft,si8,o8$ • a3»5a4 3,820,646* • >33»y78 . a, 5 $0,1 58 • 3»549»499 . 503,494 .a,43o,4a5 - • 4S8»973 26,011,787 The exports of the year ending the 30th of September, 1793, went to the refpeftive counties undermentioned : RuHia . . . Sweden . . . Denmark . . Holland . Great-Britain . Imperial Ports . Hans-Towns . France . . . Spain . Portugal • • • . . 5,769 . 310,417 . 870,508 3»'H$36 8,43«i*39 i»oi3.347 79*>S37 7,050,498 1,137,950 997»590 Italian Ports Morocco . Eaft-Indies Africa . . Weft-Indies N.W.Coaft of America Uncertain . . t«o,688 1,094 »53»«3« «5'i343 399.559 1,586 31986 s6,oi 1,788 * Tlie exports of Pennfylvania, for the quarter ending the jtft of December, 1792, were one million feven hundred and forty thoufand fix hu{idlred and eighty-nint owing l^ the Bumbei' of Europeans which the prefent diftreliing fiuiation of affairs in their own countries have driven thither. | With refpetft to the Middle States, we are enabled to adduce more particular information. The journeys of the Rev. Mr. Toulniin and Mr. Cooper have afforded information iufficient to enable us to form a tolerable corrciEt idea of the price of mofi articles in thofe parts of the Union ; the places where the prices are taken being fo fituatedas in the general to afford a medium average. VIRGINIA. Ur BANNA, upon the Rappahannock in the county of jMid- filefex.* — Soil, white, loofe, fandy. — Price, about one third cleareci,f fifteen fliillings ;{: per acre of iixty nine and two-thirds yard fquare.— The rent of corn land, about one fhilling and llx-pencc per acre.— The labour here, as in moft parts of Virginia, is by flaves only, either purchafcd or rented. They are hired at from fix to nine pounds a year, the mafter finding provifions and cionthing, and pay- ing the tax. The ufual allowance to a flave is a peck and half of the aneal of Indian corn per week ; fometimes pickle^l and falted herrings •r mackarel.— The cloathing is verj- trifling. The produce of land here is tobacco, wheat, and corn. §— The ■^ Urtanh:^ has all the appenr;iiv>e of n ilcfciteJ \ill:r('. •f- By cleared U mcaiit, tl-.e fp..all trees and ihrvibs gvubbcd up, and the larger trees cut '&>\vn abjiittwo feet from the ground, the (lumps rcni.iiiiiu^. \ All the fumi are reckoned in flerlin,;, cxccyt (rlunvife mentioned. I By colli is meant cxclvitvely InJiaii torn or iiisiic. Blc de luniuic, ••• . ■ luaiket in • acre.— herrings .§— The lUl aikct TO EUROPEAN SETTLERS. ^6l marlcet is by water diredt from Urbanna to Europc-^Com alfo, maize, to New-England, Nova-Scotia and to the Weft-Indies ; the price on an average, wheat four fliillings and fix-pence per bufliel, and com thirteen fliillings and fix-pence per barrel of five bufliels. Richmond, and the neighbourhood.— Soil ; fandy, except on the banks of James river where it is rich. The price of land from four to fix guineas per acre ; but land by the whole tra£t, including buildings, cleared and uncleared land together, feldom exceeds, at ten miles dif- tance from the town, twenty to forty-five fliillings per acre. It is reck- oned in this, and many(parts of this State, an advantage to have a great part of it in wood, becaufe the culture of tobacco, which has been common, but is now rapidly giving way to wheat, has exhaufted the land fo much, that it is ufed out, and is generally reckoned at nothing in the purchafe. Labour here is one fliilling and fix-pence to two ihil- lings a day, with provifions. In harveft, from two fliiHings and fix- pence to three fhillings and fix-pence a day. All flave labour. — In- dian corn fells here from one fliilling and fix-pence to one fliilling and ten-pence halfpenny per Winchefter bufhel ; — wheat, three {hillings and four-pence to three fliillings and nine-pence ; — barley, two fhil- lings and feven-pence to three fliillings j — oats, eleven-pence to one lliilling and four-pence ;-i-rice, from twelve to thirteen (hillings and iix-pence per hundred pounds ; — potatoes, one fliilling and fix- pence to two fliillings and three-pence per bufhel ; — flour, fh)m wlieat, per barrel of one hundred and ninety-fix pounds net, nineteen fliillings and fix-pence to twenty-two fliillings and fix- pence ; -•hops, one fliilling and one penny per pound; — cof- f.'e, nine-pence to eleven-pence, if bought by the cwt. retail, one lliiiiing and a penny; — tea, bohea, retail, two (hillings and three-pence; fouchong, four (hillings and fix-pence; — hyfon, feven fliillings and fix-pence per lb. ; — by the cheft, bohea, one (hil- ling and fix-pence to one fliilling and ten-pence ; hyfon, four (hillings and fix-pence to five (hillings and three-pence per lb. ;— chocolate, feven-pence to nine-pence per lb. by the box of fifty pounds weight;— butter, by the cafk of fixty pounds, five-pence to feven-pence per lb. — chcefe, four-pence to fix-pence ; — fugar, brown, by the hogfliead, t'lirty-feven pounds ten fliillings to fixty pounds. Formerly it was thirty pounds to thirty-feven pounds ten fhillings ; retail, fix-pence to eight-pence per lb. ; loaf, eleven-pence to one fliilling and three- pence ; — treacle, one (hilling and fix-pence to two fliillings and three- pence per gallon by the hogfliead. — ^American rum by the hog(head. Vol. III. 3 A two 362 GENERAL INFORMATION two fliill!ngs and feveii»p«nce to three fliUlingi per gallon | We(l< India, three {hillings and nirte-pence to four (hilltngi and fix« pence ; French brandy, four fhillinga and flx'pence to five (hillings •nd feven-pence ; Virginia peach brandy^ three (hillings j apple brandy, two (hillings and feven-pence to three (hillings } whiflcey, three (luUihgs ; gin, per gallon, three fliillingi and four*pence ; gin in cafes of four And $ half gallons, brought from Holland, twenty fliillings to twenty-two (liillings and (ix'pcnce j TenerilT wine, three (hilling^ a gallon by the pipe ; Li(bon, fix pounds fifteen (hillings to feven pounds ten (hillings ; Malaga, five pounds five (hillings to lix pounds fifteen (hillings per cafe, of thirty gallons ; Madeira, fbrty.five to fifty guineas per pipe;— London porter, nine fliil- lings and nihe-pence to ten (hillings and fix'pence per dozen, bottles included. Beer is not ufed ; — cyder, by the caflt or hog(head, three- pence to five-pence halfpenny per gallon.-— Graft fed beef, tVce- Kalf-pence to two-pencc farthing per Ibt (tail or winter fed, two- pence farthing to three-pence ;*«-veal, four-pence half-penny to five-pence ;— mutton, three half-pence farthing to three-pence ;— . lamb, four^ence half-penny to five-pence s—pork, of excellent qua- lit/, eleven fliillings and three-pence to feventeen (hillings per hun- dred weight, by the hog;-^bacon and hams, thtee-pence to five- pence per lb. ; — turkeys, one (hillhig and fix-pence to three (hillings ^nd four-pence each ; — fait, one (hilling and fix«pence to one fliil- ling and ten-pence per bufliel ; — foap, by the box, three-pence three farthings to four-pence half-penny per lb. ;— ctindles, by the box, fix- pence half-penny to nine-pence half-penny per 111. (— fire wood, feven iliillings and nine-pence to nin? fliillings a cord, that is a load, eight feel long, four feet high, anil four feet broad ;— tea and coffee a fix- Vings Apple ifltey, ; gin wenty I three ing» to ngs to [adelra, M M- bottle* , thrce- F, t^ce- ed, two* ! enny to )cnce ;— lent qua- per hun« 5 to five- e ftiiWings one flVil' ince three box, fix* |ood, feveti lad, eight :ven-pence ), one flul* lata fifteen and nine- inflnliing' 8, negioef, ■s, thirteen I chiefly ne- 'hefe are to .g. few arc fix-pence ,n or plow, oxen, nine pounds to EUROPEAN SETTLERS. ^6$ pounds apair;— iheep, four fluUings and fix-pence to twelve fhil- lingseach; — waggons, with geer conaplete for four horfes, that will carry a ton and an half, twelve to eighteen pounds ;<-^cart for two horfes, feven to eight pounds. PUBLISHED RATES AT THE BACiLE TAVERM, IIICHMOKD^ IN VIRGINIA. Breakfaft, one (hilling and ^x-pence ;— dinner, with grog or toddy, two {hillings and three^pence ; — cold fupper, one {hilling and fix-pence ; — a bottle of porter, one {liilling and ten-pence half-penny ; a quart of punch the fame ; — a quart of toddy, one {hilling and a penny half-penny ;— a quart of grog, eleven-pence farthing ; — a bed room furnidied, if above {tairs, thirteen-pence half-penny, or quarter dollar;* — horfes kept at livery, two {liillings and three-pence per twenty-four ^ours ; fervants, two {hillings and three-pence per day. WiNCHi. b -^ . ?• — Filh falted ; fliad, one pound two {hillings and fix-pence; i. s, eighteen {hillings; falmon, two pounds iive fliillings per barrel, of two hundred pounds weight each ; oyfters, when in feafon, two {hillings and three-pence per bu{hel ; — fruits ; apples in autumn, nine-pence per bufliel; at Chriflmas, one (hilling to one (lulling and fix-pence ; — peaches, from one (hilling and fix- pence to three fliillings per bu(hel ; — cuiTants, two (hillings and three-pence per buflicl, but few raifed for fale ; — wild fpwl and pi- geons few for fale ;— pheafants, four-pence half-penny each ; — par- tridges, nine-pence to one (hilling a dozen. — Cloathing at Win- chefter about two-thirds dearer than in London. — Oak calks of thirty gallons, three (hillings and nine-pence ;— tierces, five (hillings and fix-pence ; — barrels, fix fliillings and nine-pence. — Building ma- terials ; logs trimmed on both fides, and delivered at the place of building, fomething more than one penny per focft; — fcantlings, three farthings per foot, meafured fide and fide at the faw mill ;<-« iooring plnnks, one inch and a quarter, five (hillings and feven- pence per one hundred feet ^ — one inch, four fliillings and fix-pence per one hundred; — half inch, three fliillings per one hundred;— * Thefe prices are higher than in the northern States ; the tables are alfo plentifully fupplied. In the artic'e of breakfaft, all over the American continent, are included, ham, eggs, fteaks, chops, &c. feme or all of them. You are not obliged to drink after dinner. You have nothing to give the fervants or waiters. In the article of fup- ftr, tea and coffee are ufuali/ included as accompaniments. t Xhis lift contains^ iu genviiU, articles not mentioned in the preceding lift. 3 A a latbs> 564 GENERAL INFORMATION laths, on which the covering is nailfed, about two fhillings per hnnu dred feet, ninjuing meafure ;<— cyprefs fhingleS| from ten fliillings and two-pence to thirteen (hillings and fix-pence per thoufand, de« Mvered at the place of building ; each ihingle covering four by fix inches; — oak fhingles, one pound one {lulling per one thoufand, covering ten by four inches ;— chefnut fhingles, twelve (hillings per thoufand, covering fix by four inches ;— lime, four-pence half, penny per bulhel ;— bricks delivered, eighteen iliitlings per thou, fand;— window glafs, ten inches by eight, two pounds nineteen fitiU lings a box, containing one hundred feet. Wages ; one fliilling and three-pence, to one jfhilling and fix- pence per perch, when the work is complete ; when found with pro. vifions\— Flaillerers, three-pence per each fquare yard, when found; glaziers, three-farthings per light, when found ;— :paper hanging, Ame- rican, two (hillings and three-pence to nine (hillings per piece, of twelve yards each ;— lodging and board in town, eleven pounds to twenty-two pounds ; in the country, nine pounds to fifteen pounds per annum. Norfolk.— The country about here is. very barren ; animal food dear; vegetables cheap. Houfesofwood are cheaply built : ahoufe df two (lories, fix yards by four, will coft about fifty pounds (lerling. Horfes cheap to purchafe, but dear to hire ; the hire of a horfe being a dollar a day : they go unfliod during fummer. Board and lodging for adults, in a plain but plentiful way, four to five dollars a week ; for children, two dollars; fervants, three dollars. Board and lodging per annum, thirty-three pounds fifteen (hillings. The great influx of French emigrants from the iilands having confiderablyi increafed the price. Peaches, one penny and two-pence per dozen ; apples, fix- pence a peck ; cucumbers, two-pence a dozen ; cyder, two-pence half-penny a quart ; milk, fixpence a quart, owing to carelefsnefs and bad farm' ing;* bacon, fix-pence a pound. Norfolk is about as large as Taunton in Devonlhire, or Wigan in Lancafliire. Moil of the houfes of wood; (bme of brick. A neat houfe, thirty leet by twenty -nine, two (lories high, with a kitchen on one fide, and a fmoaking room, for bacon, hams, &c. in the yard, will coft complete, one hundred and I * The cows range at pleafure in the woods j no attention is paid to their calving ; they j are not of ten milked above once a day. TO EUROPEAN SETTLERS. ^^^ fifty pounds.* Drefs of the people much the fame as in England ; ilaves all barefooted. Frederick and Berkeley Counties. — Soil. The beft part of the country lies between the waters of the Opekan creek, and the Shenandoah : it is the richeft lime-ilone land on the eaflern wa« ters of this State : it is of a dark grey, and fuppofed to be much about the fame quality as the third-rate land in Kentucky. The price of land is from fifteen (liillings to four pounds an acre, but feldom fo low as iifteea (hillings in the beft part of thefe countries, I. e. one-half or two-thirds cleared. A good plot of land of two hundred acres, with a houfe, orchard, barn, meadow and fpring, may be rented at forty-five pounds a year. Labour from five to feven dollars per month, of twenty-fix working days, with board : white fervants are very fcarae on the eaftern fide of the valley. — The produce of land, wheat and corn. — Price of flour here is one guinea per barrel : the price hasufually been three fliiU lings, and this year even 'fix (hillings and feven fliillings and fix- pence per barrel of one hundred and ninety-fix pounds net, more at Philadelphia than at Baltimore; owing to the greater number of Ihips coming to the former port.f — ^The market ; Alexandria, carried * Houfes are generally covered with wooden fliingles, oak or cyprefs, plaiflereJ within, and glazed in fafhes. f When the federal city is fully eftablilhed, which is nearly certain, larger capitals, &c. will probably lie employed on the Potonack, and provifions and lands rife in the neighbourhood ; but the difficulty of procuring labourers, and the objections to (lave labour, will ftill remain. The opening of the Potomaek Ylf the canal, round the falls, will alfo render it aa objed of importance to capitalifts to embark in commerce at Alexandria' or George- town. At prcfent, many boats come down from fort Cumberland to the Great falls, about ten miles above George-town. Six weeks work, it is computed, will complete the navigation to the mouth of Savage river, the boundary of the propofed plan weft- warJ ; and the canal at the Great falU is expected to be fitiilheJ in eighteen months. • Whether the Shenandoah will be rendered navigable is a much more qiicftionable paint. The Potomaek company have the exclufive right of undertaking the work, and they have as yet Ihewn no fcrious intention of attempting it. The obftruflioni at the mouth of the river arc confiderable. The mouth of Savage river is aSout forty miles from the Monongahela. Boat* capable cf carrying ten tons weight, or one hundied hogfhcads of flour, will be able t» go from thence to Alexandria in four or five days ; but it will take more than double the time to return. It is now common for perfons who fend tiicir produce about fix* miles, to pay a (quarter dollar (one ihilling and tluec half-pence) per hundred pounds. m 366 GENERAL INJ^ORMATION in waggons for feven fhillings and fix-pence per barrel of flottr weighing one hundred and ninety-fix poundsj and the barrel feven- teen pounds the diftance eighty miles. Prices of land in particular places. — ^Near Charlefton, within eight miles of the Fotomack, the beft land three pounds fifteen ihillings per. acre. — Within a mile of the junction, and upon the Shenandoah, it may be had for two pounds five fliillings and three pounds per acrC) as the land is broken and ftony, though fit for wheat. — At Shippand's-town, on the fouth fide of the Potomack, it is from two pounds five fhillings to three pounds fifteen fliillings per acre, but it is not equal to that in the valley ; it is, however, nearer to the market.* MA&YLAKD. The neighbourhood of Haggar's town on the AntiAam creek.— Soil; a dark-coloureu loam fimilar to that on the fouth fide of the Potomack. Price of land from fixteen to twenty-four dollars, i. *. from three pounds twelve fliillings to five pounds eight fliillings per , acre, one-half cleared ; within eight or ten miles. — Hnfl)andmen fcarce. Wages one fhilling and fix-pence and provifions per day, or five to fix dollars, /. e. twenty-two fliillings and fix'pence to twenty- feven fliillings per month. — The market is Baltimore } where wheat fetches about feven-pence a bufliel more than at Alexandria. The price of taking flour to Baltimore, feventy-five miles, five fliillings and three-pence per barrel. It may be fent to Alexandria, eighty miles for a dollar, one-third of which is for the land carriage to Wil- liam-port, eight miles, at the mouth of the Conegocheague creek : but for want of a warehoufe at the Great Falls, this mode of con- veyance is lefs ufeful at prefent than it would otherwifc be. Ten miles north-weft of Haggar*s-town, and upon a part of the Cone- gocheague creek, to which the navigation may be eafily extended. Land, one-half cleared, and the reft in wood, will fetch fix pounds per acre. This creek has been ufed already, during a week or two intheipring. -i.r"'»-!j- r^' FENNSTLVANIA. Shipfensbvrgh, twenty-one miles fouth of Carlifle. Soil. A good loam, though not equal probably to that laft no- ticed.— Price of land two pounds to three pounds ten fliillings per i * A waggon will go in four days to and from Alexandria. Eftates here are finall and are generally cultivated without flavet. \ acre. TO EUROPEAN SETTLERS. 367 acre.— -Labour, five to fix dollars a month. — Market. Baltiinore, diftance eighty miles. Carlisle, and its vicinity — Soil ; a loam, as in the other parts of the valley. A ftratum of flate land runs through all the valley, and is found on one fide of the Opekan creek, in Virginia ; the Concgo- cbeague creek, in Maryland and Peniifyhrania, and the Conedog* winit creek, in Fennfylvania, where the foil is much inferior to the lime-ftone foil.— The price of land upon the lime-ftone fide of the Conedogwinit, . Fennfylvania, is from three pounds fix fiiillings to four pounds ten fiiillings per acre ; being in a proportion of meadoMr and upland. -Lands in general about three miles round Carlifie, though not upon the creeks, fell from three pounds to three pounds twelve fiiillings, and four pounds ten fluUings per acre, according to its quality, fuppofing about one-third cleared. Land at a greater dif- tance, and within feven or eight miles, at from two to three pounds, except the low rich meadows. Lands nearer the Suf- quehannah, being richer and nearer market, fell from five to eight pounds, and within a mile of Harrifliurgh, twelve pounds an acre. Land, with indifferent improvements, near Middle-town, the head of the propofed juniStion between the Sufquehannah and the Skuilkil, fell from three to four pounds. Produce. Principally wheat. Market. Philadelphia. Expenfe of carriage, by land as yet, fix fliilHngs per barrel from Harrilburgh.* Near Lancaster. — Soil ; a durable clay, not liable to be much injured either by the wet in winter, or the fun in fummer — The mofl: indifferent land here, with fcarcely any improvement, fells at from fix to eight pounds an acre, and often from twelve to eighteea pounds.^ Labour is from eight dollars to ten a month, and board. —Market. Philadelphia. * The people of Carlide have the charaftcr of being unfiichMe, and jealous of new-comers, and always careful that they ihail not have too much influence in public affairs. Harrifljurgh and Middle-town are delightfully, and with refpeft to traJe, eligibly fuuated on the banks of the Sufquehannah, but arc fubje£i: to intermitting complaints. f At Carlide and Laucafter, and throughout the Fennfylvania part of ihc She- nandoah valley, the Dutch fettlcrs are numerous ; their unremitting .nduftry and at- tachment to place always makes land comparativel}^dear in their neighbourhood. Reading, 368 GENERAL INFORMATION Reading, and its neighbourhood, fifty«lix miles from Philadelphia; —Land at this place fells, in an improved (late, with houfe, out« houfes, &c. at from eight to ten pounds currency, per acre, or fix to fcven pounds ten fliillings flerling. SuNBURY AND NORTHUMBERLAND, On the Sufquehannah.— i The houfes here are partly built of logs, and partly of frame* work, one or two Aories high, faflied and glazed, fome of them painted on the outlide, all of them neat without, and clean within ; comfortable and commodious. TRe price of building a log-houfe here, of four rooms on a floor, each about twelve feet fquare, one ftory high, finiflied within fide with plain wainfcotting, pannel doors, lock and thumb latches, glazed windows, &c. complete ; about one hundred and ninety pounds flerling. The log- houfes, of found fo uncouth to, an Englifli ear, are as comfortable, as clean, and as convenient, as any brick or flone houfe in England. They are made by placing lo^ [of trees tranfverfely, one upon the ends of two others, which are notched to let them in ; the interflices are plaiflersd, and the outfide and in fide frequently cafed. If the logs are placed upon flone work, about a foot from the ground, fo as not to be expofed to alternate moiflure and drought, they will lafl half a century or more very well. The foil about Sunbury and Northumberland, which, as the ri« Ter only divides them, we i'peak of together, is a fandy loam^ feveral feet deep near the river, and apparently excellent for almofl any kind of vegetation. Their produce here, as in mofl other parts of Pennfylvania, is corn, wheat, oats, rye, buck wheat, potatoes and fome little barley. Prices, wheat per bufliel, three {hillings and nine-pence; oats, twofhillings to two fliillings and three-pence ; rye, three fliillings to three fliillings and fix-pence ; corn, maize, three fliillings ; buck wheat, one fliilling and ten-pence ; potatoes in the fpring, two fliillings and fix-pence to three fi»illings and nine-pence, in the autumn, one fliilling and two-pence to one (hilling and ten< pence abufhel. Cyder, per barrel, according to the crops of apples; in 1 793 it v;as from thirteen fliillings and fix-pence to eighteen fliillings ; 1792, it was from fevcn and fix-pence to nine (hillings: beer none ; there was a brewery at Northumberland fome time ago, but I it has been difcontinucd: while it was carried on, ale fold^ for eighteen fliillings, and porter three pounds per barrel of thirty-one] gal. a floor, i\n fide latches, I ninety I EngUflx -ny brick ; logs lot e notched itfide and one woik, > alternate more very otatoes and liUings and pence ; rye, :jaize, three TO EUROPisAN SETTLERS. 369 gallons. Wages in the town two fliillings and three-pence a day { in the country one (hilling and ten-pence, to two fliillings and three- pence and board. The common drink) cyder, or whiikey and water. Beef, three-pence per lb. ; mutton, two-pence to three-pence ; ve- nlfon, two-pence to three-pence ; thefe are bought at the butchers, or of farmers, who bring meat to town to retail j butter at Chriftmast one fhilling and fix-pence per lb. A cord of oak fire-wood, three fliillings and fix-pence ; hiccory, feven fliillings and fix-pence. Produce of wheat twenty to thirty bufliels an acre. A Mr. Grant, of Sunbury, one dry fummer, obtained fixty bufliels per aCre. Indian corn has been had from fixty to feventy bufliels per acre, but one- half of this quantity is more common. The new lands and the Stony rich lands near the river are too rich for wheat, and require to be reduced by corn, flax or tobacco. Otherwife, unlefs in a very dry fummer, the grain flioots up into ftraw. Wheat and barley grow bcft on the tops of the hills, and even in ftony ground. Land, in the immediate vicinity of Sunbury, fells from eighteen to twenty-three pounds an acre. Building lots of one quarter or half an acre, in Northumberland or Sunbury, from one hundred to two hundred dollars each. Land, a few miles diftance, uncleared, twenty-two to thirty fliillings an acre. Land, with a log-cabin, a log-barn, and about one-fourth improved, i. e. the trees cut down, and the underwood grubbed up, about two pounds five fliillings or two pounds ten fliillings an acre. Two years ago, the land on which the town of Northumberland {lands, is faid to have been offered to fale by the proprietor for [two thoufand pounds: he has fince refufed ten thoufand pounds I for it. In 1793, the eftate of the late Lord Sterling was offbred for fale lat feven pouBjds. ten (hillings an acre, which we apprehend to be the general price of cultivated land, in tolerable fituations all [through this State. Of uncultivated land there is very little. The jexpenfe of travelling between Philadelphia and New-York, both as |o carriages and as to living, is about one-third cheaper than be* reen the tnetropolis and any of the great towns in England, voL.ni, 38 «EW^ 370 GENERAL INFORMATION NBW'YOKK. At New* York, you pay at the Tontine coffee-houfe eight doUan a week for board and lodging, wine excepted : in the former refpedl pcrfons are much better provided than in any place in' England, where they pay only the fame price. The advantage in point of cheapnefs, for eqOal accommodations at an inn, if at leaft one-third in favour of New- York, beyond any of the great trading towns of England : board and lodging at private houfes may be had from five to feven dollars a week. At Albany, board and lodging id a plain family way is half a doI> lar a day. Butter, eight-pence a lb. ; beef, two-pence three farthings ; cheefe, five-pence ; pork, two-pence three farthings. An edate of five hundred acres, two miles from Albany, and four from Troy, part in woodland, fold in November, 1793, for three thoufand three hundred poimds currency, or eighteen hundred and fifty-fix pounds Acrling. For a farm of fixty acres, about feven miles from Ali^any, the farmer pays twenty-five fkipples, or eighteen bufliels and three qiiarters of wheat, per annum, as rent. For a farm, not far from the alx)ve, about feven or eight miles from Albany, confiflingof one hundred acres of very rich land, long ago cleared, and one hundred acres more not cleared, having a good brick houfe and a commodious barn upon it, the owner in T793, afked two thoufand pounds. Prices of provifions hereabout and at Skcneftady, which is inha- bited chiefly by Dutch, beef, one penny three farthings a lb.; cheefe five-pence ; butter eight-pence half-penny ; apples one {hil- ling and five-jience a bufhel ; wheat four fhillings and fix-pence ditto. About ten miles beyond Skenedlady, up the Mohawk river, beef fe'ls at thirteen Hiillings and fix-pence per cwt. ; pork, three-pence f^fthing a lb. ; turkeys one (lulling and five-pence ; geefe, one fliilling and fi'.e-pence; fowls, eight-pence half-punnyj butter, fix-pence three farthings ; fattj eight {hillings per bufhel ; cheefe, five-pence a lb. ; wheat, four fliillings a buHicI ; wood, three fiiillings and four* pence a cord. Wages of a labourer, one Ihilling and fix- pence to two fliillings in fummer, and fix-pence three farthings to one fhil. ling and three half-pence in winter, per day ; carpenters one fhil* ling and fix-pence ; mafons, two fliillings, befides viftuals. The canals intended to go from Skeneftady to Albany, and that I which will pafs the falls of the North f iver ^d conpeft Saratoga . ^ mm TO EUROPEAN SETTLERS. J^I with Albany, and that which is intended to obviate the little falli of the Mohawk river, are all likely to proceed. Land at the German flats fells from two pounds fifteen fliillingi to eight pounds ten Qiillings an acre. Land higher up toward the Black river, though good, not above a dollar. Land near Hartford in Conney thp tf aits ^nd motions of the lips; than by the beaming eye. We have 376 GENERAL INFORMATION have not mentioned the pains of tooth'acbt becaufe they are not more common or violent in this country than in ibme others, where lofs of teeth is rare } many perfons here lofing their teeth without much pain. The complaint of catching cold is heard almoft every day, and m every company. This extraordinary diforder, little known in fome countries, is alfo very common in England, An eminent phyficina of that country faid, that " colds kill more people than the plague." Indeed, many fcverc diforders originate from it among the Ameri* cans, as well as amoogft Europeans : it i« probably often the fource of the before-mentioned chronic dileafes. When it do« not pro- duce fuch eflFe£i;s, it is neverthelcfs a feriuui evil, being attended with lofs of appetite, hoarfenefs, fore cyen, bead*a«h, pains and fwellings in the face, tooth and ear-ach, rheums, liftlef« languor zndlfivffe/i of fpirits : wherefore Shenftone bad foffle reafon to call this tmeafinefs a checked perfpiration. Great numbers in ion\t parti of the United States experience more or left thefc fymptomi, and arc in fome degree valetudinarians for one third of the year. Eminent medical authors have, indeed, treated of thelc diftempers ; andfoaic American phyficians deferve applatife for their theoretical and pra£tical exertions. Still it is devoutly to be wiihed that thefe national evils may draw a more pointed attention { the limits of our deiign, however, permit only a few additional remarkf. Thefc diftcmpers frequently co-exift in the moft unhealthy parts of the country, and not feldom affli£t individuali with united force. Compaffion Ibr fuifering fellow citizens ought in thii cafe to animate inveftigation of thofe general and complicated local caufes. The ex- treme variablenefs of the weather is univerfally deemed a principal and general caufe of colds, and of the diforders liy them produced ; the fall and rife of the thermometer by ao a 30 degrees within lefs than four and twenty hours, difturbing the ilrongeft con- ftitutions, and raining the weak. A moft important defideratum Is therefore the art of hardening the bodily fydcm againit thefe violent impreffions ; or, in other words, accommodating it to the climatt The general ftamina of ftrength fupport it under the exeeifes of both cold and beat ; the latter is, however, the moft opprcflive, as we can lefs elude it by artificial convenienciei. The Americans fuifcr, efpecially during the fummer four, till 6 a 8, critical extremes, when the tlieimometer after 86 a 92 degrecu, falls fuddenly to 60. Could means be found to blunt thefe attacks on tlie human cpnAitution, they they wotj times this days fucct receive a /] and wh\ch early and 1 Searchiuj popular die fiveufeofj fpirituous li too frequen! tea among tj by the poore In the geni the tight-bod fulttyfumme ladies are efp* thin for the < feveral month perfons fufficit the /lufli occj heavy rains du the American J feft owing to ^ex guard the " general for lien fliould e> cheeks. In the modes poorer, or more of the country, Wandchiliin^ of fix or eight i air, which fcHfib warmed by the j that the fore pa freezing ; a Htua "fherdiftempers. Jtheir fpacious rtr< p"''y detrimental f parts of d force, animate The ex* principal foduced ; II witbin [eft con- ratum is fe violent climate, ■t of borii le, as we Ins fuffcr, leSf when CouW iftitutiop* ^hey f;,^ TO EUROPEAN SETTLERS. 377 they would fave multitudes from death and lingering 'Hfeafes. Some- times this crilis happens as late as medium September and is in a fevr days fucceeded by the autumnal frofts ; in fuch cafe weak perfons receive a fhock, from which they cannot recover during the autumn, and which aggravate the maladies of the winter, efpecially when it is early and rigorous. Searching for general caufes of the beforementioned diftempers in the popular diet, the following circumftances fhould be examined : exccf- iiveufe of animal food, efpecially pork ; the common drink of inferior fpirituous liquors, both foreign and home made, not to mention a too frequent intemperance even in the beft kinds ; the conftant ufe of tea among the fair fex, drank generally very hot and flrong, and often by the poorefl claiTes, of a bad quality. In the general modes of drefs we plainly difcern thefe defers :— the tight-bodied clothes, worn by both fexes, increafe the heat of a fultry fummer ; the clofe lacing and cumberfome head-dreifes of the ladies are efpecially injurious to health. The winter clnathing is too thin for the climates of the northern and middle States, which is for feveral months at times equally cold with the north of Europe. Few perfons fufliciently preferve their feet from the baneful dampnefs of the fl ufh occafioned by the frequent viciflitudes of hard frofts and heavy rains during the winter ; women generally wear fluff ftioes : the American leather, though otherwife good, is very fpongy, a de- fe£t owing to the precipitate procefs of tanning. Nor does either fex guard the head againft the piercing north-weft wind, which is general for five or fix months : on journeys efpecially, the men fliould exchange their hats for caps that cover the ears and checks. ■^•■- ■ ■ ■ ■"■ '" •■..''■- . ^ - In the modes of lodging thefe improprieties are obfervable ; the poorer, or more indolent people, efpecially in the lefs improved parts of the country,, frequently dwell in houi'es that are open to the driving fnow and chilling blaft : good houfes often want clofe doors; a chafm of fix or eight inches near the fioor admits a flrong current of cokl air, which fcHfibly affefts the legs. Such houfei cannot be fufficiently warmed by the common fire places ; hence the frequent complaint, that the fore part of the body is almoft roafted, while the back is freezing; a fituation very unnatural, produftive of rheumatifm and other diftempers. The larger towns of North-America have, with i their fpacious ftreets, a number of narrow alleys, which are pecu- lliarly detrimental in a fultry climate, and in co-operation with Vol. DI. 3 C the GENERAL INFORMATION habits of their poorer inmates, are nurferies of 378 the flovenly difeafe. Among the general cuftoms which may influence health, the moil ilriking is an excef^ve, and in fome cafes an ill-judged cleanlinefs : the continual wafhing of houfes, efpecially in the cold feafon, has, we are confident, coft the lives of many ellimable women, and eatailcci painful difeafes on their families. In the bufinefs of life we often remark a very irregular application ; indolence} fueceeded by hurry and intenfe fatigue. This muft parti, cularly injure hulbandmen, as the negleft of a day may damage a precious crop, if it is not compenfated by exertions, which in the fultry heat of fummer are very trying to the ftrongeft confti- tutions. As to nervous diforders, philanthropy compels us to remark, that, befides their general conne£tion with a fiskly conftitution, they have in a great meafure originated from two lingular caufes. One is the con- vulfion of public affairs during and for fome time after the war, which occafioned many and great domeftic diftreiTes. The natural events of the war are univerfally known, and numbers of virtuous citizens alfo feel the dire effects of the fucceeding anarchy, efpecially in the lofs of property.* The operations of this caufe are, however, contifiualljr leiTened by time that cures our griefs, or buries them in the grave; and fuch evils will, under Providence, be for ever prevented by the new confederation of the United States. The other caufe is that gloomy fuperllition difleminated by ignorant, illiberal preachers, the bone ef focial joy, of real virtue, and of a manly fpirit.f This *<^ N cumftances require in fome cafes peculiar methods. The United States extend through feveral climates, and the general irregularity of the feafons mingles the diverfity of climate in every State ; Penn- fylvania, for inftance, has often within two or three months the cli- mates of Sweden, England, and Italy. This points out the pro- priety of adopting fome practices from different countries, and efUb- lifliing others as their own. As men of property and fcience have embraced the occupation of farmers in-America, and as a majority of the Houfe of Reprefenta- tives, if not of the Senate, are of this clafs of men, as well as the piefident, we may reafonably expeft that every attention will be paid to a fubjeft fo important in itfelf, and whereon fo much of the hap- pinefs of America depends. Before, however, we offer any obferva- tions on the theory or praftice of American %ming, we fhal! endea- vour to give as full and comprehenfive an account as our plan will admit, of the vegetable productions of the United States ; however, i i I * It is plcafing tofee how fanaticifm declines with agricultural improvement in many WW fcttlemcnts, and how refinement of public manners keeps pace with a preference of enlightened teachers. 3Ca '" ..m 3B0 'general information as few perfons in the United States have ftudied natural hiflory as a fcience, the heft information on this fubje£l muft be very imperfed ; the following we truft will, however, b« found as complete as any that is at prefent extant. FOREST TREES. Elm, ulmus Americana. Of this tree there is but one fpecies, of which there are two varieties, the white and the red. The inner rind of both is ftringy and tough, and is frequently ufed for thd bottoms of chairs, and for bed cords. The wood is not eaflly fplit, and therefore ferves for the naves of wheels. The bark of the white elm is ufed medicinally for the gravel. The European ELM, ulmus campefirisy is fo far naturalized as to propagate itfelf in copfes. Sassafras, laurus fajjafrasy is commonly found in moill land. It does not, in this flate, grow to a large fize. Its roots, bark^ and leaves have an aromatic fmell. It affords a valuable ingredient for beer as well as for medicinal purpofes. The wood makes hand* fome bedileads, and it is faid that bugs will not be found in them for feveral years. Th" spice wood, laurus benzoin^ or as it is com- monly called FEVER, bush, is another fpecies of the laurusy common in New-Hampfliire : it is more aromatic than the faflatVas, In the weftern country, its fruit and bark are ufed as a fubflitute for pimento. , :;.,,, .. ^, Wild cherry. Of this they have many fpecies, but they have hot been well arranged and properly dillinguiflied. They are very numerous in land which has been newly cleared, if not kept down by culture. The wood of the"largeft cherry tree, prunus Fir- gimanaj is very highly efteemed in cabinet work, being of a firm textui-e, a fmooth grain, and a beautiful colour, between red aud yellow, . T ■■(•-; : ■■.■-. ■:-,vV,»-',s '■'■v;^:, :{,■'■, ',,;-; ^" / Basswood, or lime tree, tilia Americana^ is fometimcs fawed into boards, which are very white, but foft, and eafily warped. Locust, robina p/eudo acacia^ is excellent fewel. Its trunk feives for durable polls fet in the ground, and may be fplit into trunnels for ihips, which are equal to any wood for that purpofe. It thrives en fandy and gravelly foils, and its leaves enrich them. For thefe reafons, the cultivation of the locufl has been thought an objeft wor- thy of attention, efpecially as it is a tree of quick growth. For feveral years paft it has been injured by a bseilc xwkdt, which I borc3 * This arrange •^e oak, which is j» one of the nioft TO EUROPEAN SETTLERS. 381 rfeft; :te as ic9, of ic inner for the iy fplit, of the RO?EAN iufelfm oift land, bark^ and idient for ^kcs hand* J them for it 18 com- he laurusy faffafras. fubftitute they have They are [f not kept irunus Fir- [g of a firm |en red aud limes fawed jrped. trunk feives trunnelsfor It thrives on For thefe lobjeft wor- lowth. Fot Iftft, which I bovcJ bores a hole through its trunk. Many trees have been entirely klU Ied» and this circunnftance has proved a difcouragement to their pro- pagation. Birch. Of this they have four fpecies. i. W hit Ef ie/ula alia. The bark of this tree is a fubftance of a lingular kind, and is per- haps the only bark .which is lefs liable to rot than the wood which it inclofes. The whole interior fubftance of a fallen tree is frequently found rotten, whilft the bark remains found. This bark is compofed- of feveral laminay eaiily feparable, of a firm confiftence, thin, flexible, foft and fmooth : it may be written upon like paper : it is very in- flammable, emitting a vivid flame and a very denfe, black fmoke, which might eafily be colle£led like lamp, black. Of this bark the Indians formed diihes, boxes, and light portable canoes, which they fewed together with flender but tough filaments of the roots of fpruce and cedar, cementing the joints with turpentine, s. Black, betula nigra. The heart of this tree is of a beautiful brown, and is frequently fplit and turned : it makes handfome bedfteads, chairs, and tables. Much of it is exported to Europe. 3. Red or yellow, letula lenta. This is chiefly ufed for fewel, and is much efteemed. 4. Alder, betula alnus. Its bark is much employed in dying a dark brown. The wood, when of a proper fize, makes excel- lent charcoal. It is common in fvvamps and by the fide of rivers and brooks. Oak. Of this they have four fpecies. i. Black, quercus nigra. The inner bark is ufed for tanning; the timber for the keels of fliips. 2. Red, quercus rubra. Of this fpecies there are three varieties, i. The red^ which grows fometimes on high and dry land, but delights in a moft foil, and is ge- nerally found on the declivities of hills and borders of fwamps. The wood of this tree is eafily riven, and makes excellent ftaves for mblafTes and for dry calks, a. The fwamp oak, which is foAind in low wet places. It is pofTefTed of greater elafticity than any other oak. Splints of this wood have been fubftituted for whale- bone. 3. Telloivt which grows on hills and dry ridges of land, makes the beft of pipe ftaves and fhip timber.* 3. White, quercus alia, 4. Shrub, or ground oak, quercus fumila. It is found on * This arrangement of the oaks is foggefted by Dr. Cutler. In common parlance, the oak, which is ufed for pipe (laves and Ihip rimber, is cnlleJ th/tujlund luhltt oak ; it h one of the moft ufeful and valuable trees of the American forell. barren i 2 GKNERAL INFORMATION 3' barren hilla and plains. It produces a gall, M'hich is evidently the niJus of an infect, and has been ufed as an ingredient in writing ink. There is another oak, called the chtfnut^ or ntnu-found oak ; but «»hether it be of a different fpecies, or a variety of either fpecics above-mentioned, has not been determined. 5. Chesnut oak, ^tttrqtts prinus. Whether this is a different fpecies, or only a variety of either of the fpecies before mentioned, we believe is not yet deter- mined. 6« Live oak, jtierctn firgiHiaiia, Black jack oak, fitercks aquatica* The two latter are peculiar to the foiuhern States. Walnut. The American fpecies of this genus have been con- founded by botanical writers. There are at leaft three in New-Hamp- fliJre. I. White, or kound nut hiccory, juglans alba. Its fflp is fweet, but does not flow freely. Its wood is fmooth and tough, and is much ufed fur gun flocks, axe handles, and walking flicks. 2. Shag bark, juglans cineriaf' The wood of this tree is not fo valuable as the white, but the fruit is preferable, being larger, and having a fofter fliell. 3. Oil nut, or BUTxlia siOT. This fpecies has been called by fome authors, /v^/amj o N. B. It muC. be obferved, that all thefe were hewn into the fTropcr ibape before |tt\( iinal dimenfions were takvi, which determined tbctf value. Vot. III. 3 P ••! 386 GENERAL INFORMATION or broken in felling, are either fawn into planks and boardi, or formed into cancel, or cut into bolti for the ufe of coopers, or fplit and fliaved into clapboards and fliingles. Boards of this wood are much ufed for wainfcoting and cabinet work ; it is of fmooth grain, and when free from knots, docs no injury to the tools of the work> men ; but the foftnefs of its texture fubjc£ls it to flirink and fwell with the weather. The fapling pine, though of the fame fpecici, is not fo firm and fmooth as the veteran pine of the foreft, and is more fenfibly affected by the weather. : The ftumps and roots of the mad pine are very durable. It ii a common faying, that " no man ever cue down a pine, and lived •* to fee the ftump rotten." After many years, when the rooti have been loofened by the froft, they are, with much labour, cut mnd dug out of the ground, and being turned up edgeway, are fet for fences to fields, in whi^ flate they have been known to remain found for half a century. A collection of thefe roots would make an impenetrable ahbatis^ which nothing but fire could eafily deftrcy. 1 Before the revolution, all white pines, excepting thofe growing in any townfliip granted before the twenty-firft of September, 1721, were accounted the king's property, and heavy penalties were an- nexed to the cutting of them, without leave from the king's fur* veyor. Since that event, thefe trees, like all others, are the pro- perty of the landholder. a. The yellow pine, pinus ptnea, is harder and heavier than the white, but never grows to the fame fize ; its planks and boardj are ufed for the floors of houfes and the decks of Ihips. 3. The PITCH PINE, pinus tada^ is the hardeft and heavieft of all the pines ; it is fometimes put to the fame ufes as the yellow pine ; but at prefent the principal ufe of it is for fewel. When burnt in kilns, it makes the bed kind of charcoal ; its knots and roots being full of the tereblnthine oil, afford a light furpafhng candles ; its foot is colleAed, and ufed for lamp black. The making of tar irom it is now wholly difufed. Formerly, when it was made, the method was this : a piece of clay ground was chofen ; or if fuch could not conveniently be had, the earth was paved with ftone or j brick, in a circular form, about twelve or fifteen feet in diameter, jraifed in the middle, and a circular trench was drawn round it a few inches in depth. The wood being cut and fplit, was fet upright ia I a conical pile, and covered on every fide with fods, a hole being left] «pcn at the top, where the pile was fet on fire. The eonfined heaif melte^l iielted i\ Ijottom if ^^n^ to h Tuipcntir fhe trees ; from the ti 4. The quality wh fjc the fame 5- The , tained in fm is ufed both j «id more bri 6. SPRVCJ white and tl " twifling, a 'un; it is th P'"g; in this are rerrarkabl oars for large I for fencing ftuf and texture r( and may be ha The black fpru ^''cd till the I fwcetened with fome beverages fence, which is ?• The HEM the maft ping. "s grain is coa planks, joifJs ar ^"'f's a nail cjfc "nd barns, and ''"ns : the bark hemlock is ufed quantities. ^«ITE CEDAl Juniper, or Juniper berry. :. ItJi lid lived nc roots our, cut ff arcfet [o remain >uld make deftfcy. e growing ber, l^^h ;9 were an- king's fur. re the prO' TO EUROPEAN SETTLERS. 387 gielted the rcfinoui juices of the wood, which flowed out «t the bottom intu the circular trench, and was conduced, by other gut- ters, to holes in the iarth, in which were fet barrels to receive it. Turpentine is collefted from every fpecies of the pine, by boxing the trees ; that from the white pine is the pureft ; it foroetimes diftila from the tree in beautifully tranfparent drops. 4. The tARCH, fiHus larix, is the only tree of the terebinthine quality which flicds its leaves in autumn. Its turpentin*^ W faid to be the fame with the Burgundy pitch. 5. The FIR, fiinuj balfamea^ yields a finebalfam, which is con- tained in fmall blifters on the exterior furface of its bark. This balftm is ufed both as an external and internal medicine. The wood is coarfer and more brittle than the pine, and is feldom either hewn or fawn. 6. Spruce, piHus CauaJen/is ; of this they have two varieties, the white and the black. The white /pruct is tall and flender, its grain is twifting, and when ftripped of its bark it will crack in a warm fun ; it is the worfl wood for fcwel, becaufe of its continual fnap- ping ; in this refpeft it exceeds hemlock and chefnut, both which are remarkable for the fame ill quality ; it is fometimes formed into oars for large boats, but is inferior to afli ; it is often ufed for fpars, for fencing (lufT and for fcaiTolding ; for all which purpofes its form and texture render it wry convenient, as it is ftraight and tough, and may be had of any flze from two inches to two feet in diameter. The hlack fpruct is ufed only for beer ; the young twigs of it are boiled till the bark may ealily be ftripped from the wood, and being fweetened with molaflcs, make one of the mod pleafant and whole- fome beverages which nature affords ; of this fpruce is made the ef* fence, which is as well known in Europe as in America. 7. The HEMLOCK, finui abiti^ is, in ftature, the next tree to the mail pine j it grows largeft in fwampy land, and is very ftraight ; its grain is coarfe, and is not eaflly fplit or hewn, but is fawed into planks, joifts and laths : its chief excellence in building is, that it holds a nail ej^ceedingly well ; it makes good Hooring for bridges and barns, and the round timber is verj' durable in wharfs and dams : the bark is excellent for tanning leather. The balfam of the hemlock is ufed medicinally, but it cannot be collcfted in any great quantities. White cedak, or arbor vit^f, thuja occtdentalis. JtJNiPER, or RED CEDAR, juniperus I'irginiana^ it produces the juniper berry. 3 D » The 388 GENERAL INFORMATION The white cedar of the fouthem States, cuprejfui thyoUeSy is a very different tree from the white cedar of the northern States ; but the red cedar is the fame in all the States ; it is a juniper, and is a. fpecies of that in Europe which produces the juniper berries ; the wood of th^ red cedar is more durable, when fet in the earth, than aiiy other wood growing in America. They have another fpecies of juniper, juniperus fahltuiy which does not rife more than eighteen inches from the ground ; but the branches extend horizontally feveral yards, and form, in open paf* tures, an extenfive bed of evergreen : the leaves are mixed with. cat$, and given to hqrfcs to deftroy the worms, which infeft iheir bowels. Cypress, cuprejjus diftichay found only in the fouthern States^ ufed for fiiingles and other purpofes, grows in fwamps and very large. White willow, falix allay is originally an exotic, but row well naturalifed and much propagated. " The bark of this tree is ufed as a fubftitute for the cortex Peruvianay*^ or Peruvian bark. Sw^AMP withovi, Jalix I this is the firft tree that fliows its blof- foms in the fpring ; and in fome feafons its white flowers exliibit a delightful appearance, when alt the neighbouring trees remain in their wintry hue. Poplar or aspen, fiopulus tremula. This tree is more frequently found in open or clear land than in thicli; woods ; it is of quick growth ; the wood is white, foft and fmooth ; it is ufed for lafts and and heels of flioes, and for fome kinds of turned work. Black poplar, or balsam tree. This is a beautiful foreft tree, of a large fize and quick growth, very proper for walks and fhades ; its buds, in the fpring, are full of a rich baifam, refembling the balfani of Peru : as the buds expand the bal(am difappears. Of the maple they have three fpecies: i.The white, acernegundo; the wood of this tree, efpeciaily that which is curled in its grain, is much tifed in cabinet work; it is firm and fmooth; it takes a fine polifli, and may be ftained of the colour of black walnut or mahogany. 2. The RED, accr ruhruriiy grows in fwamps, and is fit only for fuel. • 3. The BLACK or rock maple exceeds the others in this refpe6t, being of a very clofe texture, hard and heavy, even when perfedly dry. But the grand excellency of this tree is the faccharine qu;ility of its fap, which has obtained for it the name of sugar maple, aat Jaaharinum, -'■■'■ .. , , 'Of t * N-->f. liiil. Vi )ut row is tree is uk. i its blof- exliibit a emaia in :ai;s. negunio', B, is much lolifli, and a. The fuel. S- >e6t, being aiy dry- ;dity of its >pi-E, actr TO EUROPEAN SETTLERS, ^89 Of A8H they have two fpecies. i. The whjte ash, fraxinus eX' ttlfior; thiSf in good land, grows to the fize of three feet in diameter; it is very tall, ftraight and tough ; its leaves and bark are an ^ntidote to the venom of the rattle-fnake ; the wood is ealily riven, an4 make^ durable rails for fences ; it is alfo formed into oars and hand- fpikes, and ferves for the frames of ploughs, carts, fleighs an4 liding carriages, and for the handles of many ufeful tools in agri- cultural and mechanical employments. 2. The other fpecies is :pLACK MViy fraxinus Americana^ of which the RED and yellow are varieties. Splints of the wood of afh are obtained by pounding it with a maul, and are employed in making balkets and brooms r this knowledge was probably derived from the Indians. The roots of yellow afli are ufed by turners for the making of plates and bowls. After going through the catalogue of foreft trees, it may be pro- per to •bferve, that all woods which grow on high land are more ^rm and folid, and better for timber or fuel, than thofe which grow in fwamps : the fame difference may generally be obferved between thofe in the open grounds, and thofe in the thick fhade in the forefl, 1'he pine is an exception to this remark ; but whether the immenfe age or fuperior ftature of the foreft pine be the caufes which render it more firm than that which is found in the paftures, cannot at pre- fent be afcertained. From feveral experiments made by the Count de BufFon, it ap- pears, that the wood of trees, flripped of their bark in the fpring, ai?d left to dry (landing till they are dead, is harder, heavier and ftronger, more fofid and durable, than that of trees felled in their bark ; and that the fappy part of wood without bark is not only (Ironger than the common, but much mbre fo than the heart of ^oo4 in bark, though lefs heavy : the phyfical caufe of this aug- nientation of flrength and folidity he thus explains : " Trees increafe fti (ize by additional coats of nev/ wood, which is formed from the running fap between the bark and the old wood. Trees ftripped of their bark form none of thefe new coats, and though they live after the; bark is taken off they do not grov/. The fubftance deftined to form the new wood, finding itfelf flopped and obliged to fix in the yoid places both of the f ip and heart, augments the folidity and confequently the ftrength of the wood."* '■' Nat. Hill. Vol. V. p. 267. 1( mtJl be tibfcrveii» that his experiments were made an taku Bcfide 59® GENERAL INFORMATION Bcfidc the immenfe quantity of living wood with which the foreft abounds, nature hath provided an ample llore of that foflil, ligneous fubftance, calkd peat. It appe»rs to be formed of the deciduous parts of trees and flirubs, prefervtd in a peculiar manner in the earth ; it is ufually found in fwamps between or under hilli, where it has V)een accumulating for many ages ; the decayed vegetation of one period having ferved as a foil in which another giowth has taicen root and come to maturity. In the town of Dover, in Ncw-Hampfliire, are two fwamps, which, within the Lift twenty-five ye&tt, have been cleared of the Aumps and roots of the lateft growth, which were pino and hemlock. In digging them up another tier of Aumpi was found under them, the roots of which were found j iind in fothe inftances a third flump appeared under the fecond. In fuch fwampi is found the peat, in which the fliape of twigs, bai k and leavei, is very apparent, but on prefTure it is confoUdated into a foft fatty fwbftance: this being dug in fpits of a proper fize, and dried, becomes valuable fuel; of which, thc.^h at preli:nt little ufe ii made, yetpofterly will doubtlefs reap the benefit,* ftOWERING * The following letter on the fubjeA of jwst, though In Ofpofttion to the above principle of its origin, will need no apology for its infcrtieit j It appears to us fuffici- cntly important to claim the attention of the natiiralifti anH eaiculattd to promote an inquiry that may be attended with many beneficial confequeneeo i *« I very much doubt your dodliine of peat, ft sppesrs to ffi« to be a fubftance fui genfis. Deciduous parts of trees and ihrubs arc often found mixed with it. But its inflammable property, I conceive, does not d(>pen4 on th^* fiwre adventitioiu col. fcdlions of decayed veget ■'^Ic s ; for although peat it found In pln€«« favourable to fuch col!c£tions, yet it is nut loand «n every place wliere tha£e eolleftiont have been made. Befides, in all the peat I have examined, there are nunirtouit vc nev?r fecn any fuch. It is as eafy to conceive of fuch a foflii as of pit-coal. If the foffil pqnMlni the inflammable princi- ple; it is not derived from deciduous vegetables. Have ynu never heard of its growing ajaitx "gain where it 1 ^'tch was dug t «f peat ; that tl: P«t has pu(hcd «litch above and 'ength of time h f^<^. I Ihould be '0 be poirL-iTeJ of that tbefc two fubi TO EUROTEAN SETTLERS* 391 eft H I- m> H FLOWERING 1 Globe flower, I Pigeonberry, has 1 Virginian dogwood, . H Conel, . • ■' • * iken 1 Red-flowered honeyfuckle ■ White American honeyfuckle beea ■ American tea pine I Cherry honeyfuckle . ound H Virginia fcarlet honeyfuckle, ices a H Dwarf cherry honeyilickle, id the B Evergreen fpindle tree, taient, ■ Virginian itea, , , ; this ■ Stag's horn fumach, iluablc ■ Black haw. >fteny 1 Blackberried elder I Redberried elder, rERlNG ■ Scarlet-flowered horfe chefnuf, I Judas tree, the above 1 Great Laurel, us fuffici* H Dwarf laurel. remote an I Thyme-leaved marfli ciftus. I fubflanee 1 h it. But 1 titiovtt coU 1 American fenna, • Rofe bay tree, . , White pepper bufh. tie to fuch 1 Red-bud andromeda, uenn made. Bog evergreen, . . igular con- Carolina red-bud, , n otben as Carolina iron-wood tree. Ms may be ; which has LtaWe, tb»y Is moft p^-o- Vtiof abed Lolleaion of lare not fqb- I compofvtiotv told, fomc is as cafy to nWe princU its growing a5ait\ 'REES, SHRUBS, 8iC. Cephalanthus occidentalis, Ciflus flcyoides, Cornus florida, >' Cornus Canadenfis, " ' ' Azalea nudiflora, Azalea vifcofa, Ceanothus Americanuj, Lonicera diervilla, Lonicera Virginiana, Lonicera Canadenfis, ' " Euonymus Americanui, Itea Virginica, - Rhus typhinum. Viburnum prunifolium, Sambucus nigra, Sambucus Canadenfis, ^fculus pavia, Cercis Canadenfis; Kalmia latifolia, Kalmia anguftifolia, Ledum thymifoHum, Rliodora Canadenfis, Rhododendrum maximum, Andromeda arborea, Andromeda racemofa, Andromeda calyculata, Andromeda nitida, Andromeda plumata,* ugain where it has been Jug out ? One of my neighbours has often told me, that a ditch was dug througli a meadow in his f;irm many years ago, wheie tliere is a i>ody of peat ; that tlie depth of the ditch exceeJed rlie depth of the peat ; and tliat the peat has pulheJ out on both fides fo as neatly to meet in tl\e center, but tlic fides uf the ditch above and below remain much the fame, except fome little change which the length of time has produced. I have nut ftcn the place ; but were 1 aOTured of this f.ift, I ihould be inclined to believe the fibres to be living vegetables, and the foflil to be iKjlLiTcJ of the property of fpar, with rrgard to the ineieafc of its bulk ; aitd that tbefc tNvo fublUiues were mutually dependent oa cnch other," MS. later c/ Dr, Ci4ier to Mr, Sclknap. Caro* 39^ .General Carolinian frwianga, ; Sorbus tree, . i. Mountain a/h, * ; Service tree, i ; Medlar tree, SWjset-fcented crab applc-trcc Meadovv fweet, . . Queen of the meadows, Canadian ipirxa) . Wild rofe, « * Pennfylvanian fwamp rofe. Superb rafpberry, Carolian Fothergilla, • Tulip tree, . Evergreen tulip tree, . Climbing trumpet flower, Virginian ftewartia, Franklin tree, * Locuft tree, • . Rofe-flowcred locuil tree. Swamp willow, . . Red- flowered maple, . plane-tree, . • Poplar, ... Catalpa, . • Umbrella, Swamp laurel, • . Cucumber-tree, Portugal bay. Red bay. Laurel of the weftern cwmtry. Wild pimento, Saflafras, Honey-locuft, Fringe or fnow-drop tree, Barbrt-ry, . Holly, Cockfpur hawthorn, . $piadle-tree, 1 INFORMATION' Fhiladelphus inodorusl^ Sorbus aucupariaj Sorbus Americana, Mefpilus Canadenfis^ Mefpilus nivea, Pyrus coronaria. Spiraea falicifolia, , . , Spiraea tomentofa, Spirata hypericifolia^ Rofa Carolina, Rofa paluilris, Rubus odoratus^ Fothergilla gardeni, Liriodendrum tuHpifera^ Magnolia grandiflora, Bignonia radicans, Stewartia malacodendron, Franklinia alatamaha, Robinia pfeudo acacia, Robinia rofea, Salix cineria i Acer rubrum. Flantanus occidentalis, Liriodendron tulipifera, PopuUis hetcrophylla, Bignonia catalpa, Magnolia tripetala. Magnolia glauca. Magnolia acuminata, Laurus indica, Laurus borbonia, Qu. fpecies ? Lnurus benzoin, v Laurus faflafras, Gleditfia, i. S. Chionanthus Virginica, Bcrberis vulgaris. Ilex aquifoUum, Crataegus coccinea, Euonymus Europxnis, Papavr, Papaw, CandJebc JDwarf.Ja] Ivy, Trumpet ' tJp/ighth. VeJIowjaft American a Sumach, Poke, -Long mofs, Black currani Goofeberrj-, Prickly goofe Grapes, The black gn Fc'x grape. * Called ivy w t The BLACK IS much improved _ ^or n fore mouth aJ have drank fomc oj + The WTLD «'ooJs, and has beeij § Of giapcs thej FOX CRAPE, y/l/,'. of. foreign grapes, . t^i.it the culture of vi^ opinion is corroboratl ^Viiie, and in large f fcttlement on the Oh] They colleaed the g] "■>'• By feparatingtj h«tcr.juah-ty, might [ '-' 2''°^^-th is JuxuriJ V"!.. ni. Papaw, , CaudlcbeiTy myrtle, Pwarf>laurel, Ivy, Trumpet honeyfuckle. Upright honeyfuckle, yellow jafmine, American alpe, , Sumach, , Poke, . jLong mofs, , TO EUROPEAN SETTLERS, Annond triloba, Myrica cerifera, Kalmia anguili folia, Kalmia latifolia, * Hedera quinquefoliaj Lonicera fempervirens. Azalea nudifiora, Bignonia feraiJervirens, Olycanthus floridus, Agave Virginica, Rhus, Qu. fpecies ? Phytolacca decandra, Tilland£a Ufneoides^ 393 Black currant, • Goofeberrj-, . Prickly goofeberry, Grapes, The black grape, Fcx grape, p WILD FRUIfS. Ribes ni'jrum,f Ribes groflularia,J: Ribes cynolbati, Vitis, Vitis labrufca, yitis vulplna,§ Baiv *' Called ivy with us. f The BLACK CURRANT^ ribss nigrum, J3 a native of tlis American fwamps, and is much improved by cuUurt ; it is not mucli iifrd as fooJ, bat is a-.i excellent medicine for a fore mouth and ihroat. An excellent wine may be maile from the fiuit ; we have drank fomc of the age of fcven yc.rs equal to the bcft flavoured pnl-t. X The WTLD G«osEi!ERRY, ri.ies ^ro/Jii'aria, is Very common in the borders of woods, and has been greatly meliorated by cultivation. § Of grapes they have two fpecie-'.. The black or ape, •v.'ti.t latntfra, and tlie FOX OR APE, vitii vu/pina. Of thcfe there are feveral varietiei. i'rom the fpccimens of .foreign grapes, wiiich ripeo in tlieir gardci^s, there is fufficicat rcafon to believe t'l.'t the culture of vines, in favourable fituations, mieht be attcnilcd with fuorcfs. This opinion is corroborated by the judgment of foreignci 3 occafioiially refidfnt in America. Wine, and in large quantitie?, has lately been made by the French people at their new fcttlement on the Ohio river, from the native grapes, without any kind of cultivation. They coUeded the grapes promifcuoufly from all the varieties growing in that coun- try. By feparating them, wines of ditferent, and no dcvfbt fome of them of a much better quality, might have been made. The native grape i:; propagated with great eafe ; ;ts growth is lu-xuriant, ovcrfiucadiiig the hielicft ticcs ja the forcfts, and by proper V'OL. IIJ. fi * ^' '^JtciUicfi 394 • GENERAL Barberry bufli, . • Whortleberry, . • Ditto, . . Blueberry, . . White whortleberry, . Indian goofebeny, Long-leaved whortleberry, Craneberry, . • Yellow plum, , , Beach plum, . f Cherokee plum^ ^ Wild plum, ^ . Large black cherr}', Purple cherry, . . Wild red cherry, • Dwarf or choak cherry, Mountain cherry^ ^ ^ Sei"vice-tree, . . Brambleberry, . * INFORMATION Berbcris vulgaris, Vaccinium liguftrinum, Vaccinium uliginofum, Vaccinium corymbofunii Vaccinium album,* Vaccinium frondofum, Vaccinium ftamineum, Vaccinium oxycoccos,f Piunus Aniericana, Fruiius maratima, Frunus fylveftris fru£tu majori, Prunus fylveftris fru£lu minori^ Prunus nigra, Frunus "^'irginiana. Prunus 1 ubra, Prunus i^anadenfis, frunus montana, \ Mefpilus Canadenfls, Rubus occidentalis,:^ attention would afford »n aaiplc fupply of wines in the noithcrn a* Well as foulheju States. Tlic principal difliculty fcems to he the want of a proper knowledge of tlie prorcfs in making wine, and preparing it for ufe. As far as poflihle Co remedy this, and to render the cultivation of the vine and the making of wines, more r^i objc£lof aitentton, we Ihali jn another part of this work enter more fully into the fubjedt. * The Americans have fcvcral fpcciesof whortleberry, vaccinium c^<^ymhjum, which grow in great abundance, and ferye as wholefome and palttable food; fomeaf them are dried for winter. \ The CRAKEBERRV, viicciniutH oxycoccK, is a fruit peculiar to America. The common fpecies grows on a creeping vine in meadows. The branches of the vint ^ake root at the joints, and overfprcad the ground to the extent of an acre. Tiit ^•rries hang on very flcnder ftalks ; at firft they are white, hut turn red as thty i ripen, and when fuU gro\vn are of the fire of a cherry. They yield y.i agreeable acid juice, and, when ftewed and made into a jelly, are extrtmely cooling in a fever, tuda delicious faucc at the table. They may be kept a long time in water, and fuffer no I injury from the froft. They arc frequently fcnt abroad, and are highly refrefhing ail fea. The be<^ way to preferve them for long voy^s, is to put them up clean aijl dry, in bottles dofely corked. There is another fpecies of craneberry, which gronl in clufVcrs on a bufh, but it is not fo large nor fo common as the otlier. X The BRAMBLEBERRY, rubui OCCtdtltalis. The RUNNINO blackberstI tubus mfi'uccanus. The VPRiotiT BLACKBERRY, rubus ftvticofnSf are alfo very coiw flion^ efpecially in the newly cleared land, and afford an agreeable refrcr.inient. SawW Sawteat blai kites, firiarblackb) Dewberry, Common raff Smooth-flaike Superb rafpbe Strawberiy, Scarlet ftrawbi Mulberry, Red mulberry^ Crab apple^ The foIJowii •ircuniftances, , been brought i ^Jiforders attendi the THORN Appi ^'if; and the «w plants, Ate t »i it is calied I •Ph'ch ftains linei f/Ms toxica dendt «^RB CHRlStop diffortm trifoiiata The conimoh tt Jnthenewplanfations, «nd its leave, attfometi t The STKAWBKR '"« in n*,r field, and, t Tilt native ftrawl «'*better.flavc,uredfru § This ,^s a genuin, North-America #hich %i! its Wolfcmsaie •thersthefceeneftadd. ««llent vinegar, a„d the ^n»ifire«„Inri,atartic TO Eukoi^EAN SETTLeRS; 395 ica. Tl« tbe VIM icre. Tht red as tlitj I jeable acid I •ver, WjI ndfuffernol efrcfhingal clean an^l rhich fitoKll lb very coiJ lient. SawW fiawteat blackberry br bumble- kites, . . Briar blackberry, * Dewberry, * ; Common rafpbeiriy, i Smooth'flalked rafpberry, Super!) rafpberryi i Strawberiy, * ; Scarlet ftrawbert-yj . ; Mulberry, . i Red muiberryV * i Crab apple, i ; Rubus fruticofut, Rubus moluccanuii kuhus hifpidus, Rubus idaius,* Rubus Canadenfisj kubus odoratus, Fragaria vefca,+ Fragaria Virglniana,i Morus nigra, Morus rubra, FyrUscorotiai:ia.§ JefF. rCISONOTiS PLANTS. The foUowihg indigenolis vegetable produ£tions, under certaiti •ircuniftances, opferate as polfotis ; fome of Which, hoWever, have been brought intd tnedicihal ufe, and are in repute for the cure of diforders attended \i^ith fpafmodic afFe£tions. Hemlock, acuta ; the THORN APPLE; H&s, aSca fpitata\ the stinking snakeweed, tlijfortia trifotiata ; and the white u£llebOrej veiatrum album* * The conimoh Raspberby, rtibus idjeut, is found in the moft exuberant plenty in the new plantations, and in the old, by the lides of fields aniil roads. The - u p f R k Kaspberrv; rubui CMddttifiif Js larger aftd ftjore dtlkate. Its bloffom is purple, and its leaves are fometimes a foot in diameter. f The STRAWBBRRT, frugaria vefca, in fonie parts of the country, is very luu minore, ovato, coaipreflb, vix infculpto, dulci, putamine, tenerrimo.— ^j'f/'- ferfon. This nut is about the fize of a large, long acorn, and of an. oval form ; the flicll is eafily cracked, and the kernel fliaped like that of a walnut. Tht trees which bear this fruit grow, naturally, on the Midafllppi and its branches, fouth of forty degrees north latitude. They grow well when planted in the fuuthern Atlantic States. ^ ,,, , . ., • , ., ,•,..„ „ . EXOTIC FRUITS. Of thefe, apples are the moft common in the Un?ted States. They , grovy in the greateft plenty and variety in the wftern and middle States; and the cyder which is exprefled from them, affords the moft common and wholefome liquor that is drank by the inhabi- tants. The other exotic fruits ate pears, peaches, quinces, mulberries, plums, cherries, currants, barberries, tU of which, except quince* and barberries, they have many fpecies and tarieties. Thefe, with a few apricots and ne6tarines, flourilh in the eaftern States, and are in perfedion in the middle States.f ■ ' Th5 =-5* The fame, probably, as Clayton'* Scaly bark hiccon Vitginia,— juglans alba, corticc fquamofo. f " In regard to tree fruit," fays Dr. Tenny of Exeter, in New-HafnpHiire, in s letter to Dr. Belknap, « weare ip too uorthim a Olioi^te tohnvc it «f che flrft quality, ■ . ;' ■ « with' The t> mentioned, Among following h VVater hore Blue flag, Skunk cabbj Partridge be Great, and r Witch hazel. Hound's ton^ Comfrey, Bear's ear fan Applepcru, Ditterfweer, Tivertwig, or Elm,* Great laferworl Angelica, or; Water elder, Elc/er, Chick weed, Pettimorrel, or Sarfaparilla, Marfl) rofemap] Sundew, ' Solomon's feal, ■i^ cider's tongue, Unicorn, ^"fftQt flag, " without pairicula; " in pcrfeftion. A; "generates. 1 belij " HampOjire, with * The bark of ch( TO EUROPEAN SETTLERS. ^^f The exotic fruits of the fouthcrn States, bcfidcs thofe already mentioned, are 6g3, oranges, and lemons. MEDICINAL PLANTS. Among the native and uncultivated plants of New-Encland, the following have been employed for medicinal purpofes : Water horehound, Blue flag, . Skunk cabbage, Partridge berry, . Great, and marih plantain, Witch hazel, • Hound's tongue, Comfrey, . • Bear's ear fanicle, . Applepcru, Lycopus Virginica, Iris Virginlca, Arum Americanum, Catcfb. and Dracontium foctidum, Linn. Mitchella rcpens, Plantago major et maritima, Hamamelis Virginica, Cynogloflum officinale, Symphytum officin. Cortufa gmelini. Datura ftrammonium, Solanum dulca^mare, >'-'. Bitterfweet, . • Tivertwig, or Amer. mazerion, Celaftrus fcandens, Elm,* ■ . Ulmus Americana, Great lafen\'ort, and wild angelica, Laferpitium trilobum, et latifoliufflf Angelica, or Amer. mafterwort, Angelica lucida, Water elder. Elder, . Chickweed, . Pettimorrel, or life of man, Sarfaparilla, . . Marfli rofemarj', . Sundew,' . Solomon's feal, , - V , Adder's tongue, ' . Unicorn, Sweet flag, , * Virburnum opulus, Sambucns nigra, Alfina media, Aral la racemofa, Aralia midicaulis ? Statice limonium, Drofera rotundifoli, Convallaria llellata ? Convallaria ^ifolia, Aletris farinofa. Acorns calamus, ' M 'T " without patricular attention. New- York, Ncw-Jerfey, nnd Pennfylvaiila, have it " in pcrfeftion. As you Jep.irt from that tra£l, either fouthward or northward> it drf* " generates. 1 believe, however, that good fruit might be produced even in Ncw- <* Hampfbire, with fijitable attention." Selknjfi }i,pry, N. H. Vol. lit. p. 140. * The bark of t^e fwcet-clm i; a mofl excellent raxicilaj*. ' 3 Several 39S Sevei-»I fpecies of dock^ • fitftort, . • « Spice woud, or feverbufl), Saflafias, . • Confumption root, . Rhcumatifm w£ed| * Moiife ear, Gargit, or (koke, • "Wildhyflbp, , ♦ Agrimony, • • Common avens, or herb beniict. Water avens, or throat root, Blood root, or puccoon^ Celandine, * i Yellow water lily, * Fond lily, * . Golden thread, or mouth rootj Liverwortj . « Crowsfoot, • • Germander, » 4 Catmint, or catnip, * Head Betony, . GENERAL INFORM ATlOf^ Rumex^ Polygonum biftortiif Lntirus benzoin, Laiinis falTafras, Pyrola rotundifolia^ Piroia ttiinor Ceraftium Vifcofum, Phytolacca decandria^ Lythrum hyfopis, Agrimonia cupatoria, Geum Virginia, Geum rivale, Sangulnario Cahndcniis^ Chelidonium majus, Nymphaea liiten, Nymphaea alba, Nigella ? Anemone hepatica, Ranunculus Pennfylvaniaj Teiicrum Virg; Nepea catarita, Betonica officinalis, Horfemint, fpearmint, watermint, Mentha fpicata, viiidls, aqurttica^ ^ and pennyroyal, Ground ivy, or gill go over the ground, • . Hedge nettle, « • Horehound, • • Motherwort, • Wild marjorura, *. Wild lavender, ' • Wood betony, • ^ Shepherd's purfe, or pouch. Water crefles, • Cranes bill, . • Marfli mallow, • Mallow, • Succory, . ' , * " , • Burdock, /:',, ; etpulegium, Glecoma hederaceaj Stachys fylvatica, Marrubium vulgare* Lecnorus cardiaca. Origanum vulgare, Trichoftema ? Pidicularis Canadenfts, Thalnpfpi burfa pailoris^ Sifymbrium nafturtium« Geranhim macrorhizumir Althaea offichi. Matva Totundifolia^ CrepiB harbata, Adtlum lappa, ^ iicvil'a Pcvll's bit, The root i an dcvjJ'i Tanfey, Wormwood Life everlaft Colts foot. Golden rod, KIccampane, Mayweed, Yarrow, American pri* Three other f Pragoti root. Stinging nett]( White walnui oilnut, 5wamp willow. Sweet gale, White heJlebor, Mooijvvort, Female fern. Hearts tongue, Splecnwort, . Black maidenha; Arfmair, pink roof, -^ Senna, Clivers, or goof Pa^ma Chrifti, Several fpecies o phyfic, £wphorbial ipeca rqot, * From which circ jplant, t f An excelJcnr veri f ff«T? which the? TO EUROPEAN SETTLERS, 399 pcvil's bit, . « Serratiila amara, The root icfembles the Europe • nn dcvjl's bit, Scabiofafuccifa,* Tanfey, t Tanacetum vulgare. Wormwood, , Artemiiia abfinthiani. Life everlafting, Gnaphalium udoratiilluiutii } Colts foot, TuiTilago fnifura, , Golden rod, Solidago Canad< Elecampane, Inula helcniiim, Mayweed, « Anthemis cotula. Yarrow, . Achillea millefolia, American pride, Lobelia cardinalis. Three other fpecies of lobelia, Lobelia dortmanna, kalmi fphilitica, Pragou root. f Arum Virginia, Stinging nettle. f Urtipa urcns. White walnut, butter nut, or oilnut, , , Swamp willow, , Sweet gale, * t White hellebore, or pokeroot, Moonwort, , , Female fern, « Hearts tongue, . Spleenwort, ^ , Black maidenhair, • Arfmart, • • l?inkroot,f • * Senna, . . • Clivers, or goofe grafs, . Falma Chrifli, Several fpecies of mallow, Indian phyfic, fiiphorbiai ipecacuanha, pleurify rQot, , , Juglana cathartics, • . Salix cincrea ? •»'; ' Myrica gale^ . - » Veratcum album, ' ' Ofmunda luneria, • Pteris caudata, Afplenium fcolopendriiim, Afplenium falicifulium, Afplenum adiantuip. Polygonum fagitatum. Linn* Cafliia liguftrina, Galium fpurium, }licinu!i,^ Spiraea trifoliata, Afclepias decumbens. * From which circumftance the Englidi name has I'rubably bcei\ api>licj to ttite I f An excellcnr vermifuge. ^ From which the caftor oil is exfrcfled. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I laiM 12.5 lu H^ 122 ^ 1^ 12.0 ■« illH L25 III 1.4 .> ^ ';5 >> ^>I^V /I Photographic Sciences Corporation ^ ^"^ 23 WIST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO (716) 872-4903 'V 4r ^ 1^ v^Q \ 'U •40G GENERAL INFORM ATIpM Virginia fnake root) Black fiiake root, Seneca rattle*fnake root, < Valerian, , Ginfeng, ,, Angelica, . CaiTava, • Ariftolpchia ferpentaria| A£taea racemofa, Volygala Senega, Valeriana lucufta radiiita, Panax quinquefolium, Angelica fylvefteris, Jatropha urens. CULTIVATED qRASSES. All the graiTes, cultivated in the middle, and New- England States, are fpund growing indigenous. It is not improbable, however, that ibme of them may be naturalised exotics. The following are the .principal grafles fown in the cultivated ground, or in anv M^ay propa^ gated for feed and hay : ^ Herd's grafs, or fox tail, Alopecunis pratenfis,* \ Blue grafs, . « Alopecurus geniculatus, Many fpecies of bent, ► Agroftis, Rhode-Ifland bent, . Agroftis interrupta. The fmall and great £ng. grafs, Poa trivialis et pratenfis, Wire grafs, , . . Poa comprelTa, Fowl meadow grafs, . Fofi aviaria, fpicults fubiflon8,f ^Red and white clover, . ' Trifolium pratenfe ef. repens. The grafles of Virginia, according to Mr. JefFerfon, are lucerne, faint foin, burnet, timothy, ray, and orchard grafs, red, white| and yellow clover ; greenfwerd, blue grafs and crab grafs. South of Virginia very little attention is paid to the cultivation of grafles. The winters are fo mild, Uiat the cattle find a tolerable fupply of food in the woods. NATJVE GRASSES. Befldes the cultivated grafles, the States of New-England abound with a great variety which arefouud growing in their native foils and ^tuations, many of which have not been defcribed by any botanical ivriters. The fmall experiments which have been made, fufliciently pvince that feveral of them make excellent hay. They might be -■'• This is reckoned thoAeft grafs the Ameiicans have, is a native, and fuppofed to b? peculiar to tliP- caftirn and middle States. f " The fowl meadows, on Ncponfit river, between Dcbham and Stoughton, are «« confidcred by fome a curiofity. A large tradjt of land is there cleared and fowed with f ' an excellent kind of grafs, without the afliflance of man, Dr. Fif^t'' greatly «f«ltl; tiono lowinj Thev Tifflot graf Several Several Hair gr Numen Cock's i Millet, Fefcue g Oat grail ll.eed,gra Brome gi Limegrai Barley gn J>og*8i oi Many^ Numerou frefliar Several ipi 80ft:£faf?, TO EtmoffiAN d&Tf LltllS. 40(l gFefttl3r improved by cultivation) and are liighly worthy the attkfi* tion of farmen. Thofe which are foiiiid mittii common'ju'e the ftl« lowing) via. The vernal grafs) . Anthoxafiithum odorafbini Timothy) or balhus cat'i tail grafs) , . Phheum pratenfei Several fpecies of panic graft, Fanicuni) AgroftiS) Aira aquatica« Briza) Dafiylis glomerat^ Miliam effiifuni) Feftuco^ Avena fpicdta, Ai^jndO) Bromus fqtiarrbfliSf Elymus hyftriX) Hordeum pratenf6) Tiiticum repcns, Juncus^ ^ • Several fpecies of bent, » Hair grafs . • Numerous fpecies of /Mr— qua< king grafS) feveral fpecieS) Cock's foot grafs, . ; Millet) ' • k Fefcue grafs, many fpecies, Oat grafs, , . Heed .grafs, feveral fpecies, Brome grafs, « » Limegrais, • . • Barley gndfsi » » Dog*S) or couch grafs, » Many ipecies of ru& gfafd. Numerous fpecies of UtSC AMt) ItOaf ULlftB I^LAttTB AND ROOTS. Belides thofe tranfplfOited ft-om Ebrqie to America, of which they >have all /the various kinds that Europe produces, die following are aatives of this country : I'otatoes, , . , SbYanuni tuberofum. Oroundnuts, afortofpotatoe, pitobably a fpecies, hig^y reliflied by fome people, Tobacco, , k Nitotiana, Purapkias, . » Cucurbita pepo, Cymlings, • , Ciicurbita verrncofa, Squalhes, • , Cucurbito melopepo, Cantelope mielons, beans, peas, hops. Probably others. * Befidei thiefe, thctt )|W ittany valukUe piSdHf whlclt, a^ prtfent, are nw Voi..m. ' 3F ^ ' CULTI- 4P2 OEJNERAL INFOHMATION CULTIVATED GRAIN. Indian corni zea mays, » native grain of North- America. The va- rieties of thii grain, occnfioned by a difference in foil, cukivation, and climate, are almoft endlei's.* Winter and fummer rye, fecale cereale, hybernum et vernum, the only fpecies cuhivated by the American farmers. The winter rye fucceeds beft in ground newly cleared, but fummer rye is frequently fown in old towns, where the land has been long under cultivation. The winter and fummer rye are the fame fpecies, forming two varieties ; but the winter and fummer wheat are two diilinft fpecies. Several fpecies of barley are cuhiva- ted i the mod common is the fix, ranked hordeum hexaftichon ; and the two, ranked hordeum diftichon. The wheat principally cultiva- ted are the winter and fummer triticum hybernum et aeflivum. Oats, avena fativa. Duck wheat, polygonum fagopirum< \ •In the fouthern States, as far north as Virginia, where the lands are fuitable, befides the grain already mentioned, they cultivate rice. I'his grain was brought into Carolina firft by Sir Nathaniel Johnfon, in 1688; and afterwards more, and of a different kind, probably a variety, was imported by a (hip from Madegafcar, in 1696 ; till which time it was not much cultivated. It fucceeds well alio on the Ohio river, where it is planted both on the high and low grounds, and in the fame fields with Indian com and other grain. A gentle- man who had planted it feveral years in his garden, informed Dr. Cutler that it yielded at the rate of eighty^bufhcls an acre. At Ma- rietta, it has anfwefed the mod fang\iine expe£tations of the inhabi- tants, producing equal to any other grain, without being at any time overflowed with water. The doftor himfelf faw it growing in a very ilourifliing fiate, on high land, but it had not, at the feafon he fat^ it, began to bloom. It was faid not to be of the fame fpecies of Ca- rolina rice, is probably the wild [rice, which we have been informed .grows in plenty, in fome of the interior parts of North- America, and is the moft valuable of all fpontaneous produ6tions of the country. In * Of all the difTerent kindi of Indian com, botanifts have been aUe to find b«t WM fptcltu The difference in this gtnus of plants is probably accidental, owing to the above-mentioned caufet. It it poffible, however, that amon|! thefe varittiet, fiecifc charaAen may j'et Iw found. What is called the ffiUed Indian rem, is probably only i ymritty. The plant commonly known in the fouthern States by the uame of Guinu twn, is of the fapailyof grafles, atarerye, wheat, barley, oats, fcc. 'i'-*- ■^ S TO EUROPEAN SETTLERS; 403^. Pennfylvania grows a fort of grain, called by the Germans, jpehs^ which refembles wheat, and is a very valuable grain. The above lifts are all of them imperfect, and many of them con- tain but a fmall proportion in their refpe£tive clalTes of the produce of the States ; they ar?, however, all that can be procured till Dr. Cutler and Dr. Mitchell finilh the work they have undertaken, and thus bring us better acquainted .with the vegetable productions of America. To the foregoing we fubjoin a catalogue of fuch foreign plants as have not been cultivated, or at inoft but partially, in the United States, but which are worthy of being encouraged in America for the purpofes of medicine, agriculture, and commerce. From a pamphlet by John Ellis, F. R. S. prefented by the Honourable Thomas Penn, Efq. to the American Fhilofophical Society, through the hands of Samuel Powell, Efq. Latin Namet. Rubia peregrina Rubia tin£to- rum Q^ercus fuber Q^ercns segilops Quercus galli- fera Englijh Namtt. Turkey madder Dyers madder* Cork -bearing oak Ayellaneacfva. lenida oak Gall-bearing oak OlfcrvatiOHS. The firft is fuppofed to be the fame that is now cultivated in Smyrna for a crimfon dye. Grows in the fouthern parts of France, Spain, and Portugal. The cups of the acorns, wliich are very large, andufed in dying, grow in Greece and Natolia, particularly in the ifland of Zia in the Archi- pelago, where Tournefort lays they gather in one year 5000 cwt. Galls from Aleppo and Smyrna. This oak is not yet known in Eng- land : the acorns may be brought over in wax, and fent to the fouthern States. ^ Thi« pUnt i< a native of the warmeft parts of Europe, and is better calculated for the climxte of the fouthern States than either of Holland or England, where it is cultiva- ted ; but principally in the former, from whence England is chiefl^r fupplied with this valuable dy^. The chemifts fay, and with reafon, that the warmth of the climate exalts the colour. If fo, it n^ay be well worth attention to encourage the planting of fo va- luable an article of commerce in a climate and foil that feems fo much better adapted to it| where the land is cheap, and where vegetation is fo much quicker and more luxuri- ant ; and while they encourage the growth of it, they may have the advantage of ma« aufaAuring this valuable commodity at home. 3F a ■ . Car. 404 Ltiin tfmu. I Caithamui tinc>1 tonos Rhamnus ca- tharticus minor Rhamnus faxa- tilis Olea Europa OSNERAL INFORMATION 'EMgliJb Nameu Safflower Buckthorn that produce yellow berries of Avignon Olives of feveral varieties Sefamwn oirien< tale Goflypium her- baceum Goflypium hir- future- Salfola foda $alfolarativs^an4 chenopodiuro maritimum Ce^atonia fili^ua Piftachia v?w JPiftachia tere- binthus Piftachia lentif- Oily grain Two forts pf an- nual cotton Thefe kinds of glaffwort for barilla Locuft tree, or St. Jolin's bread I'idachia tree Chlo turpentine tree Maftic tree (Ufentatitfif Much ufed in dyings growi in Egypt. Ufed by painters and dyers; both thefe plants produce berries fit for this purpofe* For oil i thefe grow in France, Spain, and Italy. Young plants and ripe fruit pf the French and Spanifli forts, may be carried from thence. Propagated in the Levant for oil, which does not foon grow rancid by keeping. Both thefe kinds of annual cotton are yearly fown in Turkey, and would grow well in Georgia, Ca- rolina, Virginia, &c. Thefe are fown yearly in fields near the fea in Spain, for making ba- rilla, forfoap, glafs, S(C. The pods are excellent food for hard working cattle, and ufed for this purpofe on the fea coad of Spain, where they are eafily pro- pagated from feeds or cuttings. They are propagated about Aleppo, wher<5 the female or fruit-bearing ones are ingrafted on flocks raifed from the nuts. This kind of turpentine is ufed ii\ medicine. Gum mallic from the ifle of Scio ; as tliis tree, commonly called len- tifcus, is doubted to be the ge,* nuine madic tree, feeds of the true kind may beprocurc4 A'om the ifle of Sciot Jtyrw w: a 4 ft * There gent, warm, heightened Ray, or liqt fct t9 have the leaift degree of a narcotic quality in it, Rhome 4o6 GBNERAL INFORMATION Latin Namii. lUimim ptlma- turn Calamus rotang pterocarpus draco dracsna draco Dolichos foja Laurus caflia Laurus cinamo- mum Laur. camphora EngRJh Namei, True rhubrarb Three forts of gum dragon, or dragon's blood A kind of kid- bean, called daidfu CafTia lignea tree Cinnamon tree Camphirc treef OhfiruaiitHt. The feed of this plant wat brought to England by Dr. Mounfcy, F. R. S. from Mofcow, and ap- pears by experiment to be the ge> niiine true rhubarb of the fliopi, and is a mo(t valuable acquifition to a country, as it will grow welt in a deep rich foil, inclining to a fandy or gravelly loam, but not in too wet a (ituation, and may be cultivated in the warm parts of the States. I. From a kind of cane in the EalU Indiesj a. From Java and Suri- nam. 3. From the Canary and Madeira illands. ' (Jfed for making foye,* or Indian ketchup. See Kxmpff. Amos- nitat. Grows in Sumatra. In Ceylon, Guadaloupe, aiidinmoft " of our newly ceded iflands. In Japan, and in Sumatra, now in England in the green houfes about London. ^ The method of preparing Eld-India foye, or India ketchup. Take a cerrain meafure, for inft.-ince a gallon, of that fort of kidney beans, called daidfu hy the Japanefc, and carava.Kes by the Euro^xans ; let them be boiled till ttkcy are foft ; alfo a gallon of bruifed' wheat or barley, but wheat makes the blackcft foye, atid a gallon of common fait. Let the boiled caravances be mixed with the bruifed wheat, and be kept covered dofe a day and a night in a warm place, that it may fif- ■lent ; then put the mixture of the caravances and wheat, together with the gallon of fait, into an earthen vedel, wirh two gallons and a half of common water, and cover it up very clofe. The next day ftir it about well with a battering machine or ni\\\.(rutabulam) for feveral days, twice or thrice a day, in order to blend it more thoroug'.ily together. This work muft be continued two or three months, then ftrain off and prels out the li- quor, and keep it up for ufc in wooden vcfllcis ; the older it is the clcaKr it will be, and 6f fo much more value. After it is prcfled out, you may pour on the remaining mafs more water, then flir it about violenfly, and in fomc days after you may prefs out ipore foye. •j- The camphirc from Sumatra is greatly preferable to that of Japan ; we are not certain whetlier it is from a different fpecics of tree, hut it feems well worth inquiring t The I Weft-India i in time bec6i pagation of tJ kinds of don; T Itisalle fpecies, but *^'e foil, the "» that hav artidc^Thii keoomeavaitt 'lain Nmn, TO SVROf SAM IITTLEBS. ight »fey, ap* ; ge- hopst ifition g to a not in nay be irts ol e EalU d Suri- iry and Indian Amct- ndinmoft Is. , now in tifes about LondoR« cans, called lUed till tlicy ^lackcft foye. the bruifed it may ^' the gallon of ^dcovcv it up .(rutabulam) [aly together. lb out the U- er it will be, le rcmain>"g nay pvcCs out , . vre are not |)rth inquiring intai CjcM drdnali* Amyris GUci»d> cnfis Arundo bambo Anacardui cntalis Tbca Orl. liif ■ j^atm trM Tiuf bftlm ef Qit«id trfli* Tlw trut btffl> boo um SiHtn viirniih irtf) eatlid tonrtH^kbytti^ JipOfi@(ii 4P7 OkfirvMiont Lottdon. It will grow freely whtre Ot-iltlget and lemoni do. tit JAVfli and the warmett parts of lh« feall'lndiei. Liltely difcovered in Arabia by Dr. VotikaWt and defcribed by Dr. Lifltiieils in a late diflertation. Of gl'eat Ufe in China, and might be vMiO in the American States.t Tho frtilt of this is the Malacca bean, Clf ttiarking nut, and the Oriental anacardiunx of the (hops. This it (he common varnifli of the Eaft- Ihdiesi asdefcribedby Kaempffer. ffdm Japan and China. See Kaempff*. I AttMDflitates, p. 604 into, as the effect of prpperiiwgt)|« quflfl(ifj«<) Jtt Medicine are furprifingly different, perhaps it nmy be owing (0 \\\$ %m\ (i)^f«H€« of tieat in the climates. *• We have in th$ il}w4 ef jwrnrn'^i « ^i«i «f ttw of this genus, called hy Linnarat amyris balfamifcr^, |5|ss gjfepigs PliH^SfMW, p, 4964 Sir Hans Sbane, in his Hif- tory of Jamaicii, vq), )(, p, g^, gMUtHjf ff«6 llghutti rhodium, from the odoriferous fmell of its wood when bwftH, whieh ll Miiki H great way ; for whiclx reafon be bo- Ueves it to be the tree th3t flffofdftJ flw 3gflfiit*i« fetiit which Columbus percdved on the fouth Ihore of Cuba, upon fl)» 4ifcf>V§fy ef that ifladdi as is mentioned by fcveralhifto- rians. Dr. Pat. Broww »H ItU Hiftwy ef jH(ti!iiei»j fi id, calls this tree wl.it-- t»adle- wood, orrofewood, an4 WfflHWflJs ifmufehj lis feys it is very refmous, bu.-s freely, and affords a moft itgreeiblp fmrti ( S»4 th§f illt fhs ^atts of this tree are full of war. 3 and actomatic partlcles.-4^feri, Wl»ftti#r ll \% flOt Wettll while to extraft the balfain, as it agrees fo near m cb»»A$r AHd gSflUS WHb tiiat moft valualile drug the balfam of Mecca ? ' f The French h»4 brPW2[hl thU fM% tifefet J^lstjt from the Eaft-Indies to th«r Weft-India iflands t a few roots bsvi bs«ft gsl ftdW tliftflce to Grenada, and wiU perhaps in time bec6me familiar in oy\f i(i»R4«i flilf fm Hitich paint cannot' be taken in the pro- pagation of this plant, v, m ufef »rs ffiAHifsM mk mtt^iti both in building, and nU kinds of domeftic inAri)fnc»(Sr X It is aflerted by fom pm^lt; tttSi ttK gmt) 1(8 WJ the fcatica tea are two different fpecies, but without foun^Atidfl i thfy m Hiii mi ihi f:jfl.4> 8ficl who have had great experience in this artide.-i-This plant b»« befn 'Ult\y e^ftltXjJi «ti4 groWi Well in Georgia, &c. as it is become a valuabl s atticU 9f Wf^fmmf if tiifiuU be encouraged to the utmoi^. Garden!* 4o8 OBNBIIAL XNr01,MATI0M OirdcnU Tlo* rl(U Magnifcri In« Mbrut ptpyH- ttx% CindMM oflici* mUs 'Dorllehto eon- traycrva SikiilM rUU fiiriapa' Copaifim oflkU IMlil Toluiftn tolfiu mum HysMiiM ceiir> kwtt luf /^ ATmwi. Umkf oftk* CMiMft Baft'India nuui' go tree Paper mulberry tree Jefuita baili tree Contrayerva root SarlapariUa root copaiva Balfam tree Baliam tolu tree TtM locnftf or gum copal tree for the fincft tranfpareut VM In dying fcar^^t in China. The pulp that furrdunds the feedsf givet in warm water a mo(l ex- cellent yellow colour, inclining to orange. See Philofophical Tranf. aClioni, Vol. lii. p. 634, where there is an exa£l figure of it. This excellent fruit is much efteemed in the Kaft-Indies, and it is faid there is a tree of it now growing in the ifland of Madeira. By the defcription which Dr. Sobnder gives of this fruit, at Rio Janeiro, in Brazil, it is not fo good as the Eaft'India fort. Ufed for making paper in China and Japan. See KasmpfF. Anuznit. p. 467. This lias been fome time in the Engliflt gardens. This grows at Loxa, in the province of Peru ; and could it be obtained fo as to be cultivated in the Ame- rican States, would be of infinite advantage. This grows in Kfew-Spain, Mexico, and Peru. It is brought from the bay of Cam- peachy, and the gulph of Hon- duras, where it grows in plenty, and might eafily be propagated in the fouthern States. In BrazUi and Martinico* This tree grows near Carthagena, in South- America. This tree is known to yield the true gum copal, and that the ^ffer- ence between tiiis and gum anime, may be owing to foil and heat of climate; it grows wild in the. American ifiands, the Mufquitt flwft, and in Terra Firma. Amygdalus communis Capparis fyU Jalapiun TO BUROFEAN SETTLERS. thageflfti >n •Id the true tht differ- gum animet and heat of rUd in tha. ^e Mufquitt Jalapiom offici- IMntoi Bixa oreUana Mimora Senegal Mimora Nilotica f icus fycomorus Ficus Carica Vitis apyrena Fraxinm ornus Amygdalus communis Capparis fpinofa SngH/h N*mu True jalap ArnottOi for dy • ing Gum Senegal tree Gum arable True fycamore of Zacheus Turkey figs Currants, or Co- rinthian grapes Calabrian manna aih* Sweet almonds Caper tree 409 Oif'rvatitin, This plant is fappofedby fome tob» a kind of bindweed or convolvu- liia, that grows near Mexico | by others it is thought to be a fpecies of Marvel of Peru. As we arc uncertain of the genus, it is well worth inquiring into, as a moft ufeful drug, in order to propagate it in the States, particularly the fouthern. This grows in all the warm climates of America. The French culti- vate it, but what the Spaniards fend is much richer i colour, and more valuable. This grows in Egypt, and in S«« oegal. In Egypt, from whence the feeds may be procured. This is reckoned the mod durable timber known. The repolitories of the mummies found in Egypt are made of this timber. Figs grow in the greatest perfection in Carolina, and would become a valuable trade if they had the me- thod of curing them as in Turkey. The cuttings of this vine might b« procured from Zant. This is worth trying in the fouthern colonies, where the heats are violent in the fummer. It is com- mon in Englifli nurfery gardens. Thefe would grow to great perfec- tion in the fouthern States. ■ This flirub requires a rocky foil to grow in, as it is found about, Marfeilles and Toulon* ^ There is no drug fo liable to adulteration as tliis ; and tlierefore as it is a medicine fo frequently in ufe among perfons of tender conftitutions, efpeeiaily young chiMrenj greac care ftiould be taken to have it genuine. Vol. ni« 3 Q Panics 410 eSNERAL INFORMATION Lstk ffamu. Xi^l/k Ntmt, OifinMtkfit* Funica grana- AaUuiftiamorthe This tree would thrive extrrmefjf tuin* bloflTomsofthe well in the fouthern States, and ■ double flower- yield a profitable article in their ing pomegra- bloflbms. Planu of this kind are nate to be bought from moft EngUfli nurferymen. tichcn rocQclU Argal, canary. It it poflible this valuable plant may wecdi oror« be found in the American iflands, - cheU as well as in the Canariei an(^ Cape Verd iflands. iBiflui ladanifera Gum labdanum In Spain and the Archipelago^ yubongalbanum Gurogalbanum In Ethiopia. PaAinaca opopo- Amomum car- Gum opoponax la Sicily. Cardamums In the E«(l-Indiei, daniQmum \ Curcuma longa Tumerick In the Eaft'Indies. Aftragalus tr«<^ Gum traga> In the fouth of Frwce aod in Sicilyt gacantha canth, or gum dragon • Cucumis.coly* Coloquintida, or Ii\ Afric«« cintbit bitter apple Gentian^ lute» Gentian In the Alps, Appennines, and Py« renees. To be had of the nurfe^ rymen in England. Similax China China root In China and in New-Spain, pimpinella ani. Atvfe feeds In Egypt. font ■ > Canibogia gutta Gamboge In the EaA-Indie«. Quaxus cQccU Alkermes oak About Marfeillesand Touloii« fera J Myrrha crffic. Gum myrrh ■ In AbyfSnia. JBenzionumoffic. Gum Benjamin In Sumatra and Jav«. Aninioniacuai Gum arooBoni. InAitk** offic. acum ^ iSalfainumPeni- Natural balfam In Peru. Tianwn of Pern CHbanunt Thus Frankijncenfe In the Upper Egypt and interioy xnafcalun^ ■ parts of Africa. B * The iinglr flowering, or fruit-bearjng prmegraaate, wi^ aSbrd the inoft grateful addition to the it^^\^i of the St-.tcs, and a valuable medicine. The ripe fruit iuU of iceds 4i to >e met with at the Eni.lilh fruit fhopf ia the wiater leafoa : from the kti» of fucH Ifuit t^s txoe may be eafily i fOi>%at^ To EUROPeAM SBTtteHi* 4t« LMh Ntmt. Eniti/k Nmmu OI^*J«M«/. )4ut mofchata Nutmegi with Id Ambojrna, odlc. mac* • Caryophylut Cloves In the Moluca jflandi. aromaticui Piper nigrum Pepper Sumatra. Carciniatnonga Mangofiaeni A moft delicious fruit, grows in flona Java, and in fever j1 parti of the Eaft-Indies. Letihee Lechec of China This fruit is highly commended by all perfont who have been in China. Ipecacuanha IpecacQanha of A very ufcful mcilicine, and worthy the (hopi) or of attention to propagate; it will ' Brasilian root grow in any warm climate. Fenita alTa foe- AOa foetida, or The gum of this plant is much ufed ti(U Hevil's dung, in medicine. Kseinptf. jj^ and called hing in il^' the Malay lan- guage Tothis catalogue may be added liquorice, faffron, and aloei foco* trina, as well as many others of equal importance. We (hall here fubjoin feme directions for carrying oVer feeds and plants fi'om diftailt countries in a fiate of vegetation. Many valuable! trees and plants grow in diftant countries, as iti Europe, and parti-* cularly in the northern provinces of China, about the latitude of forty degrees, which would thrive Well in North-America^ more ef- pecially in the middle and foutherii States, which lie about the famtf latitudet But as the diftance is great, the manner of preferving the feeds properly* fo as to keep them in a ftate of vegetation, is an af&ir of confiderable . confequence and fome difficulty ; the fol* lowing hint« are therefore ofTerechfor that purpofe. In the firft place it ought to be carefully attended to, that the feeds fhould be perfeftly ripe when they arc gathered ; and they fhould be gathered, if poffible, in dry weather; afterwards they Ihould be fpread thin on paper or matts, in a dry airy room, but aot in funfhine. The time neceflary for this operation will vary* according to the heat of the climate, or feafon of the year, from a fortnight to a month, or perhaps two may be necelTary ; the hotter the feajfon, th« 1 tim« will fuffice. This is to carry off their fu- 3 G a perfiuous 4tt OENERAL IMFORMATIOM perfluous moifturfc, which, if confined, would immediately turn tt niouldinefs, and end in rottennefs. As there are two methods that have fucceeded, and put the Ame« ricans in pofieffion of I'everal young plants «»f the true tea^tree wn, and the trunks of the trees are left to rot, which| in time, turn to |;ood manure, and the pafture is durable. Some hulbandmen prefer felling trees in the winter, or very early in the fpring, before the fnow is gone. The advantage of this method is, that there arc fewer flioots from the flumps of the felled trees than if they are cut in the fumraer ; thefe fhoots encumber the gi'ound, and njuft be cut out of the way or destroyed by fire. The difadvantoge of cutting trees in the winter is, that they will not dry fo foon, nor burn fo welt, as thofe cut in the fummer with the leaves on : befides, the month of June is a time when not only the trees are eafied to be cut, but the feed is in the ground, and people can better attend to this labour, than when they are preparing for their fpring work, or have not finiihed their winter employments : the days too are then at their greateft length, and more labour can be done in the courfe of a day t this labour, however, is often paid f(or by the acre rather than by the day ; and the price of felling an acre is from one to two dollars, according to the number and fize of the trees.* The burning of trees generally deflroys the fimbs and fmallei* trunks ; the larger logs are left fcorched on the ground, and fome- tlmes ferve to fence the field. After the fire has had its efFeft, and is fuccecdijd by rain, then is the time for planting. No plough is iifed, nor is it poiTible for one to pafs anwng the roots and flumps, but holes arc made with a hoc in the loofe foil and allies, in which, the feed bcitvg dropped and covered, is left to the prolific hand of «e; • ' nature^ * Belknap's Hiftory of Ncw-Hampftiirc fiature, tio Wig of th< This firew jagged leal the ftrengtl feed, which except on t jures the fi difappears. pigeonbeny, comes it; it top, and beai When the fown, mixed Scattered on t rake, or a h< expe«a a crop Sometimes a c of rye or whe which will tur The firft crop i will repay the < for people, w of wildernefs in expenfe but th Many htifband them cleared a numbers of cat! fatted for the m; Huftandmen tilling their- new and flirring the others fay, that grafs; and that cleared, the larg penfate for one , ^e rake, or a hoe. The huflsandman knows on what kind of land to expeft a crop from this mode of culture, and is fcldom difappointed. Sometimes a crop of Indian corn is raifed the firft year, and another of rye or wheat the fecond year, and the land is fown with grafs, which will turn it into pafture or, be fit for mowing, the third year The firft crop in fome land, and the two firft crops in any good land will repay the expenfe of all the labour. It is not an uncommon thing for people, who are ufed to this kind of hufbandry, to bring a traft of wildemefs into grafs for the two firft crops, the owner being at no expenfe but that of felling the trees and purchafing the grafs feed. Many huft>andmen in the old towns buy lots of new land, and get them cleared and brought into grafs in this way, and pafture great nun?.bers of cattle; the feed is excellent, and the cattle are fooa fatted for the market. - . i- Hufl>andmen differ in their opinions concerning the advantages of tilling their' new land the fecond year : fome fuppofe, that mixing and ftirring the earth* does it more good than the crop injures it : others fay, that one crop is fuflicient before the land is laid down to grafs ; and that if it be fown with grain and grafs, as foon as it is cleared, the large crops of grafs which follow will more than com- penfate for one crop of grain. When the feeding with grafs is neg- lefted, the ground becomes mofly and hard, and muft be ploughed before it will receive feed. Land thus fown will not produce grafs fo plentifully as that which is feeded immediately after the fire has tun over it : befides, this negle£led land is generally overfpread with Vol. III. 3 H cherr/ :| 41» GENERAL INF0RMATI0I< therry tr^es, rafpberry buflies, and other wild growth, to fubdnt ivhich much additional labour is required. In good land, the iirft crops of hay are, on an average, a ton to an acre. That land which it intended for mowing, and which takes the common grafs well at firft, is feldom or never ploughed afterward ; but where clover is fown, it muft be ploughed and feeded every fourth or fifth year : good land, thus xnanaged, will average two tons of clover to the acre. Such is the procefs of dealing and cultivating lands in the New- England States, for a further view of the produdlions of which the reader is referred to the hiftory of thofe States.* A few additional remarks, however, may be neceflary on the fubjeft of tree fruit. Thefe States are certainly too far north to have it in perfgftion, /. t. of the firft quality, without particular attention. New- York, New- Jerfey and Pennfylvania, have it in perfeftion. Depart froni» that traft, either fouthward or northward, and it degenerates. We be- lieve, however, that good fruit might be produced even in New- Hampfliire, with fuitable attention : a proof of this is, that fome- times they have it. In theorizing on the fubjeft, three things ap- pear to us particularly neceflary, all which are totally negledted by the generality of American hulbandmen. Thejirjif after procuring thrifty young trees of the beft kinds, and grafting fuch as require it, is to chul'e a fituation for them, where they may have the advan- tage of a warm rich foil, and be well ilieltered from the chilling blafls of the ocean. The fecond is to keep the trees free from fuper- fluous branches, by a frequent ufe of the pruning hook, and the earth always loofe about their roots. The third is to defend the trees from infects, particularly thofe which by feeding on the fruit render it fmall and knotty, as we frequently find apples and pears ; or by depofiting their eggs in the embr)'o, occafion its failing oft' before it comes to maturity, as is obfervable in the varioiM kinds of plums. But moft of the farmers go on in the path traced out by their anceftors, and are generally averfe to making experiments, the relult of which is uncertain, or to adopting new modes of hul- bandry, the advantages of which are in the fmallefl degree proble- matical. There are few cultivators among them who theorize, and 4iill fewer who read and think." * v«i.u. i .. .1 la In the mi ufually buyi trees to buil to thirty in form the wi kind are fuel days. Tengi quite as coml He then pr flioots, and i ground. Jn a killings an ac work of a mai /hillings a day whi/key mornii eafily be concei is heavily timbc obout the heads the underwood much greater. The land bein cut down, andf] procefs, deftroyir air fufficiently to arc fplit into a ki pieces angular-wi ftven in number, laid on each othe rail fence is -not t after grubbing an ting througli the h which prevents tli j t^vo inches and a h rows it. Upon the hwelve bufhds per ■■■■ In Englind we appi jl^>(>els. The average o pic average of the wh l^Uve. Maryland the r ,rft iclt I at lis :ar : )tUe 'Jew- hthe tional fruit. i, /. e. New- [1(1 that Ve be- 1 Nevv- t fome- ngsap- ifted by rocuring requiie advan- cWlinj fuper. and the ;fend the the fruit Ld pears ; [ailing off kinds oi aced out eriments, |s of hul- le proble- tfize, aud TO EUROPEAN SETTLERS. 4I9 In the middle ftates when a fettler fixes on a fpot of land, which he ufually buys, paying for it in gales, his firfi care is to cut down a fewr trees to build his log-houfe. A man can cut down and lop from twenty- to thirty in a day of the fize proper for the purpofe. Thefe form the walls of the building. In general, the log cabins of this kind are fuch as half a dozen men will eafily finifli in three or four days. Ten guineas worth of labour thus employed will lodge a family quite as comfortable as in the better kind of cottages in England. He then proceeds to grub the land, (. e. to take up the fmall trees* flioots, and underwood, by the roots : thefe are burnt upon the ground. In a general way this may be contradecl for at about twenty fliiliings an acre. It is generally reckoned to coft ufually five day* work of a man to whom, as it is very hard work, the pay is three ihillings a day, finding him in vii^uals, and allowing him a dram of whilkey morning and evening. The price of this kind of work wil eafily be conceived to vary according to circumftances. Where land is heavily timbered with trees of two or three feet diameter, as it is about the heads of the creeks, and on the idands of the Sufquehannah^ the underwood is in fmall proportion, but the e:cpenfe of clearing much greater. • ■" ■> The land being grubbed, the trees immediately about the lioufe are cut down, and for the prefent another portion is girdled only. This procefs, deflroying the vegetation of the branches, lets in the light and air fufficiently to enfure a crop the next feafon. The trees cut dowa are fplit into a kind of rail for fences, which are made by laying thefe pieces angular-wife one on the top of another, to the height of fix or fpven in number, much in the fame way as the logs of a houfe are laid on each other, but flanting in alternate directions. A poft and rail fence is -not thought of till fome years afterwards. In new land, after grubbing and girdling, /'. e. taking up the undei*wood, and cut- tbg through the bark of the larger trees in a circle all round the trunk ; which prevents the leaves from growing next feafon, he plows about two inches and a half deep, then acrofs j then fows the feed and har- rows it. Upon the average of his land, his crop of wheat is not above twelve buftiels per acre j of oats from fifteen to twenty. * The * In Englind we apprclicn;!, the average wheat ciop per ftatutc acre is at leaft twenty IbulVels. The average of the Iflc of Wight in 1793, was at Kaft thirty-five buihels. iTlc average of the whole State of PennfyUania cannot be reckoned at above ten or I \\clve. Maryland ihe fame, This is owing to the neglect of manures, to the repeat*! 3 H % working 420 GENERAL INFORMATlOlf The trees cut down are never rooted up. The ralue of the land gained will not pay the expenfe of doing this. They are cut off about eighteen inchei or two feet from the ground. The fide roots are ob. ilruAions to the plough for about two years, when they are com< pletely rotted. The flumps in New-York and Pennfylvania States do not rot away completely under ten years ; in "Virginia and Maty. land this happens in about feven. It appears, that by cutting off the tree a few inches below the furface of the ground, and covering the ilump with mould, the expenfe would not be much increafed, the deformity, which is indeed a great one in an American landfcape, would be prevented, and the procefs of putrefaftion accelerated. We never heard of but one perfon, Lord Stirling in Ncw-Jerfey, who had his trees rooted up ; and we are inclined to think it wes done at an expenfe much beyond the convenience gained. The expenfe of clearing heavily timbered land is confide^'able, Sometimes to the amount of five and fix pounds per acre, but the great fertility of this kind of land affords ample recompence. In general the whole expenfe is not forty fliillings an acre. One-half or two- thirds of the expenfe of clearing land in New-York State is repaid by the pot-a'i obtained in burning the wood. In Pennfylvania, and the fouthern States, the back fettlers are not fo much in the practice of this ufeful method. The land furveyors have four pounds per thou- land acre* for furveying a traft of land, and making return of it; but as the owner finds labourers and provifions, thefe, with other inci- dental expenfw, will make the coft of furveying altogether about twenty fliillings per hundred acres. Planters of any confequenre frequently have a fmall difiillery as a part of their eftablifhment. A Mr. White on the banks of the Sufque- hannah near Sunbury has one which may ferve as a fpecimen of this kind : he has two AJlls, the one holding fixty, the other one hundred and fifteen gallons. Tq a bufliel and a half of rye coarfely ground, he adds a gallon of malt and a handful of hops ; he then pours on fifteen gallons of hot water, and lets it remain four hours, then adds fixteen gallons and a half more of hot water, making together a barrel of W>rk!ng of the Tame ground with crops of grain till it will bear no more, and to the very flight labour tiiey beftow upon their tillngc. It muft be confidercd alfo, that much oj the land is occupied by the ftucnps of trees not rotted, and neyer grubbed up. But tliough in America lefs grain is produced per acre than in England, they g'-t wore per man. There, land is plentiful and labour fcarce. In England it is the revctfc. | Jjf/tace the accuracy of Britilb, and carelcfsnefs of America^ cultivation. - ■ tbirty* thirly-eni ofyeaft. of this wi «nd drawi redified ii rye will pi per gallon land is uft of gin. We hav malted ani ni'ght be n well as the upon malt, rials of a bi that brewer Thebcft eft ideas on of a mediui fennfylvanh I'gent farme American pi His /arm ft>il, earlier] Jandsatadii ^e reft in w( The rotati year, and on grain again, He manure plaifterofPai tion between fupply of ma from Philadel he grinds it at plaifter of p^ good. It^ill fwers well on would otherwi \^ powder wit nd >ut ob- )m- atea ary« fthe ;thc , the cape, . We , who )neat j^able, le great general or two« [paid by , and the aftice of er thou- f\t; but ler inci« :r about ilery as a Sufque- In of this hundred |ound, he jn fifteen h fixtcen [biarrel of to the very nat mv>c^^ "i I Ld, they ga 1 tstherevcife. TO BITROPCAK SfiTTLERS. 431 thirty-one galloni iind a bftlf } thW U fermented with about two quarts of yoaft. In fiimmei' th« lermentflfiiMi lads four days, in winter fix} of thii wa(h he piiti to th« ammmt df a hogfliead in the larger (lilt, and drawi off about Mmn jj^ullotig of weak fpirit, which is afterward redified in the fmAttei' ftillf (tsUUm more than once. One bu(hcl of rye will produce nhotit el«v«n ^mHi of ftileable whilkey, which fetchet per gallon four Hlilliugs m\i\ ^%*p(itiee by the barrel, ffyjljiey in Eng-* land is ufually » fpirit dciiwn fmm Oflts. The rye produces the bafit of gin. We have no duuht but bsfjgy entlld be well grown, and well malted and brewedi in ftimaft my pwt of America ; and beer might be more ^emr»\\y ifltrodtt^edi The American fmall beer, as well as the porter, U St prf ft^Ht Very good ; and as there is no excife upon malt, nor upon mitt-Hqiiaf | tis grain is cheap, and the mate- rials of a brewery to hf htid kf tittle Ot nothing, it is rather furprifing that breweries are net fflofi ginsi-ftlly cftabliflicd. Thebeft view of lh§ hMfcsndfy of the middle States, and the dear- eft ideas on the Aibje^f ffliy b§ obtained from obfervations on a farm of a medium ext§nt— Alfb S §m mmf» at Paxtang, in the State of fennfylvania in th§poflbfllan §f&Mt. M'AUifter, a fpirited and intel« ligent farmer i and ft? bi§ ^k§i will flitdrd a favourable fpecimen of an American plantAtlenv we M\\ (iefail h)i eftablifliment. His farm Is about th^i Hundred iiitet, near the river ; a fandy foil, earlier in vegetation by tiO tUya 6t a fortnight than the higher lands at a diftance> About one tllird of this quantity is in cultivation, the reft in wood. The rotation of bis f w/* Rfi gfftlfl | then clover mown twice the firft year, and once the feeond yeiir< In autumn, it is turned in, and prain again, offomokindf fowft upon the fame land. He manures for bIs §fops eJthff with dung, with afhes, oi" with plaifter of Paris, It do§s f^ot flppeSf that he has any fyftem of propor- tion between cattle mA \nm\, for the purpofe of procuring a regular fupply of manure, Tlie plalftef of 1*aris he procures in the ftone from Philadelphia, formerly fli ftvetl, tiow at twelve dollars per ton : he grinds it at home | ©n§ tot! yields tW€flty«four buftiels. The French plaifter of Paris is mweb the beft } thi Nova Scotia plaifter is not fo |ood. It v^'ill not aniWer at all fl§ a ftiflflure upon wet lands, but ant fwers well on hot fandy foils, whteh it preferves moifter than they would otherwife be during the bffttl of fummer. He fows the plaifter i|<^ powder with 9loV£f» five 6f $j^to^«li to the acre< Hii 421 GENERAL IKFORMATION Hii avciAge produce i» of wheat and rye about twenty-three bunielf to the acre, corn, (maize) and oats about thirty bufliels. Weight of a buflicl of wheat from fixty pounds, which is the market weight, to ixty.five pounds ; of rycabout fifty-eight pounds; oats about thirty-five pound* { corn, the white flint kind fown the firft week of May, about tixty pouiuU per bufliel. The goutd-fecd, maize, yields larger crops, hut it ijt a late grain. By means of his plainer manure he obtains at two mowings, per annum, three ton and a half of hay per acre. The hay is ready to be Itac kod «fu«lly the day after it is cut. , , : ; .,.- .. Hii prices of produce and labour are to hulbandmen twenty-five pounds a year, with board, wafliing, and lodging ; or fix dollars a month, or two fliillingsand fix-pence a day in common, and three fliil- iings in harvcft time. Formowingan acre he pays three fljillings, finding visuals and a pint of whifky, or ibur and fix-pence without finding any thing elfe. Women in reaping have as much wages as men, but' at hay-nuking only fifteen-pence a day, and their vi(fluals. The price of wheat is fix fliillingfi and fix-pence a budiel. — Maize three fliillings «id nine-pence.— Rye four to five fiiillings. — Oats two to two fluUings and fix-pence.— Buck-wheat two fliillings and fix-pence. — Salted pork thirty-three fliillings percwt. Hit ploughs arc the common light ploughs of the country. Drill ploughs are little in ufe : in mod parts, the flumps of trees would pre- Kent their being ufcd. He has rejected the hoe-plough ; firft, becaufe he finds it cuts off too many of the young fibres of the plants ; and ifecondly, becaufe the land is too dry to require the furrow. In lieu ©f the hoe, he harrows th^ ground, without regarding the grain,, fo as to lay it quite flat and dcftniy the ridge and furrow. This, he fays, h-M been the pia^ice in the neighbourhood for two years paft, with fucrcfs. Iv^fjetUnc, his cattle, he makes it n rule to give them as much as tliey will cat. The cowf, bcfides clover hay aiul Timothy-hay, have ^''tiUoes mixed with ground Indian corn, and the wafli of the diftillcry. The hogs the f;une. His cows,, however, even in fpring do not yield above five or fix quarts of milk at a meal. Here, as alraoft every wli(;re in Ani< ric.t,' Indian corn is the food of the poultry. Inftciid of the chafi-cutting machine, which he now ufes, he pro- pofca to hiui^c the hay between two mill-ftones, of which the edges come in ron'aft : he has tried this in a fmall way, and finds the hiy DiUtU bcttcj and rpoic expedition fly cut than by the chaff-cutter. I HU His/«, we have i wet, and i guJar-wifc and partly privet hed prickly Joe this tree an mon in Pen three inches ingthem; | fome heavy i g'^nt many ftanding are as a man's ai leet high ; ar picte fence, 1 them. The. would have t method of pj; to go upon a r Jand, Jits firfl width all rouj fences or fire \ briifli wood he tween thefe he ^'ood was rottt fliould be to ph pear to be judic His garden p ^andyland.ther German in his made every yea lifter, who has I t-vcr of tJie praa •■'grees with oth tl-'e fmalJ way, ; c'lety formed at P yards, and there f^e attempt. Cej To EUROPEAN SETTLERS. 423 fltiffHers are partly the common ftake fence of the country, whicti we have before defcribed, of wood fplit into lengths of &x or fexvn (tety and three or four inches fcantling, and laid upon each other an« guiar-wife : partly a chevaux de frize fence of wood ftuck in the ground, and partly the common poft and rail fence. He has tried thorn and privet hedges without fuccefs. He then turned his attention to tlic prickly locuft as an indigenous plant of the country. The feeds of. this tree are contained in a pod like a bean, and it is extremely com- mon in Pennfylvania. He ran a furrow with a plough about two or three inches deep, round his orchard, drilling in the feeds and cover- ing them ; but from the want of a ridge .being previoufly thrown up, fome heavy rains, which fucceeded in about ten days, wafhedawaya great many of the feeds, and rendered the fence incomplete. Thofe ftanding are about four years old, from the feed. They are as thick as a man's arm, at about a foot fiom the ground, and eight or nine I'cet high ; and had they been dubbed would have been a very com- plete fence, but the rains having fpoiled the firft plan, he neglefted them. The one-year flioots of the locuft-tree laid along the furrow, would have thrown out fprouts. Perhaps this would be the eafieft method of planting them for a hedge. M*AUifter fays, that were he to go upon a new farm, of a thoufand acres for inilance, of uncleared land, his firft objeft fliould be to cut a road of about two rood in width all round the eftate. The heavy wood he would cut up for fences or fire wood, or fuch other purpofes as it might be fit for : th» brufh wood he would lay in two piles on each fide this new road : be- tween thefe he would fovv or plant locuft, and by the time the brufli wood was rotten, the locuft would be a fence. The next operation fiiould be to plant an orchard, and ercdt a faw mill. Thefe ideas ap- pear to be judicious. His garden produces very fine grapes and ftrawberries. The dry fandy land, there (eems well adapted to the culture of the vine. A German in his nciglibourhood, who poirefles a very fmall farm, has made every year lately three or four barrels of wine, whith M'Al- liftcr, who has taded it, thinks very good. He has no doubt what- ever of the prafticability of making good wine in Pennfylvania. This agrees with other information of perfons, who having fucceeded in tlie ftnall way, are planting regular vineyards. Indeed there is a fo- ciety formed at Philadelphia for the promotion of the culture of vine- yards, and there does not appear the flighteft obftacle to the fuccefs of the attempt. Certainly the Rhiue grape, which promifcs fair at Sir Kichard 414 GENERAL INfroRMATlO!! Kicbard Woifley*t vintyardin the Iflc of Wight, is much mot'c likcl/ to fucceed in the middle and fouthern States of America* M*AUifter*s orchard contains thirty acres of ground and one thoufaiKl fix hundred apple trees* part of them planted eight, and part tlui* teea year» ago. They are two rood, thirty>three feet, apart. The jear, 1793, was a \ety bad year for apples, and he made only fif> teen barrels of cyder ; the year before he made fix hundred barrels, tnd if 1 794 proved a good year, he expected to make one thoufand from his orchard. He fuppofes his trees in this cafe likely to yield ten buIheU of apples on the average. Perhaps this is the lead troublefom^ and moft profitable application of the ground. When the general appearanca of the orchard has a red tinge, the trees are bealthy. Againft the grub he ufes a decodtion of tobacco. He has leveral peach trees, but they have not long been planted. But one plum tree of the damafcene kind, and a few pear, or apricot, and no nectarine trees. He gives fix^pence a piece for apple and peach trees, about three or four years old, that is iit to plant out. Peach trees grow about the thicknefs of the thumb, and four or five feet high in one year, from the ftone, and bear fruit in four years from the ftone. Cyder ufually fells at ten (hillings and twelve (hillings per barrel, of thirty-one gallons and a halt^ but 1793 being a bad year, it fold for three dollars per barrel, /. e. thirteen (hillings and fix- pence fterling, one pound two fluliings and fix-pence currency. His cyder-prefs confifts of two call iron cog wheels, about one foot diameter, with (lanting cogs, turning vertically ; tliefe he means to change for wooden wheels, owing to the action of the acid upon the Iron : they are fed with apples by a hopper; the motion is given by a borfe moving round. The mufli of ap])les thus produced, is put into a kind of cafe, and prefTcd, not by a fcrew, but by one end of a mady beam, which is forced down by means of the other end being raifed by a lever. A man deprelTcs the lever, which raifes the neareft, and deprelTcs the farthcft end of the beam. The juice is thus forced upon a platform about feven feet fquare, with a groove all round, and an outlet for the juice from one of the grooves: the l^am is about twenty-five feet long, and about fifteen inches fquare ; the frames in which it moves, about twenty feet high : he ibmetimes finds a difficulty in clearing his cyder, which he has not yet conquered. In England this is not an eafy part of the procefs, nor is the befi mode of doing it fettled among the cyder makers, in the warmer climate of America, the liquor will be dill more liable to ^Qtaoeous fermentation af ## -pa TOBACCO PiANT. a few cattle .1 but not to eal Third and| laft mowing: and fallowed again. Sometimes I times oats fori Frequently thJ wheat, makinj wheat is fovvn ' fore the Nov^ fown as near til land, white ck In the fouth the method of middle States, digo, &c. With refpea planter thinks fland. A man ticular in the cl not know a great from the fwe2t-l( kind of tobacco, vvoiiid recommei ef a good planter When he has ( intends to low burned with co and grafs, whicl will , find very tr for fowing the (i permit. When fliould be done ! raking in the fei gently trodden 1 is the covering tl young plants froi TO EUROPEAN SETTLERS.^ 4^7 a few cattle are turned into the clover for a fliort time, juft to top it) ' but not to eat it clofe. Third and fourth year, clover mown twice in each year. After the laft mowing in the autumn of the fourth year, the ground is plowed and fallowed till May, when in the fifth year, Indian corn comes oa >, again. Sometimes rye or winter barley is fubflituted for wheat, and fome- times oats for Indian com, in which cafe the oats are fown in April. Frequently the ground is made to yield an autumnal crop of buck wheat, making two corn crops in one year, in which cafe the buck wheat is fown in June, before the wheat .harveft, and is cut juft be- fore the November frofts. The fall, autumnal, crops are ufually fown as near the middle of September as poffible. There, as in Eng- land, white clover is the produce of lime«ftone foil. V In the fouthern States, and what is called the weftern territory, * the method of preparing and cultivating new lands is (imilar to the middle States, except in the cultivation of tobacco, rice, in- digo, &c, CULTV&E OF TOBACCO. With refpeft to the culture of tobacco, it is an art that every planter thinks he is a proficient in, but which few rightly under- ftand. A man who wifhes to make fine tobacco, fliould be very par- ticular in th«; choice of his feed : we mean as to the kind. We do ' not know a greater variety of any kind of vegetable than of tobacco ; from the fwe;t-fcented ; the beft fort, to the thick-jointed, a coarfe kind of tobacco, but of which we think the moft can be made. We vvouid recommend to a gentleman who would vvilh for the reputation ef a good planter, to cultivate the true fweet-fcented. When he has chofen his leed, let him prepare the beds in which he intends to fow it, very fine ; when thus prepared, they mull be burned with corn ftalks, in order to deftroy the feeds of weeds and grafs, which, even when he has done the bell with his beds, he will find very troublefome and difficult to extirpate. The beft time for fowing the feed is as early after Chriftmas as the weather will permit. When fown in beds, prepared as above direfted, which fliould be done as foon as poiTible after they are burned, inftcad of raking in the feed, the beds fliould either be patted with boards, or gently trodden with naked feet. This being done, the next care is the covering them warmly with cedar or pine brulh, to defend the young plants from the froft. 3 I a After i 428 GENERAL INFORMATION After til his trouble and care, the planter's hopes are often biased by a little fly, which frequently deftroys the plants when they fii ft come up, and very often when they are grown to a moderate fize ; no certain remedy againft them has yet been difcovered : we have, indeed, heard, that fulphur will deftroy them, and we believe it will ; but it muft be often repeated, and will be too expenfive. We think that a pretty ftrong infufion of fairafias root bark, fprinkled frequently over the beds, would deftroy thofe infers •, and we judge fo, bccaufe its eSc£ii have been experienced upon the lice, a kind of fly that infefts cabbages. Drought will alfo deftroy the plants, even where they are large in the beds ; the planter fliould, therefore, before the drought has continued too long, water his plants night and morning, until he has a good rain. From thefe enemies to plants, the necef- Hty of having feveral beds difterently fttuated, fome convenient to water in fwamps, and fome on high ground well expofed, wa!l be fcen. Thofe plants at a proper fize, as opportunity offers, are to be tranfplnnted into hills at three feet diftance. Here it may be neceftary to give fome diredions as to preparing the ground to receive the plants, and to notice what kind of foil is beft adopted to tobacco. The fame kind of land that is proper for wheat, is fo for tobacco, neither of them delighting in a fandy foil. We do not think a clayey ftiff foil will fuit tobacco ; however, let the foil be ftift'or light, it ought to be made very rich, by cow-penning it on the fward, or by fpreading farm-yard manure over it, except it is ftrong rew land. We would recommend that the hills fliould be made in the autumn, and at about the diftance of three feet, or three* and a hiilf in the row and ftep ; by this means it has a larger fut face expo- fed to the froft, which will aflift in the pulverifing and fertilizing it; a good haml may very well tend from ten to twelve thoufand hills of frefli light land, or from fix to ten thoufand of ftiff land ; and we beliuvc where the planter depends upon manuring his land for a crop, he will find it difficult to get even five thoufand hills properly manured. ' f s^ ^. If the phntcr has time to turn over, in the month of February, the hills which were made in the fall, he will find his advantage in it 5 lint wo fcviiTc believe that time will be found. IF tht tobacco fled has been fown early in good beds, and thofe bc off the leaves, and tie up five leaves in a bundle, 6f equal goodnefs. When you have got enough for a hogfliead, which we fliould advife not to be more than a thoufand weight, it fliould be immediately packed up with very great care, and prized. The ho^rflieads fliould be made of ftaves not exceed- ing forty-eight inches long, and tlie head ought not to be more than from thirty to thirty-two inches in diameter. No directions can be given here for the packing, it can only be learned from pra£tice. If more tobacco than here recommended be prized into a hogfliead, without much care it will be apt to be bruifed, a circum- fiance which fliould be carefully avoided. , i- ON THE CULTURE OF INDIGO. As the culture of this plant is in a manner confined to particular parts of the United States, the obfervations thereon will be concife ; as, however, it may ere long be attempted, and certainly with a great probability of fucccfs, in fome parts of the fouthern States, where it has not as yet been tried, the inirodudion of tliefe remarks will need no apology. The indigo tree is a ftraight and rather bnfliy plant : from its root arifes a ligneous brittle Item, of the height of two feet, branch- ing from the beginning, white on the infide, and covered with a greyifli bark : the leaves are alternate, compofed of feveral fmall leaves difpofed in two rows along a common cofta, which is ter- • r ♦ minated »nin.itcd Ij fmali inei ieach branc finaJl, and number of arranged aj is changed length, and and brownifl This plan with water; becaufe this of the rain, might cover j alfo be empl( to draw off th( the rainy feafj fown in little 'jepth, at the i iine as poffible, the weeds, whi ^own in all feal caufes this plan 's ripe at the en. ^'th pruning-kr if the weather I term it degenerat As this plant ^iifficlent quantit vantage to the p vered with trees, make room for tl h 'neans of whi each other their fl fl'e vapours and t 'ibrinm. Thus the leaves draw f'»e fibres of the tr, ^''^ vvhat it lofes Influence, that wli Vol. nr. V • TO EtmOPSAN SfiTTLERS. 433 tnlnated by a fin/ile fdli§l(iiit, tmd fiirniflied at its bads with two finall niecnbrMnei which me filled ftipulz : at the extremity qF each branch trife §\uRm f^f reddidit papilionaceous flowers, rather fmall, and compnfed Qf » nuitlher of petals : the flamina, to the number of fiXi and ths pitlilf furmounted with a iingle ftyle, are arranged as they Hie in m«ft 6f the herbaceous Howers : the piftll is clianged into a fmsil f§mid«d pod, (lightly curved, one inch in length, and a line A»d ft half in breadth, full of cylindrical, iliinlng and browniih fe^ds. . " .;' j. > . ,,• This plant reqwifPS A light foil, well tilled, and never deluged with water ; for this leifeil (ptHa «re jjreferrcd which are flopiiig, becaufe this podtlan pr^iisivei^ itie Indigo plant from the ftagnation of the rain, which n)l|^ht dedfoy It, and from inundations, th;;it might cover it with A piejudititd fllitlci Low and flat grounds may alfo be employed fof lbi§ CUltUfcf, if diatmels and ditches are nude to draw otf the waters, ftml if tiMH b« taken to plant them only after the rainy feafon, whieb offsfl o^t^ftHohs overflowings. The feed is fown in little furrows mftdi by the hoe, two or three inches in depth, at the diftanee of ft foot iVortl each other, and in as ftraight a line as pofTibje. CoiUinuftl tiftSiifiuil is required to pluck up the the weeds, which WPUld kmi ti\\mk the plant. Though it may be fown in all feafons, the fpflng U tomhionly preferred. Moifture caufcs this plant to (bo^t fti^JVe UiS furface in three or four days : it is ripe at the end of iw^i mmih'^i Wlieil it begins to flower, it rs c\$, with pruning-knives, and g(}| ^n\n at the end of every fix weeks, if the weather be a llHle fftlny } if lalis about two years, after which term it degenerates | it i^ th§n plugiked up and planted afrefli. As this plant foon fxhswftl llie foil, becaufe it does not abforb a fufficient quantity «f sif sml dtW lo (iioift^n the earth, it is of ad- vantage to the pl.intfF {§ hrtVi ft Vrfft fpace which may remain co- vered with trees, till H b^fyfligs imtiii'my to fell them, in order tn make room for the Indigd | iW tl-^es «f«i to be confidered as fyphons, by menus of which the ttlffit ftitd tlil* leciprocaJly communicate to each other their fluid 8ftd Vtgdtfttlllg ftlbftance j fyphons, into which the vapours and the juie§§ \w\f\^ flilgiiifttely drawn, are kept in equi- librium. Thus whil§ th# fep «lil»u!s by the roots to the branches, the leaves draw in the ftip tt»«l Vflpotltft, which circulating through the fibres of the tree defernd ftplH Ittto the earth, and reftore to it in dew what it lofes in fftpf It \§ hi §jdci- to maintain this reciprocal influence, that wlwn there 8I'6 flO tr6«§ to preferve the. fields in a V^oL. III. |K proper 434 GENERAL INFORMATION proper (late for the Towing of indigo, it is cuflomary to cover thofe which are exhauftcd hy thi« pinnt with potatoes or linnet, the creeping hranchei of which prefei vc the frcflinels of the earth, while the leaves, when burnt, renew its fertility. Indigo is diftinguiflied into feveral fpecies, of which only two are cultivated! the true indigo, which is the fort we have been fpeakihg of, and the bafturd indigo, which differs from the former, in having a much higher, more woody, and more durable ftem ; in having its foliola longer and narrower, its pods more curved, and it* feedi black, Thotigh the firft be fold at a higher price, it is ufually advantagcoui to cultivate the other, bccaufe it is not fo fi-c- quentty renewed, i« heavier, and yields more leav^;?, the produce of which if, however, lefs, from an equal quantity. The tirft will grow in many different foila : the fccond fucceeds bed in thofe which lire moft cxpofcd to the rain. Both arc liable to great accidents in their early ftatc. They are fometimes burnt up by the heat of the fun, or choaked by a web with which they are furrounded by an inlifft peculiar to thcfc regions. Sometimes the plant becomes dry, and is dcilroyed by another very common infeft ; at other times, the leaves, which arc the valuabl'j part of the plant, are de- voured in the fpace of twenty-four hours by caterpillars. This laft misfortune, which is but too common, hath given occafion to tha faying, that" the planters of indigo went to bed rich, and rofe in the *morniug totally ruined." This produAion ought to be gathered in with great precaution, for fcai' of making the farina that lies on the leaves, and which is very valuable, fall cff by fljaking it. When gathered, it is thrown into the flecping-vat, which is a large tub hlled with water. Here it under- goes a fermentation, -which in twenty-four hours at fartheft is com- 'plctcd. A cock is then turned, to let the water run into the fecond tub, called the mortar or pounding-tub. The iieeping-vat is then cleaned out, that frcfli plants may be thrown in ; and thus the work it continued withtnit interruption. The water which hath run into the pounding-tub, is found im- pregnated with a very fubtlc earth, which alone conftitutes the dregs I or blue fubftancc that is the objet't of this proccfs, and which muflbe fcparatcd from the nfclefs fait of the p'ant, becauf'e this makes thel dregs fwim on the fiirface. To efFcft this, the water is forcib'vf agitated with wooden buckets that are full of hoks, and fixed toil long handle. This part of the proccfs requires the grcateft pre[ i}. caution,] •nutlon. ; ufed in d^ be ioft. I after the c< f?a'"» and dregs wouJc fpoii its col dents are pr the dye undi to draw out j tJiey perceive »'ie reft of t] to alJow time tub, where th made in the i ther, and this The blue dr fiftence of a i '''•aw it off int< fuperfluous wat from whence, v matter, now becJ The culture , individual States. J^een deemed to asfiich/ituations; Union, a few o of affording' every K'ce is a plant "nd in the fig„re terminates the fte ''ther, whicli hav( I furrounded with Wmdy farinaceon M^'-ger, yellowiHi, j^«^eraJ faijcnt coil hH-ited extrcmit fc he ilc ;\vo ecn ner, ; in and it is 0 frc« aduce ft will which fents in of the A by an les dry, r times, are de- ^his laft ^n to tha ifeiuthe Inion, fot Ih is very K into the it under- Ift is com- be fecond ^at is then the woi'ti [found im- 1 i the dregi I Imakestkl lis forcibly I I fixed toll [-cnteft m TO EUROPEAN SETTLERS. 435 tnutton. If the agitntion be difcontlnued too foon, the part that is ufed in dying, not being fufHciently feparatcd from the fait* would be loft. IF, on the other hand, the dye were to be agitated too long after the complete feparation, the parts would be brought together again, and form a new combination ; and the fah re-adting on the dregs would excite a fecond fermentation, that would alter the dye, fpoil its colour, and make what is called burnt indigo. Thefe acci* dents arc prevented by a clofe attention to the leaft alterations that the dye undergoes, and by the precaution which the workmen take. to draw out a little of it from time to time in a clean veflll. Whea they perceive that the coloured particles collet by {eparating from (lie red: of the liquor, they leave off fliaking the buckets, in order to allow time to the blue dregs to precipitate to the bottom of the tub, where they are left to fettle till the water is quite clear. Holes made in the tub at different heights are then opened one after ano- ther, and this ufelefs water is let out. The blue dregs remaining at the bottom having acquired the con* fiflence of a thick muddy liquid, cocks are then opened, which draw it off into the fettler. After it is ftill more cleared of much fuperfluous water in this third and laft tub, it is drained into facks ; from whence, when water no longer filters through the cloth, this matter, now become of a thicker confiftence, is put into chefts, where it entirely lofes its moifture. At the end of three months the indigo is fit for fale. ON THE CULTURE OF RICE. ^- The culture of this plant, like the former, is confined to certain individual States. Low fwampy lands are the only fituations that have been deemed to offer a profped of fuccefs from its cultivation; but as fiich fituations are frequently found in the newly-fettled parts of the Union, a few obfervations on it will not be foreign to our objeft of aflfording- every poffible information to European fettlers. Rice is a plant very, much refembling wheat in fliape and colourj and in the figure and difpofition of its leaves. The panicle which terminates the ftem is compofed of fmaJl flowers, dilVindl from each other, which have four unequal fcales, fix flamina, and one piftil, furroundcd with two ftyles : this piftil becomes a white feed, ex- j tremely farinaceous, covered with two interior fcales, which are [larger, yellowidi, covered with light afperities, and furnifhed with jfeveral falient cofla?, tlie middle one of which terminates in an [elongated extremity. TJjIs plant thrives beft in low, damp and 3 K 2 warfliy ■.<*r 436 GENERAL INFORMATIOK itiarfhy hndtt when they are even a little overflowed. The pericxl «f i^ difeovety is traced to the rcmotcft antiquity. figypt, unfortunately for itftlf, firtt attended to it. The pcrniciouj ttkR of this culture, rendered the country tlie mod unhealthy in the known world ; conrftantly ravaged by epidemical diforders, and aflliAed with cutaneous dtfeafes, which pafled from that region to the others, where they luve been perpetuated during whole ctntu- riet, and where they have only been put a flop to by the contrary catife to that which had occafioned them ; to wit, the drying tip of the marflies, and the redoring of falubrity to the air and to the wa- ters. China and the Eaft-Indies mud experience the fame calamities, if art doth rtot oppofe prcfcrvatives to nature, whofe benefits are fometimes accompanied with evils ; or if the heat of the torrid zone dQth not quickly difpet the damp and malignant vapours which are exhaled from the rice grounds. It is a known fadl, that in the rice grounds of the Milanese, the cultivators are all livid and dropfical. A great degree of the unhcalthineis of part of Georgia and South- Cardlina is attributable to the fame caufe. Conld the wild, or as it is termed, the mountain rice, be improved by cultivation fo as to fu* perfede the culture of that grain in fwamps, it would be a material benefit to fociety ; from experiments that have been made, there is feme reafon for hoping this may ere long be the cafe. * ON THE CULTURE OF HEMF. Hemp is as profitable a produAion as any the earth fut- niflies, and in point of utility, yields to few articles whatever; The manufacture of it employs numbers of individuals, a great por- tion of whom are women and children, and it finds a conflant em< ployment for the farmers otherwife leifure time. Its advantage:), cither raw or manufaftured, are, indeed, great to the farnwr and merchant ; but as many American farmers manufiifture a confider- able portion in their own families, the importance of the cultivation thereof is fWl farther manifefl. The ufual height of the plant, when growing, is from five to fix feet, but this varies very confiderably according to circumflancc!. That whicjh is cultivated near Bifchwiller, in Alface, is fometimes | more than twelve feet high, and upwards of three inches in circum- ference, the flalks being lb deeply rooted, that a very flrongnianj can fcarce pull them up. Mr. Arthur Young, in a tour through Catalo- 1 nia in Spain^ fhys, that where the couutry is wdl watered, the crops! ofl of hemp height ol the Bolon of it. Jt 'o«nis, .in friable fm feathers, i "'ay be cu ducinor rh- w-herc-is H, it does not probnbic, t it might be who writes , that it may provided it pecks, accor ufual, thoug ^oth ill tlie on an averagi a treatife up< order of the 1 planrations, i 25th of Marc Wnthin, no advantage of ; •tinds of hemj ^J'lces fcei], fc parts of Engia tsen Weeks aft rated. This for tl]€ more eJ be made lengrJ 'ach other, tol hemp from ami a month after F *'emp is kno»vr »he fhrina fecmj the whole of tf to the direiaior TO EUROPEAN SETTLERS. 4J7 of hemp are extraordinary, and that the plants generally r\(i to the height of feven feet. In Italy heni|) Is generally cultivated, though the Bologncfe only can pretend to any fuperioriry in the managetnenC of it. It is there lown upon their beft lands, which are rich ftroog loams, nncl on which they are at all poinble pains to procure a fine friable furf.ice. For manure they ufc ilung, pieces of rotten cloth, feathers, and horns brought from Dalmatia. The plant, however, may be culiivatcd upon giound of ever)* kiml ; the poorer land pro- ducing that which is finer in quality though in fmaller quantity, whereas ftrong an.! rich land produces a great qimnfity, but coarfer ; it does not cxhauft the land on which it grows like flax, whence it \» probable, that if properly managed, and care taken in the cultivation, it might be found to fuperfede flax entirely. A Suflcx manufacturer, who writes on this fubjeA in the Annals of Agriculture, informs us, that it may be raifed fur many years fucceflively on the fame ground, provided it be well manured. An acre requires from nine to twelve pecks, according to the nature of the foil ; the latter being the moft ufual, though a variation in the qualityof the foil makes an alteratioa both in the quantity and quality of the hemp. An acre produces on an average thirty-fix or thirty-eight ftone. The Abbe Brulle, it» a treatife upon the culture and management of hemp, printed by order of the Lords of the Committee of Council for trade and foret2ti plantations, informs us, that the feafon for lowing extends fix>ra the 2 5th of March to the 1 5th of June. The feed ought always to be fown thin, not exceeding two bufliels to an acre, and if you have the advantage of a drill j)longh, ftill lefs will anfwer. As there are twa kinds of hemp, the male and female, of which the former only pro- duces feed, fome regard muft be had to this circumflance. In fomc parts of England, the male and female are pulled together about thir- teen weeks after the fowing, but in others they are frequently fepa- rated. This Inft method is recommended by the Abb6 Brulle, wha, for tl>e more eafy accomplifliment of it, direds that little paths fliould be made lengthwife through the field at about feven fcetdifiance from each other, to allow a paflage for the perfon who pulls up the female hemp from among tin: other, the latter requiring to ftand more thaa a month after for the purpofe of ripening the feeds. The female hemp is known to be ripe by the fading of the flowers, the failing of the farina feoundans, and fomc of the ftalks turning yellow. Aftef the whole of this kind is pulled, it muft be manufadlurcd according to the diretlllons hereafter given, and ought to be worked, if poffible, while 43$ GENERAL INFORMATION while greeii ; the hemp thus produced, being much finer than that which is previoufly dried. The reafon of this is, that the plant con» tains a great quantity of ghitinous matter, which being once dried, Agglutinates the fibres in fuch a manner, that they can never be after- wards perfeftly feparated; the female hemp, however, is always in fmaller quantity than the malcj and therefore where the crop is large, it will be impoffible to work the whole as fall as it is pulled or cut. It is known to be ripe by the ftems becoming pale ; but it muft be remembered, that hemp of any kind will be much lefs injured by pulling the plants before they are ripe, than by letting them ftand too long. The male hemp being ftripped of its leaves, &c. as afterwards di- refted, willfoon be dry for ftoring by the heat of the atmofpherc, though fometimes it may be neccflhry to ufe artificial means ; but where thefe are ufed, the utmoft care mull be taken, hemp, wh^n dry, being exceedingly inflammable. The ftored or dried hemp muft be ilecped and treated in every other refpetSt as though it had been green ; whence it is evident, that this operation ought never to be nfed but in cafes of necelfity. It is likewife diflicult to make hemp which has been dried previous to its being fteeped, fo white as that which has been worked green. With regard to the perfefting of hemp feed for a fubfequent feafon, it would feera proper to fet apart a piece of ground for this purpofe ; for a M. Aimen, from forty plants raifed in the common way, had only a pound and an half of feed, though the plants from which it was taken might be deemed fine ; whereas, from a fingle plant which grew by itfelf, he had feven pounds and an half. Some are of opi- nion, that by putting the clufters which contain the hemp feed to heat and fweat, the quality is in^proved ; as many of thofe feed* which would otherwile wither and die, may thus arrive at perfec- tion. This, however, feems to be very problematical, as there are no experiments which fliow that feeds, when feparated from the ve- getable producing them, have any power of meliorating them- felves. After the hemp is pulled, it muft be taken in large handfuls, cut- ting off the roots, though this is not ablolutely neceflary, the leaves, feeds, and lateral branches, being drefled off with a wooden fword or ripple. It is then to be made up into bundles of twelve handfuls each, in order to be fteeped, like flaic, in waiter. This, or fome- thing fimilar, is ablolutely neceffary, ia or^Jer to feparatc the bark, which which is operation the air is f the time it thod is uni feed is felc tiirer alrey hemp is g, nuary and '. the froftar and proper The len| complete kr tifual to CO water is pr« during the i Abbe Brulle with trees, taking partici that they nia' is from fix much better i time. The 'operation is the bark. After the \ parate the ba in two ways, the hand, or very particuia reeding^ and v oruponatabl. lowing, viz. p table by prope *op end ; then the reeds one prefs clofely „ i^eady, fo that The weight is reed which reu TO EUROPEAN SETTLtRS. 439 which is properly the hemp, from the reed or woody part. Thit operation is called nuater-retting ; but fomettmes a mere expofure to the air is fubftituted in its place, turning the hemp frequently during the time it is expofed : this is called deiv-retting^ but the former me- thod is univerfally deemed preferable. Such henap as is dedgned for feed is feldom water-retted, though, in the opinion of the manufac- turer already quoted, it would be better if it were fo- Dew-retted hemp is generally Hacked and covered during the winter ; in Ja- nuary and February it is fpread upon meadow land, and whitens with the froft and fnow, though it is always much inferior to the other, and proper for coarfer yarns only. The length of time required for fteeping hemp is various, and a complete knowledge of it can only be attained by practice. It is ufual to continue the immerfion four, five, or fix days ; ftandiog water is preferred, and the fame water will fteep hemp three limes during the feafon, but the firft has always the bed colour. The Abbe BruUe prefers clear and running water, efpecially if overhung with trees. The bundles are to be laid crolTwife upon each other, taking particular notice of the manner in which they lie when put in, that they may be taken out without difficulty. His time of fteeping is from fix to eleven days ; and here we muft obferve, that it is much better to let it remain too long in the water than too fliort a time. The flendereft hemp requires the moft foaking. The 'operation is known to be finifhed by the reed feparating eafily from the bark. After the hemp is thoroughly fteepcd, the next operation is to fe- parate the bark from the reed or woody part ; and this may b6 done in two ways, viz. either pilling out the reed from every ftalk with the hand, or drying and breaking it like flax. The Abb5" Brulle \» very particular in his diredtons for this laft operation, which he calls recdingf and which may be performed either in a trough underwater, or upon a table. The whole, however, may be reduced to the fol- lowing, viz. preffing down the bundles either in the trough or on a table by proper weights, to keep the hemp fteady on the middle or top end ; then beginning at the upper part of the bundle, pull out the reeds one by one. As you proceed, the rind which remains w^l prefs clofely upon the remaining unreeded hemp, and keep it more Heady, fo that you may take two, four, or even fix ftalks at a time. The weight is then to be removed from the top, and all the pieces of reed which remain there having broken off in the former operation, are 440 GENERAL INFORMATION are to be t^ken out. LaiUy, the middle weight is to be taken of, acd »ny &ail\ pieces which remain there taken out. If the reed- ing i& performed on a table, the bundle muft be weeded frequently, ihougjh ilightly ; a continual dropping of water would perhaps be the •Jbeft method. . .: After the hemp is reeded, it muft next be freed from the mucilagi- nous matter with which it ftill abounds. This is done by pouring water through it, fqueezing out the liquid after every affufton, but taking care not to let the threads twift or entangle each other, which they are very apt to do. The Abbe is of opinion, that foft foap fhould be diffolved in the laft^water, in tlie proportion of an ounce to three pounds of dry hemp ; which though not abfolutely neceflary, contributes much to the foftening and rendering the hemp eafy aud pleaiant to drefs. < : , , ^ , Hemp is broken by machinery, after being fteeped, in a manner £milar to flax, but the inftruments generally ufed for this purpole are all worked by the band* That which breaks in the operation ts tailed ^tfr/i, and is about half the value of long hemp. Beating of hemp is the next operation, which formerly was per- formed entirely by hand, but now in moft places by a water mill, which rif(p« three or four heavy beaters that full upon it alternately ; the hemp beii\s turned all the while by boys in order to receive the ilrokes. equally. The finer it is required to make the tow, the more beating U oeceHary. It is then drefled or combed by drawing it through heckles formed like the combs of wool manufacturers, only fixed. Sometimes it is divided into two or three forts of tow, and ibmetimes in common heavy work, the whole is worked together .K^to one fort ; the prices varying from lix-pence to one Aiilling and ^x-Tpeuce per pound, 4, ,: , ;, ; ,, :>ri r; ON THE CULTURK OF FLAX. The following particulars with regard to the manner of railing *flax» has been for fome years paft warmly recommended by the truf- lees for fifhexies, manufadures, and improvements in Scotland. A ikilful flax raifer always prefers a free open deep loam, and all grounds that produced the preceding year a good crop of turnips, . cabbage, potatoes, barley, or broad clover ; or have been formerly laid down rich, and kejTt for iomc years in pafture. A clay fij.i»ici», -^ in good hands the mill carries away nuihing but what, ii 't If' f ti c '■<< off, nnift be takvn oft' in the heckling with more k", boti- ')l fiiiit imt (lax. liul to obviate this objcftion of the vio- inu' ■'. of the hohZoiital {(TUtchers, an imitation of hand-fcutching has hii ly been app'iH to water. The fcutchers then projcd from an bopzontal axle, and move like the arms of a check ree:, ilriki ;.; He flax neither acrofs nor }>cri)endicularly down, but Hoping in upon the parcel cxat^tiy at the flax is Aruck by the hand-fcutcher. ^This flo' ping llrokc it got by ratfmg the fcutching flock iome inches higher than the center of the axle, and by railing or lowering the ftock over whici) tlic flax is held, or fcrcwing it nearer to or farther from the icutchersy the workmen can temper or humour the ftroke almoil as he plealt-s. > . A lint-mill, with horizontal fcutchers upon a perpendicular axle, requires a houfe of two itories, the rollers or break being placed in the ground ftory, and the fcutchers in the loft above ; but a mill with vertical fcutchers on ao horizontal axle, requires but one ground fiory for all the machinery. Another method of breaking and fcutching flax, more expeditious than the old hand methods, and more gentle than water mills, has aho been invented in Scotland. It is much like the break and irntchcr giving the floping flrnke laft defcribed, moved by the foot. The treddle is remarkably long, and the fcutchers are fixed upon the rim of a fly wheel. The foot break is alfo aillfted in its mo* tton ljy a fly. Thefc foot machines are very ufeful where there are nn water mills, but they are far inferior to the mills in point of e\pe> #tion« - \ / ^^i.. ■.,.. .-■:.--•- ■■•■; Th<; TO EUROPEAN SETTLERS.. 4^^ The next operation that flax unclcrjjocs after fcutching is heckling. The heckle is firmly fixed to a bench before the workman, wha Ihikes the flnx upon the teeth of the heckle, and draws it through the teeth. To perfons unacquainted with this kind of work, tliis may fecm a very fimple operation ; but, in faiSt, it requires as much praftioe to acquire the llight of heckling well, and without waiting the flax, as any other oj)eration in the whole nianufafture of linen. They ul« roarfcr and wider teethed iieokles, or finer, according to the quality of the flax, generally putting the flax through two heckles^ a courfcr one firft, and next a fine one. The following obfervations, firft publiflied in the Gentleman's Magazine for J vme 178,7, feem worthy of very particular attention, and may not therefore be improperly fubjoined as a fupplement to the preient article. " The intention of wateritig .flaK is, in my opinion, t]^ make the boon more brittle or friable^ and by foaking, to diflblve that gluey kind of Tap that makes the bark of plants and trees adhere in a fmall degree to the woody part. The bark of Hax is called the /jarle^ and •when feparated from the ufelefs woody part, the ^00//, this harle itfelf is called flax. To effect this feparation eafily, the practice has long prevailed, of fqaking the flax in water to 9. certain degree of fermenta- tion, and afterwards drying it. For this foaking Ibme prefer rivu- lets th.1t have a fmall current, and oithers ftagnant v'^ter ,in ponds and lakes. In both methods the water a,&6 as in all other ci^fcs of in- fiifion and maceration ; after two or three weeks it e^trac')s a great many juices of a very ftrjng quality, which in ponds give the water an inky tinge and offenfive fmell> and in rivulets mix in the flream an4 ^ill the fi(h. Nay, if this maceration he too long continued, the ex- traded and fermented fap vvilj completely kill the flax itfejf. For itinfteadof two or three weeks, the new flax were tojie foaking i^ the water four or five moiiths, I jprefume it yould be good for noi» thing but to he thrown upon the dunghill ; both harle an.d booa would in time be completely rotted } yet the harle or flax, \y)ien en- tirely freed from this fap, and naanufaiftured into linen, or into ropes, might lie many months under water without being much da- maged ; as linen, it may be waflied and fteeped in fcalding water twenty times without lofing much of ijts ilrengtb, and as paper, i$ acquires a kind of incorruptibility. " It appears then eflfential to the right management of new flax, tq get rid of this pernicious vegetative lap, and to macerate the toon ; Vol. ill. 3 U but 45© CENERAt INFORMATION - but from the complaints made againft both the methods of watering now in ufe, there is reafon to think that there is dill great room for '^ improvement in that article. In rivulets, the vegetative Tap, as it if diflblved, is carried off by fhe current, to the deflrudtion of the fiflu This prevents the flax from being gained ; but the operation is tedi- ous, and not complete, front the uncertainty of knowing when it i? < j nil enough, and not too much, or perhaps from negle£t. In ponds, the inky tinge of the water often ferves as a kind of dye to the flax, which imbibes it fo flrongly, that double the labour ii) bleaching xvill hardly bring the linen made of fuch flax to an equality in white* pefs with linen made of flax untinged. This feems to be equally un- wife as though we were to dye cotton black firft, in order to whitcq it afterwards. Thefe ponds, befide^, become a great nuifance to the neighbourhood ; the impregnated water is often of fuch'a pernicious quality, that cattle, however thiifty, will not drink of jt^ and the effluvia of it may perhaps be nearly as infectious as it is ofrenfne. If this effluvia is really attended with any contagious effeii^s in pur cold climate, a thing worth the inquiring into, how much more perniciy ous muft its effects have been in the hot climate of Egypt, a country early noted for its great cultivation of flax ? ** 1 have often thought that the procefs of watering might be greatly improved and fliortcned by plunging the new flax, after it is rippled, into fcaUHng water ; which, in regard to extra«^ing the ve- getative fap, would do in five minute^ more than cold water would Ndo in a fortnight, or perhaps more than cold water could do at all^ in refpeft to the clearjng the plant of fap. Rough almonds, when ^hrown into fculding water, are blanched in an inilant ; but perhaps a fortnight's macerating thoi'e almonds in cold water would not make jthem part fo eafily with their (Icins, which are the fame to t|iem as the harle is to the flax. Were tea leaves to be infufed in cold water a ■ fortnight, perhaps the tea produced by that infulion would not be fq good to the taile, nor fo ftrongly tinged to the eye, as what is ef* iPe£led by fculding water in five minutes. By the fame analogy, I think, flax or any fn^all twig would be made to part with its bark much eafier and quicker jjy being dipped in boiling water than by > jieing fteeped in cold water. ** This refledlion opens the door for a great variety of iiew expc* {riments in regard to flax. I would therefore recommend to gentle* men cultivators and farmers, to make repeated trials upon this new jlyilemi which virould foon afcertain whether it ought to be adopted «n Jiraaifc, that if the tindoubted r h. ii- ;»? ax, ling rue« un* jtbc cious } ibc :. If • coU irmci^ )untry ght be tcr it is :he vc- would at all^ , , when irhaps )i make as the [water a ^ot be fo It is ef* |alogy, \ I its bark than by ^w exper gentle- Ithis new ac^opted TO feukOP^AN SETTLER^; 45^ in (JraiEkite or rejected. One thing, I think, we ir«y be certain of, that if the Egyptians watered their flax in our common manner, they tindoubtedly watered it in very warm water, from the great heat of iheir climate, which would probably make them negle£k to think of Water heated by any other means than that of tlie ftin. A good ge- neral praiftibc caii only be eftabliflied upon repeated trials. Though one expei'iment may tail, slnother with a little variation mny fucceed ; and the importatice of the object defired to be obtained will juftify a good degree of perfevernnce in the profecution of the means. In this view, as the Chidefe thread is faid to be very ftrong; it would be worth while to be acquainted with the practice of that diftant nation, in regard to the rearing and manufacturing of flax, as well as with the methods uibd by the Flemings and the Dutch. ** Boiling water, perhaps, might at once clear the new flax from many impurities, which, when not re funne any additional expenfe would be more than reiniburfed by the better mat ketable price of the flax ; for otherwife any new improve- ment, if it will no^quitcoft, muftbedropt, were it even the fearch- ing after gold. In a large cauldron a great deal of flax might be dipt in the fame wAte\\ and the confumption perhaps would not be more than a quart to each flieaf. Eveiv alarge houfhokl pot would be capable of containing ons flifcaf afrcr'another ; and I believe the whole objeftion would be obviated, were the praftica to' prevail as in Flan- ders and Holland, that the flax-grower and fiax*drblier fin}uld be two diftinft profeilions..' ** I flwU conclude With recommending- tothofe who are inclined to make experiments, not to be difcouraged by the failure of one or two trials. Perhaps the flax, infttad of being juft plunged Into the Ittalding water, ought to be kept in it Ave minutes, perhaps a quarter of an hour, perhaps a whole hour. Should Ave mintltes, or a tpiarter of an hour, or an hour, not be fuflicient to make the boon ;uid harle eafily feparate, it might perhaps be found expedient to boil the flax for more than an hour ; and liich boiling when in this ftate, miglit in return fave feveral hours boiling in the article of bleaching. It is not,. I think, at all probable that the boiling of the flax with the boon in it would pnejildice the harle ; for in the courfe of its future exiftence, it is- made to be sxpefed twenty or forty times to this boil- ing trial, and if not detrimental in the one cafe, it is to be prefumed it would not be detrimental in the other. Perhaps, after the boiling,. it would be proper to pile up the flex in one heap for a whole daiy, or for lialf a day, to occaflon fome fermentation ; or, perhapp, im- mediately alter the boiling, it might be proper to wafli it with cold water. The great objcA, when the flax is pulled, is to get the harle from the boon with a^ little lofs and damage as poflible ; and il' this is accom pi idled in a mooe complete manner than ufual, confuio- rable labour and expenfe will be faved in the future maoufafturing Oif the flax. On this account 1 think much more would be gnincci tl»au JqA, Were the two or three laft inches of the roots of the Items to be chopped off, or dipt off, previous to the flax being either watered or boiled. Wiita the flax is watered, care fliould be taken not to I'pread il out to diy, when Uiere is a hazard of ifs being expofed in itv w^et ftate lo fro&?' A.. •^ '■'"'•■' 'iii In fev( advantage of cqnfeq fempts m farmers h; troducing making ar the United Whoevei foil, the fe intenfenefs prevails in »''ve at thei) of the air, w drstred and vancing to i ^lie beil and Such has are vines ad gree» both r countries bej tfie fons of n Jt is not e fome are latej the fcverity < 3f>y weather. chffes^ and a hell advantage A vine, fro y^ar, the foui .«5ay make wi. man, it Jucrea i'eginning the '■'iiltivatcd, it ^'ire, be/lowed as moft writer i^Mdy hand, To EUROFEAN SETTLEJR.9. 453 ON THB CULTIVATION OF THE VINE. In feveral preceding pai tff of this work wc have mentioned the advantages the United States poflefs for the culture of the vine, and,- of cqnfequcnce^ for the making wines of a fuperior kind ; as the at- tempts ma vvliere tliey may be propagated with fafety and to the bell advantage. A vine, from a ftick or cutting, begins to bear fruit the third year, the fourth year it bears more, and the fifth year the planter }\ny make wine ; and from that time until it attains the full age of inan, it incienfes in value and yields' a richer wine; and, if from the beginning the vine is carefully pruned, duly manured and properly cultivated, it will amply reward for all the labour, expenfe and care, beflowed on ir, and will hold good above an hundred years,. as moll writers a|Tirm ; but then it muft be tended by a careful and ilfady hand, for it will not bear to be flighted or neglcfted : if rhe ^ g)»und As4 6'E:iEiAt MoHUArioft groilnd is hot manured and kept in good heart, the vine will beaf tto fruit ; if the planter negle6l to cultivate the foil and keep it cleans the fruit will be knotty and ftarved, and will not come to maturity * If he fuiSer the flakes or props to fall, and the vine to fp^'awl on the grourid, the fruit will not ripen, but reriiain auflerfe, and will not make good \^ine; Wine is too rich a juice to be made from a barren foil, or by lazy id\t ilbvens ; fuch men ifiould never undertake a Vineyard * they riot only hurt themfelves, but hinder others, who are fit for the undertaking, from rhaliing the attempt. If a vineyard does not fucceed^ the fault is in the maa; hot in the vine : it will flourifli and profper under a c&reful aiid diligent hand, but it will degenerate and runi wild under the hand of HotK and idlenefs. A gentleman of Rome, who took great delight ?n vineyards, feme bf which he had raifed with tits own hands, wrote a very elegant piece.upon the culture of vinesj and ift the moft pathetic terms recommends it to the people of Itdy, as the mod profitable as well is agreeable and amuiing undertaking. Among many other encouragements, he tells them this ftory j " Pa- iridius VeterenCs, a neighbour of my unclej had a vineyard and two* daughters. Upon the marriage of one of them, he gave with her fis her dowry one>third of his vineyard ; ahd then doubled his dili< gence, dnd cultivated the remainder fo well, that it yielded him as inuch as the whole had done before : upon the marriage of the *)ther daughter, he gave with her one other third df his vmeyard ; end now having but one-third part of the whole left, he fO manured iind cultivated itj tliat it yielded him full as much as the whole had done at firft.'* This ingenious authoi* accufes many of his countrymen bf having begun this work with feeming rcfolutioh, ahd of having carried it ton for ibine time with aflfiduityi but before they had brought it ttf J>crfc£lion they flagged, ahd for want of fteadinefs and a little longer J)erfcverance, loit tlieir money, their labour, and all their profpe£ts. At the fame timfe he proves to a demonllration, from exa£t and minute talculationsv the great advahtages of vineyards notwit^ftanding the great expenfe the Romans were at in buildings, inclofiu^s, work« Inen and magnificent worksj and brings his own vineyards, whicH tirere well known, as prCofs of all he had faid. We fliall take the liberty to conclude this introdu£tion virith a iliort but pleeafing defcription of the vinej which Cicero, in his beau- tiful tra£t upon old age, puts into the mouth of Cato : * • *♦ The" ■If . . • ♦ ■ TG EUROPEAlf SETTI-ERS. 455 f* The vine, that naturally runs low, aq4 c;»nnot rear itfelf with- put a fupport, is for this end provided with tendrils, by which, like (o many hands, it lays bold on every thing it meets with that may faife it, and by thefe aids ii expands and becomes fo luxuriant, that !to prevent its running out into xjfelefs wood, the dreffer is obliged to prune off its fuper^uous wandering branches ; after which, from the Handing joints, in the enfuiiig fprin^, the little bud called the gem puflies out the new ihoot whereon the tender young grape i? formed ; which gradually fwelling by nouriflinient from the earth, fs at iirft auAere to the tafte, bu( guarded with leaves ^ourid, tha^ it may neither want due ^^'armth, nor fuffer by too fcorching rays, it ripens by the fun's enlivening beams, and acquires that delicious fweetnefs and beautiful fprm, that equally pleafes both the tafte an4 the eye ; and then enriches the world with that noble liquor, the advantages of which 1 need not name. Yet is not the fenfe of thef^ ,. r of all the advantages of hufbandiy, that fo nearly aiTefl us, as ♦* I ' fure I find in thejr culture alone ; fiich as ranging the vine* a. vi r ;ir fupportii'.g perches in exaft and eveij rows, inarching and binding their tops, lopping o^ the woody and barren, and training the fruitful branches to fupply every vacancy, and then contemplating the i^eauty ai^d order wjth the piocirfs of nature ii| (he whole." The i^rft thitig necefiary to a good vineyard is a proper plot or piece of ground ; its fititation ftioiild be high ai>d dry, free from Springs and a wet fpongy foil ; its afpefl or front fhould be towardf the fouth and fouthreaft ; though the ground be not a hill, yet if it be high, open and airy, and gradually afcending towards the fouth oir fouth-eaft, it will do very well ; if it be a fruitful hill, it will do better ; but jf it be a mountain, with a rich foil, it will be beft o^ all, for the higher the vineyard the richer the vine. The fpil mod natural to a vineyard, and fuch as produces the fweeteft grapes, and the richeft and itrongefl wine, is a rich mould mixed with fand ; the newer and freftier the ground the better ; fuch a foil may be found on a tiling ground and on fome hills, but very feldom on the fides of mountains ; fqr here the foil is generally ftiff and cjayey,' fo ordered by Providence, as being lefs fubjeft to be waflied away by hard rains ; but this fliff foil on the fide of mountains dif< f<:r3 greatly from clay grounds below; the winds and air, and the ^uo's heat^ fo dry and warm it, that it becomes a proper bed for vines. .456 GENEilAL INFORMATION .vines, ao^ renders them both ptoHHc and produdive of the richeft winei. A rich warm foil mixed with gravel, or a fandy mould'intcrfpcifed >yf\th large ftonei, or with fmali loofe rocks, arc alfo very proper for ,« vineyard : rocks and ftones, if the .fpjl >e gootj, w.^rm and dry, are no difndvantage to vines ; on the contrary, they rt&eA great ,l)eat to the fniit, and thereby contribute towards perfecting the wine, efpecially if tliey are on rtf^ig ground, on the declivity of a Itill, or ,9n the fide of a mPUi\tain : .it is true they are attep^e.d with jfome inconveniencies : it is more difficult to keep fuch a yiiKyard ^leaip, to ftake it well, to range the v^nes i^ proper order and regu> lar form, to dut\jj;,the j^oi^^d^ and gather in .the vintage. But then, |thefti rocks and ftones yinll make a |ood, clofe, ftrong and lading |ence* On the fides of hills and mountains they are abfolutely ne- celTary to make low rough walls along the lower fide of the vbes, to prefervc the good foil from wafiving away. T,hey ferve a'fo to keep the ground moift in hot dry times, when, but for them, the foil would be parched up along fuch ileep grok. •is* In (liurt^ there would be no fuch thing as raifing vineyards on fuch grounds, were '^t not for rocks and fiones. For as i;t is neceflary to keep the foil loofe and mellow, it would all wafli away with hard rains, if not prevented by forming a kind of rough wall of ftones along the ^ower fide of each row of vines. Again, fuch lands are cheap, being \mfit for other purpofes, generally yielding but little timber or grafs. They may therefore be purchaied by poor people, who could not afford to go to the price of good land. Laftly, tbefe fteep hills and mountains always yield the richefl: wines, thp value and price of which will compenfate for any extraordinary h\bo.ur. If the ground be worn and out of heart, it muft be renewed and helped with dung, with frefli mould, with creek mud, with the rich foil that lodges along the fides of brooks or rivers, or that fettles in low places at the foot of hills or mountains, or by fod« clering cattle or flieep upon it with good ilore of flraw, fait hay, or corn ftalks, &c. or by penning fuch cattle upon it and plowing all imdcr it as deep as may be, till all be made fufficiently rich, or by any other method that«fliall beft fuit the owner. If the ground is (lifT, it may be mended by good ftore of fand, aflies^ foot, the rubbiOi and mortar of old buildings, well pounded^ efpcciully if fitch mortar b6 made of lime and land, by the duft and fmail TO EUROPEAN SETTLERS. , 457 finatl coal of coal kilns, and the earth that they are covered with when they are burnt, fea fand or fine giavel, and fowl's and (beep's dung, or the old diuig of neat cattle. After the ground is brought ioto good heart, and has been deep ploughed or dug and well harrowed, fo asi to be quite mellow, i:t (hould be well fecured with a good dofe fence, fufficiently ftrong to prevent the intrulion of cattle and hogs, for on this depends much of the fuccefs of the whole plantation. The next ftep to be taken is to provide a fufficient ftock of vine cuttings, not only enough to plant the vineyard, but a fmall nurfery too. If thefe cannot be had all at once, the planter fliould begiu to lay up a year or two beforehand, and plant them in his nurfery in even rows, at four inches diilance, and the rows three feet afunder, that they may be hoed and kept clean ; in this cafe he fliould fcatter fome fliort ftraw and chaff between the rows to keep the ground moid and the weedfl down. The ground of the nurfery fliould be in good heart, but by no means fo rich as the foil cf your vineyard; if it is, when the plants are removed into the vineyard, they will feldom flourifli or becoine fruitful. The tea- fon of planting the cuttings fo c'lofe in the nurfery, is to prevent their fliooting their roots too far into the ground, which would render them very difficult to take up without damaging the root, and more tedious to plant out. Various forts of vines fliould not be planted in one vineyard, if it is meant to make goiid wine. The moft experienced vignerons afiert, that grapes of one fort make the beftvvine ; that if they are mixed they hurt the wine, by keeping it conftantly upon the fret by means of their. ditFerent fermentations. Be that as it may, we flioviU recommend this praftice for reaions that operate more ftrongly, which are, that the more limple and pure wine is, the more perfe^ it is in its kind. Three (lifferent wines may be all good in kind, and very agreeable wh.ilft diftindt, but when mixed together become quite the reverfe, and the whole be fpoiled. If a vineyard contains one acre of ground, it fliould have hut two furts of gi apes in it, if it is meant to make a profit of it by felling the wine ; if it contains two acres we advifc to have four forts in it ; and if it coutains three or four acres wc fliould not chufe more ; but if ir contains fix, eight or ten acres, perhaps it might be proper to ha\e a' greater variety ; but then preference fliould be given to thofe kinds that make the beft wines, and fuch as do not corhe in at the lame tinac, from Vol. III. > 3 N wh'intc 4>8 General information whence the planter would reap many advantages :— he would not be over hurried in the time of vintage, nor run the rilk of having fome fpoil upon his hands, whtlft he was making up the reft} again, if a feafon proved unfavourable, and forae were cut otf by the inclemency of the weather, others, that were later ript, might cfcape the injury. It is certainly beft to plant each fort in a diftinft quarter by itfelf, to avoid confufion, and to reap every advantage. ^ The next thing to be confidered is the quality of the vines to be made choice of. This muft be limited and adapted to the climate where the vineyard is planted. The mod hardy and earlieft ripe will beft fuit the moft northern States, we mean thofe of New< Hampfliire, MaHachufetts, Rhode-IlEUnd, ConneAicut, &c. The vines proper for thefe countries arC) The black auvernat, The blue clufter, The black Orleans, The miller grape* \ Thefe four make the beft Burgundy* The black Hamburgh, The melie blanc, The red Hamburgh, The white Morillon, The white mufcadine, The white auvernat^ The mufcadella, The grey auvernat. . «. 4 , « , i . > All thefe are ripe early in September. All the foregoing forts will do very well for New- York, New* Jerfey and Pennfylvania ; we mean for the clear and open parts of tliefe countries ; to which may be added the following forts, which are recommended for trial, they being more tender, but ripen in September ; they fhould be planted in a warm part of the vineyard : The chaflelas blanc, called the The red frontiniac, royal mufcadine, The black Lifbon, The malvois or malmfey The white Lilbon, The grey frontiniac, The chaflelas noir. All the foregoing forts will do very well for the States of Mary* land, Virginia and North-Carolina, to which are added the follovyingi a'nd recommended for trial, but they muft have a warm place t The white frontiniac, , < The black damafk, The malmfey mufcat. The' chicanti .of Italy, which The claret grape of Bourdeaux, makes a rich wine much a(l> The white Oporto, mired in Italy. The black Oporto, All the above-mentioned forts will do well in South-Carolina,] and in tljte colonics dill farthef fouth, particularly in the rich foihj nol i'xng efti f by n'tght to be iimate ft ripe Ncw- The k, New- parts of s, which ripen in rtneyard : of Mary* foUowingi acei y, whicli much ad* -Carolina. I He rich foil^l 01 TO EUROPEAN SETTLERS. 459 of Kentucky, &c. To which may be added the following, ai being ((111 more tender and later ripe : The raifin mufcat, The white mufcat of Alexandria, The Alicant and Malaga raifin The gros noir of Spain, grape, The St. Peter's grape. The red mufcat of Alexandria, In many parts of Virginia, North and South-Carolina, and in Georgia, what Arength nature afforded the foil has been exhaufted by tobacco, Indian corn, rice, &c. However, thofe grounds that lie near to rivers and creeks, may eafily be recruited ; for theie rivers- abound with rich mud, which is the bed kind of manure for fnch land|^ and it would be no great expenfe to procure a futHcient quantity of it to cover a piece of ground large enough for a vine* yard, efpecially as it may be done at fuch times M'hen other bufi* nefs is not very urgent! this mud muft lie fome time upon the ground before it is mixed with the foir, at jeaft a fnmmer and a winter ; for at firft it will bake very hard, aud be very crude ; but the winds, dews, rains and frofts, with the help of the fun, will fweeten, mellow, and bring it into a proper order; then it muft be equally fpread and well mixed with the foil. Thus may the land be recruited, and kept in good heart, from time to time, and from a barren vfelef> piece of ground, it may become profitable both to the owner and his country. The nature and quality of the vines being mnfidered and made choice of to fuit the country, the next thing necelTary is, to make choice of fuch parts of a vine, for cuttings to plaht, at may be moft likely to grow and flourifli, and alfo to produce healthy and fruitful vines, on which the fnccefs and profits of a vineyard very much depend. All parts of a vine are not equally good and fit for plants ; all branches that have not borne fruit, all fuckers, lateral and fecondary branches, and efpecially the long running barren branches, fliould be avoided ; theie different forts fddom produce fruitful vines ; the cuttings ihould he choTen from the teeming part of the vine, from among thofe branchei that were fet apart for bearing fruit ; and among thefe fuch as are iliort jointed, and have been moft fruitful the laft fummer : they fliould be cut *lo\vn clofe to the old wood, for there the wood is riptft and moft film. The upper part of the fame branch is lefs ripe, more loofe and fpongy, more apt to fail, and very feldom makes fo firm and lulling a vine, Ho.wev^r, where vine? are fcarcc, and m^n, ^\av? 3N» . ' pot 460 GENERAL INFORMATION not thcfc advantages of choice, they muft do the beft they can. I'hefe branches nnift be trimmed and cleared from the l^tei^l or fecondary branches; but in doing this, great care muft be taken not to wound the budi or eyes, which a carelej'a hand ii very apt to do. If the bud be bruiled with the back of the knife, {o that the cotton that lies under the thin bark that covers the bud, and is wifely 'intended to prcfervc it from the injuries of l4ie weather, be nibbed off, the bud will perifli. Therefore, as the buds lie clofe to thefe lateral branches, and are in fo much danger of being wounded^ it is bcft and fafeft to cut the branches off a little above the height ofthe'bud. Thefe branches thus trimmed fliould remain whole a,nd atJuii length till the next April, which, in the northern States, is the beft ti^ie for planting. They fljould be feparated from the plant fome time in Septeuiber, or aS foon as the vintage is over, that being th^ beft' time for the trimming of vines, bccaufc the wounds which the viae receives are healed up, and fecurely clofed from the feverity of the tvinter feafon. If this work is left lill February or March, the vine fufi'ers by the frefli wounds in long rains, fleets and frolls that follow; or if the weather is favourable, it grows faint andisex- haufted by excefs of bleeding. The beft way for preferving the cuttings through the Vmter^ and which we therefore recommend for a general praftice, is as follows : At or near the north-weft corner of the vineyard or gar- den, the fence being good and clofe, a fmall trench fliould be dug five or fix inches deep and wide, and fufficiently long tp contain all the branches. In this they fliould be planted thick and clofe with, tic butt ends down, and the trench filled up with tlip earth that came out of it, prelfed down \yc\\ with the hand all about the hot- torn of the branches ; the earth fliould rife two or three inches above the furfacc of the ground, to prevent the water from fettling about the vines, which would rot them. If the cuttings are of va- rious forts the planter fliould be carefyl to diftinguifli them from each other by their proper names. Before the planting pf the vines in this manner, two or more crotches, according to the quantity of vines, fliould be driven down at about three teet from the trench, and parallel with it, upon which poles fliould be laid to fupport ths upper part of the branches about twelve or fifteen inches from the ground ; thus they will lie floping without touching the ground, which prelerv-es them from growing mouldy and from rotting. The vines t} •henn uf carried ( yet the i ^ong and ilioiild be away, 1 In the •^eing mo, teeming \ planting, po^c, then ^ong. But I thefe, he t »han a foo clofe tog^fh eartl^ to th every fnrt I rciJlion ia g The more 1 ' fouthern col planters mui States, we } "'ay be pJai five heats anc T^e gipy old, or bein^ fouthern colonics will b^ »i lea(t a month, fome two months earlier; planters muft thifefV)re comlu^ themfelves accordingly. In thefe laft States, we would fwommsild the cuttings to be longer, that they may be planted df epif, the better to preferve the vines fjoni excef- five heats and droughrit The grouod being W§11 ttllHiired, and brought into good heart if old, or being nfttUflHy ik'h If tteWi and having been, at leafttuice, deep ploughed ftud well lisll'fewed the fummer before, in the fall of the year U fliould be deep ploughed the third time, acrofs the hill or filing t^rotiiul, mtS lid rough juft as it i? ploughed all winter, which will gresily prevent Wafliing, and the frofts will mel- low it and prepare li ilie better for vegetation. In the fpring of the yetf, SS foon as the ground is dry, it (hould be well harrowed both Wftyg, 61ld with a fliarp iron tooth harrow laid down fmootU and even j and this general caution fliould be at- tended to, never to meddle with thfe ground of the vineyard when it is wet, or even moift 8t top» flttyi the planter fliould avoid as much a? polUble walking In Ht filth « tinie. His own experience will iooa teach him the vealou «f tbU eautbfl } for he will fxnd, that the lighter 46a GEl^ERAt INFORMATION lighter ind more open and loofe the foil of a vineyard it kept, th« 9iore hit vine* will flourifht and the more fruitful tliey will prove. When the ground ii in proper order, the planter flionld provide « fmall (lake of fuur feet long fur every vine, and begin to Iny out hit vineyard in the moft regular manner the nature and fliape of the ground will admit of. If he means to plough and harrow his vine> yard with a finnll (Inglc horfe plough a^d a fmall corn harrow, ho iliould leave a border »)f ten or twelve feet oq each fide of every Iquare to turn the horfe upon, led he tramples upon and deftroys the outlide vinei. There will be no need of fuch borders along the tipper or lower fide of the fquarcs, unlefs he cliufe It for the fake of regularity ; Itccaufe the vineyard iliould never be ploughed up and down hillf but tranfv(rfc!y, for if it is it will be gullied, and the rich foil waflted away by hard ruins, n. The following method of laying out a vineyard, we think, is as cafy, at regular and at expeditious as any, for a long fquare or a four.fquare piece of ground : Lay it out in as many fquares, at lead, at there are different kinds of grapes to be planted : the fquares being laid out, plant the young vines in regular order, at about eight f;:ct dillance from each other. This we think the beft dif> tance for them to (land, but variations may be made according to the will of the planter. ]f the vineyard it large enough to divide into four, fix or eight ff[iure$t or more, according to the different forts of grapes ''r< figricd to be planted in it, and not flraitened for room, the planter wilt find it very convenient, on many occafions, to have crofs walki of twelve feet between the fquares, not only to turn upon when ploughing, but for carting in of manure, and placing it conveniently for dunging the vinet, which will be a faving of labour, befides being attended with many other advantages. The ground being prepared, and having as many vino cuttings as can be planted in half a day, foaking in rich dung water, in a pail, which fervet beft to keep the plants upright, the butt ends Ning down, holes muft be dug at proper diftances larger or fmaller, according to fancy or judgment ; for it matters not fo they are deep enough to eoi^taiu the plant. And here we wilh to clear up a point, '■ which hat led many people into miftakes and rendered thjis work exceeding tediout, that is, the throwing into the holes, in which the vioei are planted) rich mould nixed with old dung, thinking that this lit\ift b( for it i commoi fequenc< poverty and tlie is exami in roots I fibres lik and thefe piant per had the v met with i « fufficien the vine j and periflu or made t avoided. I according i one fide of ward from againlt ir, I ground: th< the earth, r vine, til] tl without pr, vine, which face. By th and the hot i ftones about "lay (hoot o tcafon, cond< moifture, am In the north fide of the i lies, they ft heat. The u the head of 'ow^f which f< *^«ttcr; thefe uttings r, in a tt ends "Tmaller, |re deep point, is work lich the that this TO EUROPEAN SETTLERS. 46J ki\ift be a great advantage to the vine : this is a iniftaken notioa« for z% foon as its roots ftrike beyotid this rich inixturtr, into th« common foil, which is many degrees poorer and colder, the con- fequence is, the roots recoil and lluink back at coldnefs and poverty they had not been u/'ed to, and the vegetatiqp is Hopped, and tlie plant degenerates and becomes barren ; and if the plant is examined at bottom, it will be found, that inftcad of extending its roots to their ufual length, it has fliot out a great number of fmall fibres like threads, which extend no farther than the good mould } and thefe being quite infufficient to anfwcr the demands ot nature, the plant perilhes, or remains in an inadlive and barren ftate. Whereas, had the vine been planted in the common foil at firft, it would have met with no alteration, no fuddcn change to check its growth. Thi» is fuiHcient proof, that the foil fliould be well mixed and good, for the vine profpers in a warm, fruitful foil, but proves unfruitful and perifltes in a foil cold and barren : yet a foil may be too rich, or made too rank by manure, and this extreme ihould aU'o be avoided. But to return to planting the vines ; the hoies being dug according to the mind of the planter, a flake fliould be driven on one fide of the hole, and the vine then planted with the foot fet for- ward from the (lake, and bent a little, fo as to bring it gently up againll it, but one eye only fliould remain abuve the furface of the ground : the bud or eye muft not touch the flake, but look from it : the earth, mixed well together, fliould be preiTed gently about the vine, till the hole is almoft full, and the refl thrown in lightly without prelCng, fo that it may rife up to the eye of th« vine, which ought to be about two inches above the common fur« face. , By this means the vine will be preferved from drying winds and the hot fun till it begins to grow. Some place four or five paving fiones about the foot of the vine, not fo clofc but that the roots may fhoot out between them, and thcfe they fay, and we think with reafon, condenfe the air in hot dry feafons, aqd nourifli the vine with moiflure, and cool and rcftelli it \vhen parched with exoclTive heats. In the northern colonies, the vines fliould be planted on the fouth fide of the flakes for the fake of the fun : in the fouthem colo- lues, they fhoxild be planted on the north fide, to avoid too great heat. The upper eye only fhould fhoot out branches, from which the head of the vine is formed. If any fhoots fliould rife from be- low, which fometimes is the cafe, the fooner they are removed th« letter; thefe arc called fuckers, and very much cxhauft the vine. When 464 GENERAL INFORMATION When the vineyard is plantetf, if there are any cuttingi rennaining;, they fliould be planted in a nurfery, or alpng the north fide of the llnkes, for there will be occafion for them, as many of the vines will fail, and the fooner their places are fiipptied the better. If fome of the vines do not flioot till July, they (hould not be given up, as they may grow tiotwithftanding ; many have not fliot till Auguft, and yet have done well. Filling up all the vacancies, where the vines have failed or mifcarried, is abfolutelyneceflary to be done as foon V poflible, either the fall after the vines were planted, with plants from the nurfery, if the planter has any growing ; or the next fpiing, with cuttings, which is the beft feafon for planting them ; for having no root, they fuffer greatly in the winter feafon, and if planted in the fall mofl of them perifli. If the vacancies fliould by any means be neglefted for three or four } ears, the planter will find it very difficult to raife thrifty and flouriflnng vines in fuch places afterwards ; be- caufe, by this time, the neighbouring vines having (hot their roots bU round the fpot where the young vine is to be planted, will fo rfraw away the nourifhment, and entangle the fmall tender roots that firft flioot from it, that it will not be able to flioot forward and flourifli. Some, for this reafon, plant two cuttings in a hole, left one fliould mifcarry. To this the chief ohjcftion is, that , tereby the regularity and uniformity of the vineyard is hint, many of the vines ftanding out of the line. For in a well-regulated vineyard the vines fliould be always arranged in regular rows. If ibme of the vines prove weak. the firft fummer, and do not recover itrength the fecond, though manured and cultivated well, the^ (hould be rooted out, (for in fuch cafe they very feldom are worth raifing) and healthy vines planted in their ftead out of the nurfery. Indi^'ging up the plants from the nurfery, care fliould be ufed that > they may be taken up without wounding or bruiting the roots, and hav-. tng a pall or fmall tub half full of rich dung water, the plants fliould be put with the roots downward into that, to preferve them from the fun and drying win:'.s, which would foon parch and dry up thefe young tender roots and kill the vine. When the planter has dug up about a dozen or twenty plants, he fliould then proceed to 'plantiog, which muft be done in the following manner. The holes being dug deep enough and fnfHciently wide for the roots to be fpread in at full length; fome loofc earth (hould be. thrown in, and fprcad fpread ovei fixed near t or two aboi ceived, for upper rooti away; the i covered with and fo on ti fuing nature alfoby this i 'fi thefpring or tranfplante The vines t'ngSf with or with light ear drying winds 1 fl»oot out bran ti'is is much b and branches g the vine, and hi and chief point We now proc upon which will There are but vantage for vinej vines that are i a« thofe which i vine is atfirfl fori ^alJ particularly ^or efp^liers ; we are defigned for fi Jn this cafe, tl the ground: thi »vine countries, an where the frofls means the next ye: this bi>t by cover when fixed upon tour, as well as d; Vojt. m. / V TO EUROPEAN SETTLERt. 465 fpread over the bottom ot the hole. The plant fhoiild then b« fixed near the ftake, fu high that the little branches may rife an Inch or two above the furface of the ground. The roots, it will l)e per- ceived, for the moft part grow in rows, one above another. The upper roots of all, which are called the day roots, muft be cut away ; the under roots of all muft then be fpread at full length, ar>£<;mc-.(it of vinea for efpaliers ; we fliall begin with the prorcr culture of vines that are defigned for ftakes. In this cafe, the head "jf the vine is formed near the furface of the ground : this method is now generally praftil'ed throughout wine countries, and indeed it is the only method proper for countriea where the frofts in winter are fo hard as to hurt vines, by which means the next year's crop is dertroyed. There is no way to prevent this biK by covering the vines ih winter, which cannot be done when fixed upon frames or efpaliers without great difficulty and la- bour, as well as danger to the vine. ' Vol. la 3 O The tl h i /'<^^ 466 GENERAL INFORMATION - The firft fummer after the vine is planted, there is nothing to do, but to tie up the little branches to the ftakes with a foft band, ai foon as they are grown about a foot or fifteen inches long, which will fave them from being torn off by hard winds, which would •ndanger the vine ; befides, they grow the ftronger and the better for it, and are out of the way of the hoe, the plough and the har- row. The ground ihould be kept clean and free from weeds and grafs, for they are great enemies to vines, and if the ground is kept mellow and loofe, the vines will grow and flourifli the better. If the planter has any litter, ihort flraw and chaff, th« ihives of broken hemp or flax, the chaff of flax feed, the dufl and chaff of buckwheat, and the flraw trod fine with horfes when it is dry, any or all of thefe fpread over the vineyard after it is hoed or ploughed and harrowed, will keep down the grafs and weeds, keep the ground moift and light, and greatly preferve the good foil from wafhing away. If this is done the firft three or four years, it v^^ill greatly for- ward the vines, bring the ground into good heart, and finely pret pare it to produce good crops, by keeping it loofe, airy and light, In the month of September, when the leaf begins to wither an4 fall off, which is the befl time for trimming of vines, the planter Hiould cut down all the branches to one good bud each, and re- niembering, that the iowermofl bud next the old wood is called the dead eye, and never reckoned among the good buds. When the vines are thus trimmed, a careful hand ihould take away the dirt from the foot of the vine, about four inches down, and cut away all the upper roots that appear above that depth, Thefe flwiil4 be taken away every fall for the firfl: three years. The bcft way is, not to cut them off clofe to the body of the vine, but about a flraw's breadth from it, as they will not be fo apt to grow again as when cut clofe. Thefe upper or day roots greatly weaken the vine, and hinder the lower roots from extending and iirmly fixing themfelves below, on which greatly depends the ftrength, firmnefs and durablenefs, of the vine, and alfo its fruitful- pefs. 3efides, by the roots running deep, the vine is prefepved (torn, perifhing in long, tedious droughts. The foot of the vine fhouldbe left open after the day roots are cut away, that it may dry and jiarden, tjll the hardfrofls come : then the holes fliould be filled again, and the he^ld of the vine covered with chaff and fliort ftraw mixed, or with bog or fait hay, or with horfe litter that is free from dung and &rafs fe Which V from th they fill Viucj tht For the the flraw heat of t mould an When the failed, w] foom imn his nurfer the fame ki plant them complete as The feco fiom the he ftill of a vi| ner. The b twelve inches of a fize th reft. If one thrifty than ^»t in this itfelf the chi< much weaker but little fruit and thefe fla ^rength and vine is forme from one fide apt to perifh. This year t to which the Spread at a difli ^"D. air and w ^"ds fili, and time: whereas "P to one flak at ich aid for nar- an4 kept If !8 of iff of , any lebcd rOand iftving ly for- ly pre. ht, ler anti planter ind rc- lUed the len the the dirt It away flwuld |he beft ine, but to European SEtTLfinSi 467 |;rafs feeds ; for thefe fhould be carefully kept out of a vineyard^ ivhich will fave the labour of rooting out the grafs that would fpring from them. Some cover the head of the vine with earth when they fill up the holes ; but this is wrong, as it greatly endangers the Viuej the ground, in warm rains, moulding and rotting the vine. For the fame reafon, the planter (hould fufFer no dung to be among the ftraw, hay or horfe litter, with which he covers his vines, as the heat of the dung, in warm rains or muggy warm weather, will mould and rot them ; the cooler and drier they are kept^ the better. When the planter trims his vines, if he finds that any of them have failed, which is very common, he ^lould plant others in theic room immediately, if he has any plants of the fame fort growing in his nurfery ; if not, he (hould, without delay, provide cuttings of the fame kind, and preferve them till fpring, as before dire£ted, and plant them in the vacant places, that the vineyard may be full and complete as foon as poffible. The fecond fummer the planter will find more branches fliooting from the heads of his vines than did the firft fummer ; and here the (kill of a vigneron is neceflhry for forming the head in the beft man- ner. The beft method is to let the ftioots grow till they are ten or twelve inches long, then to chufe eight that are fliort-jointed and much of a fize that grow on all fides of the vine, and ftrike off all th» reft. If one branch among the whole number appears much more thrifty than the reft, the planter may perhaps be tempted to fave it ; but in this cafe his eye fliould not fpare, for it will draw to itfelf the chief nourifhment of the vine, and deftroy, or at leaft much weaken the reft of the branches, and after all will bear but little fruit, for the flwrt-jointed branches prove the beft bearers, and thefe ftanding on all fides of the head, preferve the vine in full ftrength and vigour. For this reafon, the rounder the head of the vine is firmed the better : if the branches are fufFered to grow only from one fide of the head, the other fide fuffers greatly, and is apt to perifli. This year there (hould be two ftakes to a vine, one on each fide, to which the branches (I'lould be faftened ; by this means they are fpread at a diftance ffom each other, *and grow the ftrongcr ; the fun, air and winds, come to every part, the wood ripens well, the buds fill, and they are the better prepared to become fruitful in due time : whereas, when they are huddled all together, and faftened up to one ftake, they fuffer greatly for want of the fUn and air to » 30a dry 468 GENERAL INFORMATION ,. dry them, after rains, mills and heavy dews; and in clofe, damf) Weather, they often mildew and rot. Another reafon for tying yp the branches fingly to the flakes on each fide, as fopn as they :. are long enough, is to prevent them from being torn off by hard '^jlvinds, which would ntin the vines. The vineyard (liouid always be .:}' kept clean and free from weeds and grafs ; and the dryer the ground ijijs, and the hotter the weather, the more effeAualJy they are de- . • ilroyed, by hoeing, ploughing and harrowing. But the planter fliould remember, never to meddle with his ground when it is wet, for in fuch cafe he does more hurt than good. a. This fecond fummer the main branches fliould be fiiffercd to (grow about five feet long, and then the ends of them be nipped f' off, in order to keep them within proper bounds, and to hinder them from growing wild. The lateral or fecondary braiicheu fliould be nipped off at the end when they are about a foot long, the nephews alfo fliould be nipped off when they are about fix inches long. This is much better than the taking all thefe fmaller --branches clean away, which is the pralice of fome; for when . thefe are taken clean away, the main branches evidently fuffcr, they grow flat, and appear diflorted; which plainly fliews, that jiature is deprived of fomething that is effentially neceflary to her well being. It is quite necefTary to nip off the ends of the main ; branches^ when they are grown about five feet long, as they grow w the larger and flronger, the wood ripens the better, the lower buds -t are better filled and prepared for bearing fruit. Befides, the vines become habituated to a low, humble flate, and their tendency to X climb and mount up above every thing that is near them is checked, by which means they bear fruit within reach. Some time after the tops of the main branches are nipped of, they will flioot out a fecond time, and then they generally throw out, from near the end, two branches inrtead of one ; thefe mufl be nipped off ; at the fame time the lateral or fecondary branches muft be looked to suid nipped, if any of them are fliooting out again, • ^ : : ' ; : < ; -5 - : In the fall of the year, as foon as the leaf begins to wither and fall off, which happens earlier or later, according to the weather, the branches fliould be again cut down to one good bud each, the earth taken away i;ound the heads of the vines, as before direfted, the day roots cut off, and the vine managed juft in the fame manner i . as in the fall before. As feme of the forivard vines will bear fruit | the third year fjrom plamingi and as it is natural fos the plant' bearing t red to nippeil hinder ranches )t long, jout iix ; fmaller )r when y fuffcr, :ws, that ,ry to her the main icy grow >wer buds the vines idency to checked, after the It a fecond end, two fame time lipped, if toEUROPEAN Settlers. %6^ cleiice fruit, and efpeclally to know what fort, and how good, the ditterent vines will bear, to fatisfy his :uriofity, we would adviie . him to fet afide two or three of each lort of his mdft thriving vines for that puriK>fe, and inftead of cutting down all their branches to one bud each, like the reft, leave two branches on each of the]R& , vines, with two or three good buds on each, which will (hew tome fruit for the fatisfa£lion of his curiofity. But we would perfuade him to prevent the reft from bearing fruit till the fourth year, and the weaker vines till the fifth, for the vineyard will make him ample fatisfaiSion for this piece of felf-denial, as it greatly weakens a vine, and indeed any other fruit tree, to bear when fo young ; and how- ever fond moft men may be of their vines bearing much fruit, the overbearing of vines is allowed, on all hands, to hurt them greatly. To prevent which, in wine countries, where it is common to leafe cut vineyards to hufl^indmen, whom they call vignerons, they have very ftritSt laws, obliging them to leave only four, fix, or. eight bearing branches on a vine, according to the age of the vine- yard, the ftrength of the vines, the goodnefs of the foil, and the cuftom of different countries where good wines are held in re- pute, to prevent their hurting the vines, and the reputation of their produce. Thefe vigacronn are likewife obliged, after three fruitflil years, if fo many happen fuccelTively, to let their vineyards reft one year without bearing fruit, that they may have time to recruit and gather frefh ftrength. The third fnmmer the. planter fliould manage his vines in the fame manner he did the fecond, tying up all the branches to the liakes, one above another ; only of thofe vines that are to bear fruit, .the fruit-bearing branches fliould be tied up above the reft, that the fruit may have the benefit of the fun, the air and winds, all which are necclfary to bring the fruit to maturity. This year a third ftake fliouId be provided, which fliould be drove down in the fpring, juft on the north fide of the vine, upon a line" with the reft. To this ftake the branches that bear fruit, there being but few of them, will be beft faftened, becaufe there will be the more room for the branches of referve, which are to bear fruit the next year, to be diftindly faftened to the fide ftakes. Thefe branches of referve are now of great importance to the owner, as the next crop will depend upon the right managenient of them. They fliould, therefore, be carefully tied up at proper diftances to the fide ftakes, tliat they may grow well, that the wood may ripen, and the buds may 47® GENERAL INFORMATIOJ^ may be well filled. When they are grown above five feet long, tli« ends muft be nipped off, and the lateral branches kept ftiort, ahd the nephews retrained, if they grow too long. As to the few vines that bear fruit this fummer, the fruit-bearing branches fhould be nipped ofT five joints above the fruit, and the fide branches and nephews kept ihort, as above directed. In the fall of this third fummer, two of the beft fliort-jointed branches of referve fhould be faved, one on each fide of the head of the vine, for bearing fruit the next year : the refl fhould be cut tlown to one good bud each. If fome of the vines be very flrong and fiourifliing, the planter may preferve four branches for bearing fruU, but by no means more, one on each quarter of the vine. As to the branches on the few vines that bore fruit this year, they mufl be cut down to one good bud each ; for the fame branch fhould never be fufiered to bear fruit two following years, unlefs the trees fall fliort of branches of referve, in that cafe the planter mull do what necef- fity requires, and let the old branches bear a fecond time, but they fel- dom or never bear large cluflers, nor fair fruit. Thofe vines that bore fruit this year, fliould not have above two branches on each left for bearing fruit the next year, by which means their flrength will be prefervcd from being exhaufled when young ; in confequence of which they will lafl: the longer, and bear fruit the more plentifully. T|l)e reft of the management is the fame with that of the laft year ; except tliat fomc time in the latter end of November, or fomewhat later, it the hard weather keeps off, a fmall long trench on each fide of the vine fliould be dug with a hoe, and the branches that are kept for bearing fruit, laid down gently into them, and covered over with tlie earth. The part which appears above ground mufl be well covered with flraw, bog, or fait hay ; and, indeed, if the whole that is hu- lled were alfo covered in the fame manner, with flraw, &c. it would be bcfl ; for the branches being of an elaflic nature, they are very apt, upon the thawing of the ground, to rife with their backs above the ground, and remain expofed to the weather, by which means the crop is often lofl, which a fmall covering of flraw or hay will prevent. If any of them fliould be too (lifF to bend down, then flraw fhould be bound round them and the flake. In the fpring of the fourth year, the branches that have been pre- fervcd for bearing fruit, fliould he carefully trained up to the fide flakes, the higher the better ; the branches that flioot out from the head this fpring, which are called branches of referve, and are de- figned Hgned to I fj^akes belo ftake, if t occupy the tiful year. a clofe anc have writtc the Jateral c of the fru of that bra of the vin the branch clufler of gi all the brar upon as tvv< rational, au are fuppofe juices, and and alfo fer which is nee maturity. J with the op( that when t branches, inl natural flate, tural ^appear! bounds, ferv( and to fcreei from damps i the friiit, as driving nortt extreme, for fered to grow, is the method ground, and w except fome and this metho wiiters affirm, inent of vines places, and mt owner, that ism TO EUROPEAN SETTLERS. 471 ligned to bear fruit the next fucceeding year, ihould be tied up to the itakes below the fruit-bearing branches, and one or two to the middle ftake, if there is room, for oftentimes the fruit-bearing branches occupy the middle as well as the fide flakes, and eipecially in a plen- tiful year. The management of the vine in its bearing flate calls for a dofe and particular attention. Some gentlemen, and tliofe who have written bell upon this fubjeA, recommend the taking away all the lateral or fecondary branches and the nephews, dole to the body of the fruit-bearing branch, and to leave only the main leaves of that branch, thinking, by this method, that a! I the nourifliment of the vine is thrown into the fruit. They alfo order the top of the branch to be taken off within three joints of the uppermoft clufter of grapes. Others again are for following nature, andfuffering all the branches to extend themfelves as they will. Thefe we look vpon as two extremes, and think that a middle way is the beft, mod rational, aud fafeft. The lateral branches, the leaves and nephews, are fuppofed by naturalifts to draw off the crude and thia juices, and to hinder them from entering and fpoiling die fruit, and alfo ferve for the circulation of the air through all the parts which is necefTary to vegetation, and for bringing the fruit to perfeft maturity. That this is fo, or how it is, we are not fo well acquainted with the operations of nature as to determine; but this we know, that when thefe fmaller branches are taken clean away, the main branches, inftead of growing round, full and plump, which is thsir natural ftate, become hard, flat, and diflorted, and have an unna- tural ^appearance. Befides thefe branches, when kept within proper bounds, ferve to fliade the fruit from the fcorching rays of the fun, and to fcreen them from violent winds, from hail and beating rain?, from damps and fogs and cold night dews, which are all injurious to the friiit, as well as the cold dry north-eafl winds, and the cold driving; north-eafl ftorms. But this fliould not lead into the other extreme, for if the vine is left to itfslf, and all thefe branches fuf- fered to grow, it will run wild, and ruin iti'clf by its own excefs. This is the method of managing vines when the head is formed near the ground, and which is now praftiled in mofl vine countries in vineyards, except fome parts of France, where they are ftill fond ofefpaliers, and this method mufl be continued as long as the vines lafl, which moft writers affirm, will be above one hundred years, ^s to the manage- Mient of vines in gardens, againfl . walls, and for forming of fliady places, and many other ways to pleafe the humour and fancy of the owner, that is not to be regarded, it has no relation to vineyards, though the 472 €)EIJERAt IN.FOR,MATION the leading obfervations refpe£ting cutting, &c. will equally apply to them. We have been informed that it is the.praftice of fomc to cut all the branches down, and to truft to new (hoots for bearing of fruit ; qnd we have read the fame account in a treatife publiflied by James Mortimer, Efq. fellow of the royal fociety, in the year 1707, but thefe accounts arc fo vague, fo general and fuperficial, without enter- ing minutely into any particulars, that no dependence can be placed ■upon them ; nor can any man from the account form a judgment of the manner of doing it. However, from thence we have taken a hint, and' propofe a method which may be woith trial. In the fall of the third year of the vine's age, inftead of faving two or four branches for bearing fruit, cut down thefe to two buds each, and the reft cut down to one bud each ; the upper buds of thefe branches that have two, are dcfigned to bear fiuit the next year, the lower bjiids and the buds of all the reft are defigned for fruit the year after, and therefore if any fruit fliould appear upon them, it fliould be taken away as foon as the clufter appears ; in the fall of the fourth year, all the branches that have borne fruit fliould be cut clean away, ancf thofe \mbA\nttUm has the conveniency, will, we be- Jieve, bft i't>mh\ t Itlf'fHflli I Jy broad flat iloiics, not exceeding twQ juchesi iu thiikKPls, tl»jfs slofig the lower fide of the vines, after the ground h«» been »fl4 caufe then the weight of a man preircs down and packs the earth too clofc and hfird tip^n the roots of the vines. Secondly, when the vines arc in bloflbn), bccaufc if tlicy are then dil^urbed by handling, (baking, or rubbing aguitid them, the I'urinu or fine duft that is formed on the blotfom, which impregnates or gives life to the fruit, isfliaken off and the fi uit mifcarries. Thirtlly, when the fruit grows ripe, becaufe the temptation is too flrong to withftand, and perfons will pluck off the faircft, rijjeft grapes, which injures the whole bunch, and certainly ii a great injury to the owner, for the faireft grapes make the richell and HneA flavoured wines. With refpcft to the manigement of vines upon efpaliers, h muft be remembered, that this is a practice only fit for fouthern or vety warm climates, wher« the winter frofts are not fo feverc as in more northern regions ; for ^» they are to (land expofed to all weathers, the germ or bud, from which the grapes fpring, are apt to be chilled and deftroyed by the feverity of a (harp fcafon, and efpcciully by moift (licking fnows freezing hard on the brancbrt. The firft year the yotrng vines are trimmed and mainaged in the fame manner as before dire Aed. *' '•'•' '' r ';^" ' TIjc fecond year, when they always flioot forth a greater namber nf hranchcj, is the time for making choice of the beft branches for (laiuliids 5 the planter (hould therefore fet apart two of the beftihorf* jointed branches on carh vine for that purpofe, that one may be fc- cured in cafe the ot'.icr fhoiild fail, as thefe branches when young are Ciibjcrt t'j mnny accidenti. '•.:■,'. <* m >•;, ■ Having ( Iinlcn two branches for ftandards, he fiiould train them lip as (Iraight as polTibJe, one on each fide of the ftake, to which, when they arc grown aiiout nftccn inches long, they (hould be bound with a foft baud : as thoy grow longer, they ftiould be bound a fe- tond and fliird time ; and wlien they are grown up to the top of the (lake, which (lionld be five fept high, the ends fliould be nipped off that t!u;y may grow thicker and flronger. When the plainer has taken ^ . away •way th inftead none of trimminj fall, one to the ftc branches within thi and cutti will be h< buds will ftoulders, and is call The thi in a line v cedar, loci for want of and being vine and \ them, and about three »'ic vine, th( (ixed down the lower ra forth their J^bovp, anc long enough that, and fo a care/uJ han fljould, be n they will be i greatly dam, top of the fra from the tojjs and kept do\ phews alfo m grow too Ion/ great length, pear this year, I in th« fombcr hes for ft ihor!- befc* ung are m them which, ; bound ind a fc- ofthc [off that las taken away TO fiUROPEAK SETTLERS* 477 iway the topi of the vine, it will flioot oyt two branches at the top inftead of one ; thcfe mull alfo be nipped otF and kept fliort, but none of the lateral branches muft be taken away till the time for trimming their. In the fall, when the vine leaves begin to withor and fall, one of thefe ftandards from each vine ihould be cut away dole to the ftock, leaving the other, which will be out of danger ; all ths branches and nephews muft be trimmed from it, and the top cut oif within three feet and an half of the ground, leaving four buds at thetop^ and cutting off all the ends otthe buds below them ; all ttiele wound* will be healed before the hard weather comes on ; the two upper buds will bt the arms of the vine, the two lower buds will be the twa (boulders, and juil under thefe the vine is fallcned to the efpalier*, and is called the head of the vine. The third fumnier the elpaliers being regularly fet up fix feet high, in a line with the vines, the pods being of fome lading wood, as red cedar, locufl, or mulberry, which are ultimately the cheapefl ; or for want of thefe, of good thrifty chefnut, that is not worm-eaten ; and being (irmly. fixed in the ground, in the middle fpace betweeur vine and vine, the rails, four in height, muft be well nailed to them, and placed on the north fide of the vines, the lowermoil about three feet from the ground, or juft beneath the lowermoft bud oa the vine, the vine muft be faftened with a ftrong band to a ftake firmly fixed down near the root of the vine, and faftened to the frame near the lower rail, the four buds rifing above it. When thefe buds (hoot forth their branches, they muft be regularly trained up to the rails above, and faftened to them with a lott baud ; as foon as they are long enough to reach the firft above them, they muft be faftened ta that, and fo to the next, &c. as they grow, and this muft be done by a carehil hand, becaufe thefe branches at firft are very tender ; if thty (liould.be neglected till they ate grown longer before they are tied, they will be in great danger of being torn off by hard winds, which will greatly damage the vine. When the branches are growi^ up to the top of the frame, the ends muft be nipped off even with it, and when from the tops they fhoot forth again, they muft again be taken ofT and kept down even v;ith the frnme. The lateral branches and ne- phews alfo muft be kept within proper bounds, and not fuflfercd to grow* too long, for fome of their fide branches will fteal avv.ny to a great length, and rob the vine of its ftrength. If any fruit (hould ap- pear this year, which may happen, it fliould be taken away as foon as „ . it 4^3 6iCt«ERAL I^FOaMATld!^ it appenri, ind frit-denial will be amply rewarded tlw fucceedin^ year. In the fall of this third yearj the lateral braochcs and nephews muit he carefully cut away from tlie inai^i brioches, fo as not to hurt or rub agalnft the lower buds with the baik of the knife, which is fre- quently done by cutting off the branches ton near the t^erm or budt For if the thin bark that covers the bud be rubbed oft', under which is a foft warm covering' of a kind of cottopt to picfei ve it fnun cold, . the wet gets in, freezes and dcftroys the germ. The four main branches that fprung from the four buds, Ihould now be cut down to two good buds each ; behdcs the lower b'ld next t:ie old wood^ which is never looked upoi as a good bud, thou^;h the planter will be obliged fometimes to make ufe of it. In cutting uft' the main branches, care fhould be taken to cut flanting tipwanl, fo that the woufid ap|)ears in the (hapeof the nail of a man's linger, and the -Hope fliould be on the oppoiite fide of the bud, that if it (liould bleed it may drop free of the bud ; this is the rule on which wc have f iven our opiniun before. In cutting, care iliould be taken not to ap* •preach too near the bud that is left, leA you endanger it, by letting rocure the the arms theflrengti on the bra thefe being order to rei vines on efp As fome jeft to greai thoughts an vineyard fuci Firit, wetl firfl two or t| ^rmly in th ;vfroirt ned for to one gth the iu the 1 as it le arW m clean Is will in thefc will ¥0 BUROPCAN 8£TTtE]lS, 479 #U1 bear fruit the next, which it the fifth yeari and then tho two lower buds that grew on the branches which fprung from the flioulder |nay be faved for branches of refcrvci by taking away the fruit at foon as they appear^ and thefe will bear fri^it th^ year atter^ wh\ch ii ' nite fufficient. The fixth year the planter may havr 'Nv«e good bodi on each branch for btaring fruit, and (he fevcnih year he may have four buds on each branch, which will make eight bearing branches^ which, as before obfcrved, arc thought by the beft judges to be quit* fufficient for the (Ironged vines, if it is meant to make good wine ( and to this number vignerons are generally confined. Vines that are dcfigned for efpaliers muft be planted further afuur der than thofe that arc intended for (lakes, for as they rile much higher with the ftcm, they require more nouriflimcnt, and more room to extend their routs; ten feet is by no means too much: twelve would be better. One general rule is ncceffiiry to be laid down in onier to give youn jj vine'dreflers a clear idea of the nature and manner of trimming vines^ vhich is a procefs to young l-'eginners ; the youny wood that grew this year, muft be preferved fur bearing fruit the next year, and thnfe branches (hat did not bear fruit are better for the purpofe than thofe that did. When the arms have borne fruit, they (hould he cut away i i the fall of the year, as foon as the vintage is over, provided there are branches of referve growing on the flioulders to fupply thtiir places : but if the trees have failed in thcfe, notwithftanding all attempts to procure them, the planter muft then do what neceffity lequires, and cut the arms down to two, three, or four good buds each, according to the ftrengthof the vine, remembering not to fufferany fruit to grow on the branches that fpring from the lower bud on each old arm, thefe being now abfohitely neceflary for branches of referve, in order to recruit the arms the next year. According to thefe rules, vines on efpaliers muft be conftantly treated. As fonfie of the fouthern States have a hot fandy foil, and are fub* jeft to great heats and parching droughts, we (hall here offer a few thoughts and diredtions which we imagine moft likely to render the vineyard fuccefsful in thefe hbt parching countries. Firft, we think it will be found neceflary to fliade the young vines the firft two or three years, during the hot dry fcafons, by driving down ^rrnly in the ground branches of trees thick fet with leaves, on the 2i fou:l) '\ 48o GENERAL INFORMATION fouth fide of the vines ; thefe arc better than mats, or pieces of thatch work, as the air and winds can pafs more freely througli them ; it will ah'o be neceflary to water the young vines twice a week, during the hot dry feafons, in the evening, that the water may have the whole night to foak down to the roots of the vines, to cool and refrefli them; the branches in thele hot countries fliouid not be tied up to the flakes, but fliould be fuffered to run on the ground to Oiade and keep it moilt and cool. Thefe vines muft be trimmed in the fame manner, as thole which are defigned for ftakes, as foon as the leaf falls, or the vintage is over. The third year, inftead of fixing flakes to faften up the branches, fliort croches Should be drove down about fix feet afunder, and pretty ftrong poles laid acrofs upon them, fo that they may lie about fourteen inches from the ground, and ib near to each other, that the branches of the vines may convenietuly run upon the poles without dipping down and running upon the ground; if the ends of the vines (hould run J beyond the fides of this bed of poles, they muft be turned in and confined to their proper beds, becaufe it will be neceffary to have a walk or path of two feet wide between the different beds to regulate the vines, to cut away the luxviriant fuckers, to gather in the vintage, and to trim the vines. This bed of poles fliould be fo placed, as to extend three feet oq each fide of the rovy of vines, fo that the rows of vines flanding eight feet afunder, there will be a path of two feet between row and row for the neceflary p»n"pofes before mentioned. Particular care fliouid betaken not to take away too many branches from thefe vines, ynlefs there fliould happen an uncommon wet feafon, nor to keep them, top ihort, becaufe they are deilgned to fliade the ground as, much as poC fible, in order to keep it cool and moift, which is necelFary for the growth of the vine, and for bringing the fruit to perfeAion ; bu,t then in the beginning of Auguft, dr about a month before the dif- ferent forts of fruits begin to grow ripe, each in their proper time, the lateral branches fliould be taken away, and the tops of the mala branches cut off; but this muft be done, not all at once, but by de- grees, according to the drynefs or wetnefs of the feafon, for the purpofc of doing this is to let in the fun and the air, which, at this feafon of thjc year becomes neceffary to bring the fruit to perfect maturity ; thje wetter the feafon at the latter p^rt of the fummer, the more branches muft be taken awaj-, and the fliorter the main b'-anches muft be cwt, and if occeflary moft of the leaves muft alfo be plucke^, oiF j, the , ; frvit fhiit w be done Thei and the are fafter the full 1 vines, ev£ ^hey mak< full ripe, t and dry av We flia are beft f ftrong nevi beft^manu grafs feeds aflies, or vines, but ^»arp;f th( fides of broo highways; fe up along the TO £UROPEAN SETTLERS. 481 fniit will ripen the better, and make the richer wir.e, «nd this may . be done without any injury to the vines. The fame management with regard to the thinning the branches and the leaves at this feafon of the year, is neceiTary for vines that are faftened to ftalfes or efpaliers, in order to meliorate and haften oa the full ripenefs of the fruit ; the longer white grapes hang on the vines, even after they are ripe, if the feafon prove dry, the richer win© they make. But it is otherwife with the black grapes, when they are full ripe, they muftbe gathered, and the wine made j if not, th^rot and dry away fuddenly, and perifli in lefs than a week.* We fliall now take notice of the diiferent foils and manures that are bed for vineyards; a vineyard planted on a piece of good ftrong new ground needs no manure the firft feven years. The beft manure for a vineyard is fuch as is warm and free from grafs feeds ; fowl's dung of every kind, except water fowl ; foap alhes, or other afhes fprinkled thinly between the rows of vines, but not too near them, for this manure is very hot and {Iiarp;f the rich foil that is waihed down and fettles along the fides of brooks and rivers, and in many low places along roads and highways; fea fand, mixed with common foil that might be taken up along the highways, would make an excellent manure ; in Ihort, * The Portuguefe form the head of the vitie near chc ground, but whether through carelcfTnefs, thelove ofeafe, or the want of proper materials, we cannot determine but they have a method peculiar to themrelves of managing their vines ; they drive crotches into rhe ground, upon which they fix ftrong poles which lie about three feet from ti.t ground, fome more, fomelcfs, accur^ng to the fteepnefs of the hill, for their vineyards generally grow upon the fides of hills and mountains. The branches of the vines, vhen grown long enough, they thiow over the poles and faften them ; they trim them and nip off the ends vf the branches according to art, and in the b^in* nlng of autumn, they cut away the latpral branches and nephews at different times, and by degrees pluck away all fuperfluous leaves, fo that the fruit becomes much expofcd (0 the fun, the air aud winds, that they may arrive at full maturity. They then ga* thct them, and take away all the rotten and unripe fruit, throw them into the vat and tread them, which fuiiiciently done, they take them out and prefs them as dry as they can ; they then turn the huflts into the vat a fecand time, and although they appear quite dry, yet they trample them over fo long, fhat the very huiks fecm to diflblve into wine, this they prefs a fecond time, and this is laid by for the riclieft Madeira wine, which in other countries is daihed with water, and made int^ a thin wine for common ufc. + This manure is beftfpreadon the ground in the fall, that it may mix with the foil and be properly tempered before the heat of the next fummer comes on, otherwife it will burn up the plants. Vol. III. 3 0, fand 4.82 GENERAL INFORMATION fand of every kind, mixed in. large proportions with good foil, is very nourifliing to vines, for thofc vines produce the fweeteft and richeft grapes, and the (Irongefl and heft flavoured wines, that grow in rich fandy foils : the mortar of old buildings, that has been made of lime and fand, pounded fine ; the duft of charcoal, the fmall coal and the earth that the coal kilns are covered with when burnt ; the foot of chimneys ; the fmall cinders and black dirt found about fmiths fliops ; all thefe are excellent manures for loomy or clay grounds, to warm, to open and to dry them, and efpecially if a large quantity of fand be mixed with it; creek mud, or the mud along the fides of rivers thrown on in the fall, or thrown up and fweetened all winter and laid on in the fpring, is a rich manure for fandy lands, or for clay and loomy lands if mixed with a good quantity of fand. All warm rich untried earth is excellent, fo is fiireet dirt of cities. The fpi' cannot be too fre(h for a vineyard, provided it is not too rank, and therefore a frefti new foil, that has never been ploughed, at leaft not in many years, is always recommended as moft proper for a vineyard. A clean, light, warm, rich foil, that has a great mixture of fand, is bell: ; a rank, heavy, ftubborn foil is not good, it is apt to rot the vines, unlefs it lies high along the fouth and fouth-eaft fides of hills and mountains ; the drynefs of the fituation, and the iiitenfe heat of the fun, greatly alter fuch a foil, and meliorate it ; they open, warm and fweeten it, by drawing out its cold, four, bitter nature, and render it fit for the vichefl:pro- duftions, fo that here the ftrongcll and higheft flavoured wines are made, .' . ' ' . ' • , The Roman frame, which ferved inflead of efpaliers in ancient times, was plain, cheap and frugal, fit for farmers, and fuch as every farmer may procure without expenfe on his own plantation. It confillcd of flrong ftakcs, or fmall poUs, fixed well in the ground in a fl:raight line fix feet high, and three rows of poles tied faft to them one above another, and fifteen inches apart, the upper pole being four, five, or fix feet from the ground, according to the age of the vine ; over the upper pole the bearing branches were laid, looking toward the fouth, and were fattened to the pole, and this they called precipitating a vine ; when the branches were grown long enough, they were faftened to the middle pole, and then to the lowermofl^, and when they came near the grour:d they were cut off, The branches were regularly difpofed fo that each miglit have the benjifit of the fun and air, by being fallcned to flakes driven down 3t at certain in other liersj an( The n flakes are, Thefe lor bundled u they muft the rnflies preferved a From th and vineyar though flio making, fei people of IT procefs are fimple and give fome dir We have white in the white, they i they will no admit the warm dry air, which will prevent nniftincfs and dungerous damps. HogHieads well bound with iron are the only iafe calks for wine ; if old wine pipes, or hogflicads with wooden hoops, are truftcd, it is ten to one but they deceive ; they condantly want repairing wtry year, but iron-bound cafks will hold many years without any expcnfe at al], To that in three years time they become by much the phcapcft cafl(i, we mean for (landing cafks, out of which the wine )i raiked into other cafks for fale ; but then as foon as they are empty the leci fliould be taken out, and faved for diflilling into brandy, (ind the fame day the cafk filled with water, or elfe they will be dcftroyed by a fmall worm, which will pierce it like a fieve. Every man that has a vineyard fliould have a ftill and good worm, f hat he ipay diftill all the lees, the hulks and the fcuni into good brandy, which he will want for the prefervation of his wines ; the fame ftill will do to make peach brandy and the fpirits of cyder, which will foon pay for it. A ftill that holds a barrel is quite large enough, unlefs his vineyard and orchards be very large indeed. We now pafs to the different management »f wine after fermenta* tion } one method we have already mentioned : fome, after the fc- cond fermentation, leave the wine in the fame cafk upon the lees, ^nd adding the old wine and brandy to it, they ftop up the bung-hole, and leave only the vent-hole open to let out the generated air, till the month of March, filling up the cafk from time to time as the wine Aihfidcs or waftee, and then draw it off into a clean, well-fcented and wdUftummed cafk, and ftop all clofewith mortar. Others again, in the month of March, before they rack 't off and ftum it, roll the cafk backward and forward in the cellar to mix the Uct thoroughly with the wine, thinking thereby to communicate the Orcngth of the lees to the wine, and then let it ftand and fettle till it if fine, and rack it off into clean well-ftummed cafks, and ftop and plaillcr all up clofe.* It will a))out vii in part ali »hey are thofe of I they bravi fnow, ice, The fo moll in a berries are ^'ry; thofe ^lie colour i ^vetnefs of i the wine, h rally ripe the fall away : tli fetation they proper foil? 3, There is a fhat is ripe i pleafant wine. of Scioto and ^ohd, which p The froft, bunches and rkhneCs of the fJie fafte of the- " takes' a favo ^ It it pro{«|r to notice, that the lees of ftrong wines may be of advantage, anJ communicate fome Arengch to weak wines, that are racked off upon tiiem, butiil dot* not therefore follow, that all lees are beneficial to the wines that produce then; for, as we have already uhfcryed, the \eps, in the time of fermentation, being throv.i up to tlic top of the vcflel, there meet wiih the air, and being expofcd to it fur foul or five dayi, contraA a har ne; M, iring [any hthc w'mc :mpty randy, will be worm, to ^ood es ; tbe : cyder, lie large :d* ermenta- tr the fe- I the lees, jng-hok, till the the wine l-fccnted it off and to mix the. micate the fettle till it d fto^ and It I idvtntage, a^^l I them> b"''i prodocetheiti;! being thro«l :d to it fov »»4 i«ite fouv ; a^l [e bottom of *l TO EUROPEAN SETTLERS^ 49I It will be no doubt obferved, that we have been filent in this efTiy^ ahout vines that are natives of America ; the reafon is, they have in part already been noticed, and their qualities in general dcfcribed: they are in general fuppofcd to be much more untra(Stable than thofe of Europe : they are very hardy, and will ftand the frame, for they brave the feverell ftorms and winter blafts ; they (hrink not at fnow, ice» hail or rain } the wine they afford is ftrong and good. The fox-grape, whofe berries arc large and round, delights moll in a rich fandy loam ; here thoy grow very large and the berries are fweeteflj but they will grow in any grounds, wet or dry ; thofe that grow on high grounds generally become white, and the colour alters to a dark red or black, according to the lownefs or Wetnefs of the ground : the fituation, we think, muft greatly affeft' the wine, in (Irength, goodnefs and colour; the berries are gene- rally ripe the beginning of September, and when fully ripe they foon fall away : thus much we have obferved as they grow wild ; what al- teration they may undergo, or how much they may be improved by proper foils and due cultivation, we cannot fay. There is a fmall black grape, a fize bigger than the winter grape, that is ripe in September j it is pleafant to eat, and make* a very pleafant wine. Thefe are well worth cultivating, as is the grape of Scioto and the newly-difcoverc-i grape of Indian river in Mary- land, ^Vhich promifes to be a valuable acquifition to the vineyard. The froft, or winter grape, is known to moft perfons ; both the bunches and berries are fmall, and yield but little juice, but the richnefs of the wine may make up for the fmallnefs of the quantity ; the tafte of the grape is auftere till pretty hard frofts come, and then it takes' a favourable turn and becomes very i'weet and agreeable ; ci8(, where they arc left for the wine to feed upon, wc leave aay man to judge what kind of food this muft be, and what manner of good it can communicate to the wine. But fo rigid and arbitrary is cuftom, that it is even lookcU upon next to rebellion, ro deviate or depart fiom the cuAoms of our fathers. The cyder made in America for above one hundred years was conftantly fpoiled by this miftake. Every man that makes cyder very well knows, how foon the pumice corrupts and grows four by being expoled to the air, and yet no man in all that time ever prevented the puraice> after fermentation, from fettling down through the whole body of cyder, but there left it to remain for his cyder to feed upon all winter, and indeed all the next fummer too, f f it laftcd fo long, and the owner complained of the har jncfs of his cyder, and (b didt every body elfc that drank, it ; arid y«t this long remained without a remedy, bccaU& ic hati bseii the cuHon) of their fathers. ^ . 3R» thisf ^. ^t<^^- ''^> IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^' V .v*^ ^^. •<*^>^ V\^ '^^ 1.0 11.25 L£|28 2.5 2.2 2.0 1.4 I llll'-^ 0% <^ A? ^V-' ^.^• % ** Photographic Sciences Corporalion <^J^ ":;j^^^^ 23 WIST MAIN STRIET WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO (716) •72-4503 i.Q i\ A9^ GENERAL INFORMATION this vine flioots forth great numbers of (lender branches, and mtg^t do very well for the fouth and fouth>eaft fides of a fummer-houfe or clofe walk, if all the ufelefs and barren branches were cutaway. The vines of America, in general, are fit for ftrong high efpaliers, but they muft be watched narrowly, and eveiy unneceflary and un- profitable branch taken away. The native vines of the northern and middle States have a covering of bark of fd clofe and firm a texture, that they ftand all weathers without injury ; they fear nothing but a froft after they put forth the tender bud. We know that cold winds and winter blafis have a great tfft& upon the human body, they brace up and confirm all the follds, harden and ftrengthen the whole frame, and . render a man aAive, brilk and lively : they have likewife a wonderful eSe61: upon the brute creation ; the covering of flieep, cattle and horfes, in hot -countries, is very thin and cool, remove them into a cold region, flieep foon acquire a covering of wool, horfes and cattle a thick coat of hair. Why then fliould not vines, by being tranf- planted from a warm into a cold region, acquire a firmnefs and co- hering fuitable to their new fituation ? We believe, by a proper management, th|it they may by degrees be inured to colder coun* tries, bikt fuch a hardinefs mud not be fuppofed to be acquired all it once but by being, winter after winter, a little more and more ex- pofed to the feverhies of the wieathcr: they may thus in a few years be, iti a great meafure, reconciled to almoil any climate ; late ripe fruits, J^owever, will not do as yet to the northward of the capes of Vir- ginia ; if is the early ripe fruits that the middle States mufl culti* Vate, till the climate becomes more temperate by thexountry's being cleared farther back ; none that ripen much after OAober will fuit at prefent, and the lateft they raife, fliould arrive at full maturity by the end of November. " ( OM THE CVLTUftB OF SVGAt MAfLE, ScC,'^ The acer /aceharintim of Linnaeus, or the fugar maple,^ as before obfervcd, grow? in great quantities in the wcflcrn countries of alt the middle States of the American Union. Thofe which grow in New-York and Perinfylvania yitld l*ic firgar in a greater quantity than thofe which grow on the waters of the Ohio. Thefe trees are generally found mixed with the beach, hemlock, white and water afli, the cucumber tree, linden, afpen, butter nut, and wild chelrry trees : they fometimes appear in groves covering five or twenty TO EUROPEAN SETTLERS. 493 Ax acrM in a body, but they are commonly interfperfed with fome or all of the foreft trees which have been mentioned. From thirty to fifty trees are generally found upon an acre of grouild. They grow chiefly in the richeft foils, and frequently in ftony ground. Springs of the pureft water abound in their neighbour- hood. They are, when fully grown, as tall as the white and black oaks, and from two to three feet in diameter ;* they put forth a beautiful white bloflbmMn the fpring before they fliew a fingle leaf; the colour of the bloiTom diftinguillies them from the acer rubrnm, or the common maple, which affords a bloflbm of a red colour. The wood of the fugar maple is of an inflammable nature, and it j^rcferred upon that account by hunters and furveyors for fire-wood. Its fmall branches are fo much impregnated with fugar as to aflbrd fuj^rt to the cattle, horfes and flieep, of the firft fettlers during the winter, before they are able to cultivate forage for that purpofe* Its alhes aflbrd a great quantity of pot-afli, exceeded by iPew or per.< haps by none of the trees that grow in the woods of the United States. The tree is fuppofed to arrive at its full growth in the woods in twenty years. It is not injured by tapping ; on the contrary, the oftener it it tapped the more fyrup is obtained firom it. In this rttpeSt it followa the law of animal fecretion. A fingle tree has not only furvived^ but flouriflied after /orty-tnvo tappings in the fame number of years* The effects of a yearly difcharge of fap from the tree in improving and increafing the fap, is demonftrated from the fuperior excellence of thofe trees which have been jKrforated in an hundred places, by a fmall wood-pecker which feeds upon the fap. The trees, after having been wounded in this way, diftit the remains of their juictf on the ground, and afterwards acquire a black colour. The fap of theie trees is much fweeter to the tafte than that which is obtained from t^s which have not been previoufly wounded, and k afford* more fugar. From twenty-three gallons and one quart of fap procured in twenty hours from only two of thefe dark*coloured trees^ Arthur *'* Baron La Hontan, in his voyage to North- America^ gives the foUawiDs account of the maple tree in Canada. After dcfcribing t^e black cherry tree< fome of whicb^ he fays, are as tall as the lofiieft oaks and as big as a hogfhead, he add;, ** The naple tree is much of the fame height and bulk: tt bearrno RfemUnnoe to that fort wr have in Eutope." Noble^ 494. CEKERAL INFORM ATIOH Noble, Efq. of the State of New-York obtained four pounds ioA thirteen ounces of good grained fugar. A tree of an ordinary fice yields^ in a good feafon, from twenty to thirty gallons of fap^ from which are made from five to fix pounds of fugar : to this there are ibmetimes remarkable exceptions i Samuel Low, £fq. a jiiftlce of peace in Montgomery county, in the State of New- York, informed Arthur Noble, Efq. that he made twenty pounds and one ounce of fugar between the t4th and 13d tof April, in the year 1789, from a fingle tree that had been tapped for feveral fuccejQive years before. From the intluence which culture has upon foreft and other treesf it has been fuppofed, that by tranfplanting the fugar maple tree into a garden, or by deftroylng fuch other trees as flicker it from the rays of the fun» the quantity of the fap might be increafed, and '^f s quality much improved. We have beard of one fa6t which favours this opinion : A farmer in Northampton county, in the State of Pennfylvania, planted a number of thefe trees about twenty*feven years ago in his meadow, from lefs than tlree gallons of the fap of which, he obtains every year a pound of fugar. It was obferved formerly, that it required five or fix gallons of the fap of the trees which grow in the woods, to produce the fame quantity of fugar. The fap diftils from the W00J of the tree : trees which have been cot down in the winter for the fupportof the dOmeilic animals of the new fettlers, yield a confiderable quantity of fap as foon as their trunks and limbs feel the rays of the fun in the fpring of the year. It is in confequence of the fap of thefe trees being equally dif- liifed through every part of them, that they live three years after they are girdled^ t^^t is> after a circular incifion is made through the bark into the fiibftance of the tree^ for the purpofe of deftroy* It is remarkable, that grafs thrives better under this tree in a meadow, than in fituations expofed to the conftant zGAo/Ooi the fun. The feafon for tapping the trees is in February, March and April, according to the weather which occurs in thefe months; Warm days and frofly nights are moft favourable to a plentiful dif-^ charge of fap.* The quantity obtained in a day from a tree is from * The influence of (he weather in increafuig an4 leflcning the difcharge of the fap froiu trees is very remarkable. from of th taine< 14. I inftan comm th. if afi with a . its adv inch, s in a fl deepcm duced J prDJea< nerally the neij the ibui opening takes pi) the temj three or water af under tl ^rge rec this recei To pr goodpra< v^ the mil It rem not be aj of the faf f'hich a Dr. Tongt the weather trees than by ture, drough to admit Dr. To EUROPEAN BETTLERS. A9S from five gallons to a pint, ycording to the greater or lets heat of the air. A Mr. Low informed Arthur Noble, Eiq. that be tAy-^ tained i^ear three and twenty gallons of fap in one day, (April 14, 1789) from the fingle tree which was Ixtbre mentioned. Such inftances of a profufion of fap in fingle trees are, however, not very common. « There is always a fufpenfion oLtbe difcharge of fap in the night if a froft fucceed a warm day. The perforation in the tree is made with an ax or an auger ; the latter is preferred frtfm experience of its advantages: the auger is introduced about three-fouFths of an inch, and in an afcending direftion, that the fap may not be frozen in a flow current in the mornings or evenings, and is afterwards deepened gradually to the extent of two inches. A fpout is intro- duced about half an inch into the hole made by this auger, and projects from three to twelve inches from the tree. The fpout is ge- nerally made of the fliumach,* orelder,f which generally grow in the neighbourhood of the fugar trees. The tree is firil tapped on the fouth fide ; when the difcharge of its fap begins to leflen, an opening is fnade on its north fide, from which an incrcafed difcharge takes place. The fap flows from four to fix weeks, according to the temperature of the weather. Troughs large enough to contain three or four gallons made of white pine, or white afli, or of dried water a(h, afpen, linden, | poplar or common maple, are placed under the fpout to receive the fap, which is carried every day to a large receiver, made of either of the trees before mentioned. From this receiver it is conveyed, after being ftrained, to the boiler. To preferye the fap from rain and impurities of all kinds, it is a good praiEtice to cover the troughs with a concave board, with a hole ii^ the midcUe of ito It remains yet to be determined, whether fome artificial heat may not be applied fo as to increafe the quantity and improve the quality of the fap. Mr. Noble informed Dr. Rufli, that he faw a tree, under frhich a farmer i)ad accidentally burnt fome brufli, which dropped Dr. Tonge ft^ppofed long ago (Pltilorophical TranfaAions, No. 6?,) tl),at changes in the weather of every kiitd might be better afcertaincd by the difcharge of fap from trees than by weather glaRes. 1 have feen a journal of the efTeds of heat, cold, moif«- ture, drought and thunder, upon the difchatgcs frvm the fugar trees, which difpofes ms to admit Dr. To;ige's opinion. Dr. Rup». ^ ^bus. ^ jSambucus Cuiadenfis, % Liriodcndrum tulififera. a thick 4g6 GEKERAi INFORMATION a thick heavy fyrup refembling nM|afles : thii faA may probably Jlead to fomething uleful hereafter. X During the remaining part of the fpring inoBtht, atalfointhe fummer, and in the beginning of autuinh* the maple tree yields a thin fap, but not fit for the ma(i.afa£tory of fugar : it affords a plea- fant drink in harveft, and hasJbeen ufed inflead of rum, in fome inftances, by thofe farnoeri 'ifla|ip|neAicut, whofe anceftors have left to them here, end thercr-fP^ar maple tree, probably to fliade their cattle, in ail their fiddi* Mr. Bruce defcribes a drink of the fame kind, prepared by the inhabitants of Egypt, by infuftng the fugar cane in water, which he declares to be ** the moil refrefliing drink in tiie world."* There are three methods of reducing the fap to fugar : . ^ FiasT, By frtrung it. This method has been tried for nnny years by a Mr. Obadiah Scott, a former in Luzerne county, in Penn* fyJvania, with great fuccefs. He fays, that one-third of a given quantity of fap reduced in this way, is better than one>half of the fame quantity reduced by boiling. If the froft iheuld not be intenfe enough to reduce the fap to the graining point, it noay afterwards be expofed to the adion of the fire for that piirppfe. Secondly, hy Jptrntantous tvaptratiott. TheboUow ftump of a sn:^)le fugar tree, which had been cut down in the fpring, and which was found fome time afterwards filled with fugi^r, firfi; fug- gefted this method of obtaining fugar to our formers. So many circumftances of cold and dry weather,~Iarge and ^ ve^ls, apd above all, fo much time, are neceflary to obtain fugar, by either of ^ Bitron La Hontan gives tlie following account of the fap of the fugar mjiple tntf ivhen ufed ar a drink, and of the manner of obtaining it : " The tree yields a fap ;whtch has a much pleafanter tafte than the beft lemonade or cherry water, and make* the who!efonKft drink in the world. Thh liquor is drawh by cutting the tree two inches deep in the wood, the cut being made Hoping to the length of ten or twelve (nclies, at the lower end of this galh a knife is thruft into the tree flophigly,. fo that |he ivatcr runs along the cut or gafh, as through a gutter, and falls i^pon the knifu which has fome veflels placed underneath to receive it. Some trees will yield five or fi% bottles of this water in a day, and fome inhabitants of Canada might draw twenty ^ogfhcajs of it in one day, if they would thus cut and notch all the maple trees of their refpeAive plantations. The gafh does no harm to tie tree. Of this fap they (naiic fugar aiul fyrup, which is fo valuable, that there can be no better remedy for fortifying the ftoniach ; it is but few of the inhabitants that have the patience to make ^hem, for as common things arc flighted, fo tlvere are fcarce any bo(\y but clyldren that jive themfclvcs the trouble ojf gaflung thefe trees.'* the the abi is tool Thi which tion : I. 7 free, thi hours bt a. Tl fuger is ^ 3' A ( veflel. The fa poujcd in or large pine, fror boiled. •; by a flicd by ftrainin, it is half bo the kettle, a>*e mixed I roay be mm flaked lime ufuai propo Ions of fap the above a fuperiority i The iugi afterwards conducing which are fo generally them. It has beet be improved ^'fliment of dmSed by ; frees, thedif the many exi Vol. III. TO EUnOPEAN SETTLERS. 497 the above methodi, thit the moft general method among the fanners is to obtain it. Thirdly, By hlUng, For thit purpdfe the following ftftf. Which have been alccrtulfied by many experiments, deferve atten- tion : ] 1. The fooner the (bp ii boiled, after it i^^Uefted from the tree, the better \ it niotild never be Icept longer than twenty>jfbur hours before it ii put over the Are. 2. The larger the vefTel li in which the fap is boile'ctt'^e more} fuger is obtained from it. 3. A copper veflel affbrdi n fugar of a fairer colour than an iron velTel. The fap flows into wooden troughs, from which it is carried, and pouped into ftore troughs or large dfterns, in the ftiape of a canoe or large manger, made of white nfli, linden, bafa wood, or white pine, from which it is conveyed to the kettle in which it is to be boiled. Thefe cifterni, as well ns the kettle, are generally covered by a flied to defend the fap from the rain. The fugar is improved by draining the fap through R blnnket or cloth, either before or after it is half boiled. Butter, hog'i lard, or tallow, are added to the fap in the kettle, to prevent its boiling over ( and lime, eggs, or new milk, are mixed with it, in order to clarify it. Clear fugar, however, may be made without the addition of either of them. A fpoonful of flaked lime, the white of one egg, and a pint of new milk, are the ufual proportions of thefe nrticlei, which are mixed with fifteen gal- lons of fap. In fome famples of maple fugar, clarified with each of the above articles, that in which milk alone was ufed, had an evident fuperiority in point of colourt The fugar after being fufficiently boiled is grained and clayed, and afterwards refined, or converted Into loaf fugar. The methods of condu6ting each of thefe proi'efTei il fo nearly the fame with thofe which are ufed in the mnuufa^ory of Wefl-India fugar, and are fo generally known, that we need not fpend any time in defcribing them. It has been a fubjeiJt of Inquiry, whether the maple fugar might not be improved in its quality, and increul'ed in its quantity by the eflab- lifliment of boiling houfes in the fugar maple country, to be con- duced by afTociated labour. From the fcattered fituation of the trees, the difKculty of carrying the fap to a great diflnnce, and from the many expenfes which railft accrue from fupporting labourers and Vol. Ill, 3 horfes 49^ GENERAL INFORMATION lioffei in Che woods, in % finibt^f the year in wluch nature afford* no fuftenance to man or beaft, v/c are difpofed to believe, that die nioft productive methpd both in quantity and profit of obtuning this iiigar, will be by the labour of private families. For a great numbep of years, many huntfed private families in New- York and PennfyU vania have fuppli|Mhemfelves plentifully with this fugar during the wMb yc9r« WelKave heard of many families who have made from two to four hundred pounds in a year; and of one man who fold fix hundred poirffds all made by his own hands in one feafon.* ,/Kot more knowledge is neceflary for making this fugar than cyder, beer, four krout, ice. and yet one or all of thefe are made in moft of the farm houfes of the United States. The kettles and other utenfils qf a ^rmer's kitchen will ferve moft of the purpofes of making fn^ar, and the time required for the labour, if it deferves that name, is at a feafon when it is iropoffible for the farmer to employ himfelf in any ipecies of agriculture. His wife and all his children above ten years of age, moreover may affifthim in this bufinefs, for the profit of the weakeft of them is nearly equal to that of a man when hired for that purpofe. A comparative view of 'this fugar has been frequently made with the fugar which is obtained from the Weft-India fugar cane, with refpeft to its quality, price, and the poffible or probable quantity that can be made of it in the United States, each of which we fhall confider in order. FiasT. The quality of this fugar is neceflfarily better than that which is made in the WeftJndies. It is prepared in a foafon when not a fingle iafeSt exifts to feed upon it, or to mix its excrements with it, and before a particle of duft or of the pollen of plants can float in the air. The fame obfervation cannot be applied to the Weft- * The following receipt| publifhed by William Cooper, Ef<}. in the Albany Gazette, fully eftabliihes tUif faA : • « Received, Cooper's Town, April 30th, 1790, of William Cooper, (ixteen pounds, ** for fix hundred and forty pounds of fugar, made with mjf mtm hands, without any <•' afliftance, in Icfs than four weeks, befides attending to the other bufinefs of my farm, *' as providing fire wood, taking care of the cattle, &c. John NichoUs. Witnefs, « R. Smith." A fingle family, confifting of a man and his two fons, on the maple fugar lands be- tween the Delaware and Suf<|UchaDnab, made one thoufand eight hundred pounds of naple fugar in one feafon, India India court; hiftor makin excluf keept men, •< of thei linefs. its leav India ft It ha India fuj we fufp fugar pi quantitie tea, and cumftano could pen liquors wl Alexander States, M the above Seconc ^ntaneoi millions o tree is im by the fiiig fiders the fiigar work( fions for bo ofconveyin will not hi tured much in the Weft. Thibdl fugar, noto exportation, States ofNe acres of land ie with B, with luantity en pounds^ Without any ■ my farm* Witnefsf ar lands be- poundt of India TO EUROPEAN SETTLERS. 499 India fugtr. The infe£ts and wtftim which prey upon it, and 6f courfe mix with it, compofe a page in a nomenclature of natural hiftoiy. We (hall fay nothing of fhe handi which are employed in making fugar in the Weft.Indiei, but that rata who work for the exclufive benefit of others are not under the fame obligatious to keep their perfons clean while they are employed in this work, that men, women and children are, who work exclufl^ely for the benefit of themfelves, and who have been educated in the habits of clean- linefs. The fuperior purity of the maple fugar is farthei^proyed by its leaving a lefs fediment when diflblved in water than the Weft- India fugar. It has been fuppofed that the maple fugar is inferior to the Weft- India fugar in firength. The experiments which led to this opiuioti we fufpeft have been inaccurate, or have been made with maple fugar prepared in a flovenly manner. Dr.Rufli examined equal quantities by weight of both the grained and the loaf fugar, ip hyfob tea, and in coiTee, made in every refpe£t equal by the minuteft cir- cumftances that could affect the quality or tafte of each of them, and could perceive no inferiority in the ftrength of the maple fugar. The liquors which decided this queftion were examined at the fame time by Alexander Hamilton, Efq. fecretary of the treafury of the United States, Mr. Henry Drinker, and feveral ladies, who all concurred in the above opinion. Secondly. Whoever confiders that the fugar map' tree grows fpoataneoufly without cultivation, that the Americans have many millions of acres in their country covered with them, that the tree is improved by repeated tappings, and that the fugar is obtained by the frugal labour of a farmer's family, and at the fame time con- fiders the labour of cultivating the fugar cane, the capitals funk in fugar works, the firft coft of flaves and cattle, the expenfes of provi- iions for both of them, andinfome inftances the additional expenfft of conveying the fugar to a market in all the Weft-India iflands, will not hefitate in believing that the maple fugar may be manufac- tured much cheaper, and fold at a lefs price than that which is made in the Weft-Indies. Thirdly. The refoiirces for making a fufficient quantity of this fugar, not only for the confumption of the United States, but for exportation, will appear fi"om the following fafts. There are in the States of New- York and Pennfylvania alone, at leaft ten millions of acres of land which produce the fugar maple tree, in (he proportion 3S a of 500 GENERAL INFORMATIOK of thirty trees to one acre. No# fuppofing all the perfoni cipable § f labour in a fiimtly to confift of threCf and each perfon to attend one hundred and fifty trefi, and each tree to yield five pounds of fugar in a feafbn, the produft of the labour of fixty thoufand familiei would be one hundred and thirty>five miilion pounds of fugar \ and allowing the inhabitants oftbe United States to compore fix hundred thoiifatid families, each of which confumed two hundred pounds of fugar in a year, the whole coiifumption would be one hundred and twenty miUion pounds in a year, which would leave a balance of fifteen million pounds for exportation. Valuing the fugar at fix.ninetieths of a dollar per pound, the fum faved to the United States would be eight million dollars by home confumption, and the fum gained by exportation would be one million dnllais. I'he only part of this calculation that will appear improbatile is, the numl)er of families fuppofed to be employed in the manufactory of the fugnr, but the difficulty (of admitting this fuppolition will vanifh when we con* fider, that double that number of families are employed every year in making cyder, the trouble, rifks and expenfes of which are all much greater than thofe of making maple fugar. But the profit of the maple tree is not confined to its fugar ) it affords an agreeable molaffes, and an excellent vinegar. The fnp which is fuitable for thefe purpofes is obtained after the fap which affords the fujgar has ceafcd to flow, fo that the manufactories of thefe different products of the maple tree, by fucceeding, do not in* terfere with each other. The molafles may be made to compofe the bafis of a pleafant fummer beer. The fap of the maple is moreover capable of affording a fpirit, but we hope this precious juice will never be proflituted by American citizens to this ignoble purpofe. Should the ufe of fugar diet become more general in America, it may tend to lefTen the inclination or fuppofed neceflity for fpirits, for a relifh for fbgar in diet is feldom accompanied by a love of ftrong drink. It is the fugar which is mixed with tea which makes it fo ge« nerally difagreeable to drunkards ; but a diet confifling of a plentiful mixture of fugar has other advantages to recommend it, which we fliall briefly enumerate. First. Sugar affoiVis the greatefl quantity of nourifhment in a given quantity of matter of any fubftance in nature ; of courle it mny be preferved in lefs room in our houfes, and may be confumed in Icl'i time than more bulky and lefs nouriihing aliment. It has this pccu* liar advantage over muft kinds of aliment, that it is not liable to have ill grain, •r one igar )uld 'Ing fntid iiigar and Innce (ar at In'tted id the eonly \\vtv of ir, but le con- year in I much igar J it rhe ftp wiiicl) lories of not in- ipofe the loreovcr luicc wiii purpofe. i, it may Its, for a {of ftroiig it fo ge« plentiful rlVich we fjent in a Irl'e it may ned in Icl* Ithis pccu« lie to lwv9 its TO EUROPEAN SETTLERS. 5OI it! nutritious qualities affeded by time or the weather, hence it it prtferred by ihe Indians ia their excurfions from honrte. They mix a certain quantity of maple fugar, with an equal quantity of Indian corn, dried and powdered, in its milky ftate. This mixture is packed in little balkets, which are frequently wetted in travelling, without injuring the fugar. A few fpoonfuls of it mixed with half a pint of fpring water, afford them a pleafant and ftrengthening meal* From the degrees of ftrength and nourilhment which are conveyed into aninul bodies by a fmall bulk of fugar, we conceive it might be given to horfes with great advantage, when they are ufed in places or under circumftances which imake it difficult or expenfive to fupport them with more bulky or weighty aliment. A pound of fugar with- out grafs or hay, we have been told, has fupported the firength and fpirits of an horfe, during a whole day's labour in one of the Weil- India iflands. A larger quantity given alone has fattened horfes and cattle during the war before laft in Hifpaniola, for a period of feve- ral months, in which the exportation of fugar, and the importation of grain, were prevented by the want of (hips. Secondly. The plentiful ufe of fugar in diet is one of the beft preventatives that has ever been difcovered of the difeafes which are produced by worms. Nature feems to have implanted a love for this aliment in all children, as if it were on purpofe to defend them from thofc difeafes. A gentleman in Philadelphia who early adopted this opinion, by indulging a large family of children in the ufe of fugar, has preferved them all from the difeafes ufuaily occafioned by worms. Thirdly. Sir John Pringle has reniarked, that the plague hat never been known in any country where fugar comptiTes a material part of the diet of the inhabitants. We think it probable that the frequency of -malignant fevers of all kinds has lieen leflened by this diet, and that its more general ufe would defend that clafs of people who are moft fubje£l to malignant fevers from being fo often affedted by them. Fourthly. In the numerous and frequent diforders of thebreaft, which occur in all countries, where the body is expofed to a variable temperature of weather, fugar affords the bafis of many agreeable re- medies : it is ufeful in weaknefles, and acrid defluxions upon other parts of the body. Many fa£ks might be adduced in favour of this aflertion. We fhall mention only one, which, fiwm the venerable name of the perfon whofe cafe fumifhed it, cannot fail of command- ing 592 GENERAL INFORMATIOM iig •ticntkin and aedit. Upon Dr. Ru(h inquiring of Dr. f rinlcHn, at the requeft of a fritnd, about a year before he died, whether he kad found any relief from the pain of the ftone from the blackberry jam, of which he took large quantities, he told him that he had, but that he believed the medicinal part of the jam refided wholly in the fugar { and at a reaibii for thinking fo, he added, that he often found tiic fiune relief by taking about half a pint of fyrup, prepared by boiling a little brown fugar in water, juft before he went to bed, that he did from a dofe of opium. It has been fuppofed by fome of thcr early phyficians of America, that the fugar obtained from the maple tree i» more medicinal than that obtained from the Weft-India fugarcane ; but this opinion is, perhaps, without foundation ; it u preferable in its qualities to^the Weft-India fugar perhaps only from its Atperior cleanlinefs. * Cafes may occur in which fugar may be required in medicine, or in 4iet, by perfons who refufe to be benefited, even indirectly by the hbovr of Haves. In fuch cafes, the innocent maple fugar will always be preferred.* It has been faid that fugar injures the teeth, but this opinion now has fo few advocates, tliat it does not deferve a ferious refu- tation. To tranfmit to future generations all the advantages which have been enumerated from the maple tree, it wilt be necefTary to protect it by law, or by a bounty upon the maple fugar, from being de- ftroyed by the fettlers in the maple country, or to tranfplant it from the woods, and cultivate it in the old and improved parts of the United States. An orchard coniiiling of two hundred trees, planted vpon a common farm, would yield more than the fame number of apple trees at a diftance from a market town. A fnll grown tree in the woods yields five pounds of fugar in a year. If a greater expo- fare of a tree to the a^ion of the fun has the fame effects upon a maple that it has upon other trees, a larger quantity of fugar might reafonably be expelled from each tree planted in an orchard. Allow- * Dr. Knowles, a phyfician of worthy chara^er in London, had occnfion to re. •ommend a diet to a patient, of which fugar compofed a material part. His patient refuGed to fubmit to hii prefcription, and gave as a reafon for it, that be had witnefled lb much of the oppreflion and cruelty wliich were excrcifed upon the flavcs, who Made the fugar, that he had made a vow aevcr to tafte the produfl of their mifery as long at he lived. ingit thoufi dredf femair ninetjc farmer the ma ofgraf on ever derived obtainit cane of by the I tranfplar Indies. It wei tvould fp hundred are ufuaJ original a and each profit off 'vould am fifty doih •xpcnfes ufe. Actordii " worth to therefore o alone conf thirty-thrci It is faid port they d occalioned obviate this fo as to alte an eafy pafl ««>w with i 'ua> willuo ifif de- rom the anted )erof rcein xpo- pon a tiight How- to re- 1 patient titneffed who Ifery as TO BUftOPBAN SBTTLBBI. 50^^ tag k to be only feven poun(b» then two hundred treei will yield one thoufand four hundred pounds of fugtr i and deducing two hun* dred from the quantity for the confumption of the family, there will remain for fale one thoufand two hundred pounds, which at fix- ninetieths of a dollar per pound, will yield all annual profit to tha farmer of eighty dollars. But if it ihould be f^pd that the fiiade of the maple does not check the growth of grain any more than it does «f graft, double or treble that number of maple trees may be plaoiei| on every farm, and a profit proportioned to the above ralculatioa bm derived from them. Should this mode of traofplanting the means of obtaining fugar be fuccefsful, it will not be a new one. The fugar cane of the Weft-Indies was brought originally from the Eaft-Indiea by the Portuguefe, and cultivated at Madeira, from whence it was tranfplanted diredlly or indire^ly to all the f'Jgar iflands of the Wefl- lodies. It were to be wilhed that the fettlers upon the fugar nwple lands Would fpare the fugar tree in clearing their lands. On a farm of two hundred acres of land, according to our former calculation, there are ufually fix thoufand maple trees. If only two thoufand of thois original and ancient inhabitants of the woods were fuffered to remain* and each tree were to afford only five pounds of fugar, the annual profit of fuch a farm in fugar alone, at the price formerly mentioned, would amount to fix hundred and fixty-fix dollars, one iiundred and fifty dollars of which would probably more than defi^y all the expenfes of making it, and allow a plentiful dedu6lion for family ufe. According to the ufual annual profit of a fugar maple tree, each tree is worth to a farmer two dollars, and two-thirds of a dollar, exclufive therefpre of the value of his farm, the two thoufand fugar maple trees alone confer a value upon it of five thoufand three hundred and thirty-three dollars, and thir^>ninetieths of a dollar. It is faid that the fugar trees, when deprived of the fhelter and fup* port they derive from other foreft trees, are liable to be blown down, occafioned by their growing in a rich, and of courfe a loofe foil. To obviate this, it will only be neceflary to cut oif fome of their branches fo as to alter its center of gravity, and to allow the high winds to have an eafy palfage through them. Orchards of fugar maple trees, which grow with an original expofure of all their parts to the adioa of th« iufl, willuo be liable to this inconvenience. mg 504 GENERAL INfOItM\TlOM In contemplating the prefeht opening profpe^ls in human aflTairf^ we are led to expefl that a material part of the general happineff which Heaven feems to have prepared for mankind, will be derived from the manufii£tory and general ufe of maple fugar, for the benefits which we flatter ouifelves are to refult from it, will not be confined to America^ ; they will, we hope, extend themfelves to the interefts of humanity in the Weft-Indies. With this view of the fub- je&, we cannot help contemplating a fugar maple tree with a fpecies of affe^ion and even veneration, for we have perfuaded ourfelves to behold in it the happy means of rendering the commerce and flavery of our African brethren in the fugar iflands as unneceflary) as it has always been inhuman and imjuft. To the above we add a copy of Mr. Botham's account of th« method of manufa£turing fugar in the Eaft>Indtcs, extra6led from the report of the committee of the Britifli privy council on the fubje6l of the Have trade, but we fhall infert only fuch parts of it as will throw light upon the method of manufacturing the maple fugar which haft been mentioned, and to (how how much it is to be preferred in point of economy to that which is ufed in the Weft-Indies. ** Having been for two years in the Englifli and French Weft- Indian iflands, and fince condu£led fugar eftates in the Eaft*Indies ; before the abolition of the flave trade was agitated in parliament, it may be defirable to know that fugar of & fuperior quality and inferior price to that in our iflands, is produced in the Eaf^-lndies ; that the cul- ture of the cane, the manufafhire of fugar and arrack, is with thefe ma- terial advantages carried on by free people. China, Bengal, the coaft of Malabar, all produce quantities of fugar and fpirits ; but as the moft «onfiderable growth of the cane is carried on near Batavia, I fliatl iexplain the improved manner in which fugar eftates are there con- duced. The proprietor of the eflate is generally a wealthy Dutch- man, who has erected on it fubftantial mills, bailing and curing houfes. He rents this eftate to a Chinefe, who refides on it as a fu- perintendant ; and this renter, fuppofing the eftate to confift of three hundred or more acres, re-lets it to freemen in parcels of fifty or fixty on thefe conditions: ** That they ftiall plant it in canes, and receive fo much per pecul of one hundred and thirty-three pounds and a half for every pecul of jiigar that the canes fliall produce. u . «* Whea to feUROPEAil SETTLERS. J05 *( When crop time comes on, the fuperintendont coUeAi % Atfleleiit fiumber of perfons from the adjacent towns or viUffgeli and t«kei off his crop as follows: ** To any fet of tradefmen who bring their carts and buffaloei, he agrees to give fuch a price per pecul to cut all hit crops of can«f« ^arry them to the mill and grind them. " A fecond to boil them per pecul. ** A third to clay them and baiket them for market per pecuh ** So that by this method of conducing a fugar eftatSf the renter knows to a certainty what the produce of it will coft him per pecuK He has not any permanent or unneceflary expenfe | for when tha crop is taken off, the taikmen return to their feveral pmfuits in th# towns and villages they came from, and there only remains the cano planters who are preparing the next year's crop. Thisi like alt other complex arts, by being divided into feveral brahcbeSi renders the labour cheaper and the work more perfectly done. Only ehycd fugars are made at Batavia ; thefe are in quality equal to the beft fort from the Weft>Indies» and are fold fo low from the fugar eftates as eighteen {hillings fierling per pecul of one hundred and thirty- three pounds and a half. This is not the felling price to the trader at Batavia, as the government there is arbitrary, and fiigsr Aibje^ to duties impofed at will. The fhabander exacts a dollar per peewl on all fugar exported. The price of common labour is from nine- pence to ten-pence per day. By the method of carrying en the fugar eftates, the taflcmen gain confiderably more than this, not only from working extraordinary hours, but from being confidered artifts in their feveral branches. They do not make fpirits on the fugar eftates ; the molafles are fent for fale to Batavia, where one diftillery may purchafe the produce of an hundred eftates. Here l» a vail faving and reduftion of the price of fpirits ; not as in the Weft»In« dies, a diftillery for each eftate ; many center in one, and (irrack if fold at Batavia from twenty^one to twenty-five rix dollars per leaguer of one hundred and fixty gallons; fay eight-pence per galloni " The improvement in making the cane into fugar In Batavia keeps pace with that in its culture. Evaporation being in proportieft to the furface, their boilers are fet with as much of it as poflible j the cane juice, with temper fufficient to throw up its impurities, Is boiled down to the confiftence of a fyrup ; it is then thrown up into vats calculated to hold one boiling, then fpritikled with two becketi ©f water to fubfide its foul parts i after ftanding fix hours, it is let off Vol. m. 3T 1^ 506 GENERAL iKFORMAriON by three pegs of different heights into a fingle copper with one fire } it is there tempered again, boiled up> and reduced to fugar, by a gentle fire. It granulates, and the fugar-boiler dipping a wand into the copper, ftrikes it on the fide, then drops the fugar remaining on it into a cup of water, fcrapes it up with his thumb nail, and is by this means] able to judge to the utmolt nicety of the fugar haying its proper degree of boiling : the vats or receivers mentioned are placed at the left hand of a fet of coppers ; after running off for boil- ing all that is clear, the remainder is pafled through a ftrainer on the Outfide of the boiling houfe ; what is fine is put into the copper fo/ fugar ; the lees are referved for diftilling." i'r.vp ■ -r ■■' \ J- We (hall clofe this part of our work with a few obfenrations on thofe inquiries in natural philofophy which appear at prefent moft beneficial to the United States of North-America, and beft calculated or the promotion of human happinefs. IN<^IIII£S RELATIVE TO RURAL ECONOMY. On the tillage of the United States the following remarks appear very interefling : — The fuccefTion of fevere frofts and deep thaws during winter in all the northern and middle States make a variety of drains necefTary in moft foils and fituations ; yet an almofl general neglect of this deftroys a great part of the feed: a judicious treatifc on the forms and courfes of fuch drains would be very ufeful. A large portion of the arable lands in Pennfylvania, and fome other States, being billy, is detrimentally wafhed by heavy rains in every feafon of the year ; efpecially the manure is thereby totally loft. This would be much prevented by tranfverie ploughing in a proper degree of horizontal inclination, which may be traced by computing the force and quantity of the water. The Indian corn * is an eflential article among American grains, and peculiarly fuitable to an extenfive country. It might be raifed at fo moderate a price as to bear exportation to Europe, in the northern parts of which it would be very valuable, as nourifliment for domefiic anima's during the long winters. The mode of planting this grain oa itii * Maiie or z«u .III -JO by by four appears ground tiguous and clo] not unfj by the I as to cc weeding. Theci middle Si banking < meadows, of fome ac ing the foi flourifh in troduced ii dry and wa The hcj ground, th advifeable t make good ture, may] We have he in Europe, rally neglefi . iiorfes,,and The valu necefTary in of infant cu vexation anc would be mi to render the Jng with m< Vfed, and w any, but yet promifing qu The vaft d the variety, forefls, aiQ ^ lire J by a i into g on is by laying d are r boil- on the )cr iot :ion8 on ent moft ilculaied C8 appear thaws variety general treatifc eful. A |)me other in every tally loft, a proper oroputing m grains, raifed at northern domeftic this grain by TO EUROPEAN SETTLERS. 507 by four or five feeds together on hills, at the diftance of feveral feet, appears lefs reafonable from the conlideration, that one part of the ground is left vacant, while the other is overcharged ; that the con- tiguous ftalks muft impede each other ; that their fpindling height, and clofe polition, fubje&s them more to the high winds, which not unfrequently fweep down whole fields. We are informed by, the natives of Italy, that in that country the corn is planted £0 as to cover the ground equally, with convenient intervals for weeding. The culture of meadows has gained a conGderable perfection in th«, middle Sates, but is flill capable of much improvement. Amodeqf banking eifei^ually againft the floods that often ruin the beit marfh- meadows, has not yet beendifcovered : in open iituations, a clolie row of fome aquatic trees, beyond the bank, is indilpenfable for break- ing the force of a ftormy tide. The Americans want grafTes that will flourifh in dry and fandy foils : fuch, for example, as were lately ip« troduced in Spain, and are faid to have proved fo beneficial to that dry and warm country. The heat of the fununers is unfavourable to grafs, where the ground, though fertile, has not a degree of moiilure ; it is therefore advifeable to try, whether barley, rye, or wheat, if cut young, would make good hay ; and whether a fecond crop, or the fucceeding paf- ture, may help to make a full compenfation for an eventual harveft ? We have heard this method much recommended by fome cultivators in Europe. The divifion of pailure grounds by enclofvires is gene- rally neglected. Clean feeding is an advantage of admitting cattle, horfes, andfheep in rotation, that deferves attention. The value of land, and clofe neighbourhood, makes good fences necelTary in old fettlements. Worm-fencing, and fimilar expedients of infant cultivation, fhould never be feen ; they, occafion lofTes, vexation and contention. The regular frames of rails and boards would be much improved by hardening againft heat and moiilure : to render the lower part of the poft more durable, burning, encruft- ing with mortar, and foaking in fait water, are expedients partly uled, an^ worthy of trial. Live hedges are in general preferable to any, but ycj very r^re, though the country prefents many flirubs of promiiing qualities. The vaft domains of thp United States can vie with any country in the variety, utility, and beauty of trees and fhrubs. Their ftately forefts, are ar^atioiwl ireafure, deferving the folicitou? carp of the 5O8 GENERAL INFOUMATION patriotic philofopher and politician : hitherto they have been tao ptuch abandoned to the axes of rude and thoughttefi wood-choppers. What perfon of fcofe and feeling can without indignation behold mil- lions of young oaks and hiccories deflroyed, to make bonfires in open fmoky iMufcs, or trucked in the cities for foreign toys i Some parts of £urope were thus laid wafte in former centuries, and the pre- fent generation mud with great labour and expenfe repair tl^ ra* ▼ages of their forefathers. In many parts of America a prefervav tion and increafe of the timber for fuel, and other domeftic ufes^ rea« ders thefe queries important. What trees are of thequickeft growth i At what age they do increafe moft ? What is the proper diftance be- tween them ? What is the bed mode of pruning, for promoting the growth, and taking off all fuperfluous branches ? What kinds arc fuitable to different foils ? What fpecies thrive beft together i A ju- dicious lopping of ^the branches, thinning dofe the clumps of trees, and clearing the ground of underwood, will make many woodlands good paftures, and form them into beautiful parks. This manage- ment would alfo improve the quality of timber by procuring the be- nefit of fun and air : the want of this may be regarded as one prin- cipal caufe of thefponginefs of their timber, which defeft, fo inimical to durability, ftrength, and prefervation of a given form, is farther increafed by a too common ignorance or negle£l of the proper feafon for felling the rtaterials of building, furniture, ftaves, and various utenlils. Some Valuable trees and fliiubs are yet obfcurely known ; among thefe, the fo called coffee tree,* in the weftern country, that bears a hard nut, the kernel of which is generally vfed by the inhabi- tants as a fubflitute for coffee ; the native plum trees on the Mifr iiffippi, faid to be far fuperior to thofe in the iTiiddie States ; the newly difcovered and much extolled grape of Scioto. ■)■ Many of thofe which have long been familiar to the Americans, ftill pofTefs tifeful qualities little explored. Oil might be extrafted from acorns, and efpecially from the large and greafy fpecies of the rhefnut oak ; as lately, though but in few places, is done from the various kinds of walnuts. Spirits may be diftilled from the berries of the red cedar, which fo much refembles thofe of the European juniper. Wine, far better than what is generally done, can be made from the Ute grapes. From all kinds of grapes, the Perfimon fruit, the berries of the four gum,^ and white thorn, § the crab apple, the wildpearS| * Guil:in(lia. f A brandi of the Ohio. f Kyfla. $ Crui gaily. " /"^ - ■" t. <^ plums * Afpia t A kirn taa >ers. mil^ !»pen paru pre^ s ra^ fen'air , ren- iwth^ ce bC' ngthe >d« arc A ju« F trees, jdlands lanagc- the be- ne prin- inimical i farther pr feafon [ various known ; try, that ; inhabi* the Mif- tcs ; the Many of ill poflefs a acorns, lOt oak ; } kinds of cd cedar, . Wine, I the late irrics of ild pears, TO EUROPEAN SETTLERS. 509 plums and cherries, with fimilar fruits ; fpirituous liquor, and vine* ^ar, may be obtained. The white thorn will, if it can be kept clofe and low, mak<; an impenetrable and beautiful hedge, by its long, fliarp, and folid fpears, and by its clufiering bloiToms and large red berries. The new experiment of grafting foreign kinds on their na* tive grape vines, faid to be very promiling, may prove a good prc- fervative againft the rigour of winter. In all probability many (pe- pfi of leaves would make good tbddisr for cattle, if gathered in the proper feafon, and well cured : this expedient is pradifed in thtt north of Europe,* is of great importance to one half of the Ameri- can States, which have, according to fituation, no pafture fur five or feven months. Finally, we may fincerely wifli that the owners of venerable woodlands might regard them as principal ornaments to their country .; and while they clear a part for the purpofes of agri» culture, leave thofe hills crowned with towering pines and ftately oaks ; fuffering likewife the groves of tulip trees and magnolas to wave among yellow harvefts and blooming meadows. In fonie of the old countries, ntany gentlemen would purchafe iuch rural charms at any expenfe, but muft wait till the evening of life for the Ihade of their plantations ; is it not then deplorable, that fo many Americaa farmers daily deftroy what their offspring of better taile will deeply regret ! This evil might in a great mcaiure be leiTened by a treatife on ornamental planting, adapted to the prefent circumftances of tliat country. Haifa century ago, philofophers thought it beneath them to invef- tigate the economy of domeftic animals. By this ridiculous pride, Eu- ropean countries have fuiFered much. The Swedifli naturaliils were roufed near thirty years ago, to a ferious attention, by a peftilence among horfes and homed cattle, which dcftroyed many thoufands ia fome provinces. In America, this important fcience has been much negledted. Not to enlarge upon a fubjeft, which efpecially concerns agricultural focieties, we fhall only mention two or three particulars. America is not unfavourable to horfes ; yet thofe of good quality are not very common in many of the States, becaufe the natural hif- tory of thefe noble animals is but little cultivated. They are ofies difabled by want of proper care, and periQi by various diforders, ef- pecially by fwelling in the throat, cholic, and the bots.f Sheep thrive * Afpin leaves, for example, are a pleafing aiid falujtsry food for horfes, f A kind of warns that devours their maw. m^^ well 5IO GENERAL INTORMATIjON well in fome parts, but in others they die by dozens^ without the •wners knowing or inquiring into the caufe. HcM-ncd cattle fuflPer much when expofed to the winter's cold, which deftroys their hoofs even under the thirty- ninth degree. But they and horfes are afTedted by excefs of heat in fumnaer ; which not feU dom caufes a fever, difcernibJe by their want of appetite, duJlnefs, and a yellow tinge of the mouth and eyes. The bed European trea- tife on domeftic animals will more or lefs apply to divers parts of the States. Goats would be veiy valuable in the rocky woodlands of America, •8 they arc in thofe of Europe. They arc very hardy ; their mainte- nance is cheap, as they brovvfe fummer and winter on mofl kinds of trees and flirubs ; they yield a great quantity of rich milk ; and their (kins are very ufeful. The Angora goat, whofe fine glofly hair isia -material of the mohair, may alfo thrive as well in America as iu Sweden, where it was introduced by the patriotic Aftronbmer. Good orchards eminently unite the uietul and pleaflng, gratifying, through the greater part of the year, the tafte, the fcent, and figfat. Horticulture was an early obje6t in America, and has made confide- rable progrefs. At prefent their firll care ihould be, to prevent dif« tempers of the fruit trees, of late become very alarming. Peach trees, have till within twenty or thirty years been very flourilhing : fome Englidi writers relate with amazement, that the Americans fatten tlieir hogs on this fruit, which is fo cuflly in the north of Europe ; and it is true, that many common farms abounded fo far in a pro- xnifcuous colleftion of better and worfe. But at prefent the peach trees are few, and generally in a fickly condition, through the greater part of the country. Of this one principal cauie is a fly, that depo* fits her eggs within the ftem near the ground, which produce a great number of worms, who quickly confume all the lower bark. Mofl kinds of plum trees are liable to decay, and the fruit is deflroyed by a fpecies of fly ; but the ravages of this infed have been for a long time. Pear trees have never, indeed, flouriflied well, but of late far lefs : fome afcribe the blights of them to lightning, and hang pieces of iron in the branches, to anfwer the purpofe of ele£tric rods. In feme places lately, cherry and apple trees have been attacked by va- rious diftenipers, which caufc the fruit to rot, and the limbs to decay in rapid fucceflion till the tree dies. This gangrene in fruit trees bears a ftrong refen^blance to the mortification of members in the hu- man body J the corruption fpreads quickly over a large limb, and amput^T TO EUROPEAN SETTLERS. 51I amputation U tltc only prefcrvattve of the tree yet known. The lofii of peach orchardi li a contldernble difadvantage, as their rarly bloom is the principal beauty of fpring ) and the fruit is not only very pleating, both green and prcfecved, but alfo yields by diftilHng an agreeable and wholcfome lliiuor, well known by the name of peach brandy. The apple oi'chnrd* rlaim a folicitous care, merely as grent ornaments of the country t auich more fo as they fupply a great: article of diet and Ihlutary bwcroge, equal to feveral fpeciea of wine. An Amerlcnn trentile on fruit trees is wanted; which woidd fliow how far tho heft Mngllftt authors are applicable to divers parts of the United bt.itei ^ give n full account of all the beft fruits there cultivated, with tlteir varintlon from local caufes; collet^ all the various names of the im\e fiuit, and fix one as national, to pre- vent a confufion that often fiuArates information, both foreign and domeftic. Fifti ponds are ufeful decorations in places diftant from lakes and rivers ; and it is matter of wonder why this advantage is not derived from ponds and ftreami which are lb common : a ufelefs and un- wholefome fwamp may thus be changed into an elegant improve- fntnl, rHYIICO'MAtHKMATICAL INQUIRIES. ^Iachines for abridging lutiusin labour are efpecially deHred in America, as there can be no competition between them and the arms of induftrioui labour, while thefc have full employ on her extenfive lands, which mud be the cafe for ages. Agriculture has the firft claim to the exertion! of mechanical genius, as the principal fource of na- tional profperity. Extent of territory, improved by artificial in- duftry, muft yield a great quttniity of prodn£ts atfo cheap a rate as to bear exportation to very diftant markets. It is moreover a weighty conlideration to the humane philofopher, that agricultural mechanifm would in the fouthcrn Htntet fitpply the labour of flaves. Among important dcfiderata we may place thefc : — A machine for fowing broad-caft, fo as to fprend the grain even and in proper quantity ; ano- therfor cutting drnini,and makingbanks on their extenfive marfl\ mea- dows ; an apparatus for clearing new lands, which ought to be acom« pound of coulters, fawi, axel, and fcrews, fo that the trees may be pul- led out of the ground, cut In convenient pieces, and heaped ; a better inftrument for reaping than the rommon fickle; fuch, for example, as ^e cradling fcytbe creafmg population of the country, their iituation and form fhould be chofen with a view of permanent circumflances. A fure fupply of water is one great object. If the advantage of ports is deiired, in- quiry fliould be made whether the prefent water-courfes are likely to continue ; as in the old countries,, feveral towns have been immerfed, and others left far within land, by the increafe or diminution of the water, or by the change of the channels. Health and conveniency require feveral open fquares, wide ftreets, and a direction of them calculated for flielter in the winter, and for fliade and ventilation in the ifiervent fummer months. Aixhitedure claims the following remarks :— The pofition of boufes ought to fecure the fanning fummer breeze, and exclude the wintry blaft. Another bbje£t fhould be to exclude from fummer rooms, the burning fun, during the hotter part of the day. Entries ihrougliout the boufe are very common, but not generally in direc- tions that beii anfwer thefe purpofes. The length, and by frequent Intervals, feverity of winter in the northern and middle States, makes warm rooms not only agreeable, but in a degree necefi'ary. For this purpofe> the moil improved chimneys and iron ftoves are inadequate expedieiits ; efpecially as the open kind of thefe, though the more pleaiant, yet confume a great quantity of wood. The ftoves wlticU have long been in ul'e through Sweden, and a part of the ^ - neigh- hei(;ht they V for the have t feveral and wa ftrudlui tates, a; maybe fubjeft V To ft United S titude ar figure of political a Natui-al ^ious maze and beauti weeds troc qualities a ^een know this facred new and v miles hithei . in th€ lake through fei ral hiIJ;ory rational taft pJored the American pi The vege begin with j recovery of plants, who{ ceutics is ve * They are tlwrein, which O'^anJa, an infei Voi,. IJI. TO EUROPEAN SETTLERS. 513 Neighbouring- countries, are unqueftionably the bed ever yet devifed; they warm the room uniformly with a quarter of the wood required for thefe laft mentioned^ are free from any difagreeable fi^ami, and have the appearance of elegant furniture. * La'^er farms require feveral buildings, efpecially in cold countries, where fiore-houfei and warm dwellings for domeftic animals are neceflary. If all thefe ilrudtures are formed on regular plans calculated for the value of ef- tates, and refpeAive local circumftances, the ufeful and agreeable may be united in a very high degree : a Weli>written treatife on this fubje£t would be very valuable. To form with fpeed and conveniency an accurate map of the United States^ aftronomical obfervations ought to determine the la- titude and longitude of thofe places which are moft eiTential to the iigure of the whole country^ or to the fituation of certain parts io a political and economical view. iKquiries in natural history. Natural hift6ry> like a faithful guide, leads us through the myfte* jrious mazes of nature, and Opens to our enraptured eyes her fublime ' and beautiful wonders. Huw many precious plants are as defpicable weeds trod under foot in every part of the world ! how many ncvr qualities are from time to time difcovered in produ£lions which have been known for centuries in countries long ago perluilrated with this facred lamp ! what treafures may we not then expe£t in this hew and vaft divifion of the globe ! in the fbrefts of a thoufand miles hitherto traverfed only by favage tribes and mercenary traders ; in th^ lakes, fome of which are inland feas^ and rivers that wander through feveral States before th^y meet the ocean I negle^ of natu- ral hifl;ory under circumftances fo alluring would indicate a want of rational tafte. The great Linnaeus wilhed that be could have e;c- plored the continent of North- America ; may this wifh animate American philofophers ! The vegetable realm claims their firft attention. They (hould begin with a refearch of the (lores it offers for the prcfervation and recovery of health. The frequent appearance of trees, flirubs and plants, whofe tafte and fcent or analogy with well-known pharma- ceutics is very promifing, would lead us to expe<5t a very conddera- * They are conftrufled by an iron grate-Vork, and panes of a fine clay fitted therein, which are varuifhed according to tafte and ab.iity. At Bethlehem, in Penn- fylvanin, an inferior kind of thcf« are already in ufe. Vot.IlI. 3 U ble 5 di-ed of thefe fpecies are, or have been, more or left in ufe among the inhabitants, Very few of them are well known at to the extent and peculiarity of their qualities, and a very fmall number it adopted crther by the apothecaries or regular phyiicians. On this view the following expedients merit attention—- to fubditute indigenous meili* eines of equal value for thofe imported, which by quantity or price cttnfe a great national expenfej and that are liable to adulteration or depreciation by age } to point out the bed native plants in local diftrit^s, with fixed names, clear defcriptions, and accurate medical irilhniftions, for fafc, convenient and general ufe ; to appreciate the merit of thofe drugs which are edeemed fpecifics in the word epi* demic or particular didempers. Collecting all the botano*me(licnl iiiformation at prefent attainable, we may judge what plants are mod intereding, in what degree they are known, and how this knowledge may probably be mod improved : the Indians have feve« ral remedies againd the difeafes and accidents arifing from the cli- mate and their favage mode of life ; as feven, rheumatifm, wounds, bruifes, fcalding, chilblains, bite of venomous ferpents; beddcft emetics, cathartics, fudorifics, and dietics. Thefe have the fan^ion of time and fimplicity. It is alfo generally believed, that they pof- Ms very important Iccrets, of which only a few extraordinary fpe* rrmcns are related with plaufible authenticity. In.domcdic prad^ice, particularly of the country people, we obfervc medical plants of general falubrity, ufec' as detergents, tonics, fudorifics and laxatives? and others of particular virtue in rheumatifm, fsvcrsj peroral ail- nicnts, vifceral obftrnftiofls, ulcefs; external hurts, poiibns, female complaints, and difeafes of children. Among the great number of thc£: popular drugs, particular attention is due to thofe that are re- c6mmended by their lalutary eflfcfls, atteded by the patients or other perfons of credit ; and more fo, when the tedimonial is attended with a precife ftatement of fafts. In cafe of dcfcftive information, we may expeft valuable qualities in thofe which arc in vogue over large didrids ; becaufe this general edeem cannot be owing to imi- tation in a country, where intercourfe between didant places has till of late been very limited, and where botanical curiofity is yet very rare. The medical plants which America has in common with other coun- tries, poflel's the fame virtue, under variations from climate and lo- cal circumdances ; the too common opinion of their inferiority will often be changed by a fair trial. Different fpecies alfo promife a re- ward wird •Aua their ■An to pa numrafticc, anti of ixntives} orftl R'l- I, female jmber of It are re- or other fttten'.led irmaiioni gvie over ig to iml- luwtmof rery rare, kcr coun- te and \o- |or»ty wlU Iroife a re- ward TO EUROPEAN SETTLERS. $}$ wtrd of examination from the generic fimilarity ; when thefe are •£tually in ufe among the people of the country, the probability of their value is the greater. -An application of thefe principles will bring the following plants to particular notice : agrimony, potentilla>quinquefolium, polygo* num-biftorta, gentiana, fumaria, angelica, cochlearia, ervGmum of- ficinale, arum, fymphitum, inula campana, afarum, all grow in the northern and middle States, and are the fame with or near a-kin to thofe clafled among the beft fimples by Dr. CuUen in his Materia Medica.* The gentiana growing in the glades of Pennfylvania, Aa by Dr. Schoeph efteemed the bed of their feveral fpecies. The arum of North-America is generally called Indian turnep, from its ancient value among the Indians, and often ufed with other ingredients by the country people in that general debility confequent on tedious fevers. The beft recommended remedies againil internnittent fevdrs are cornus JfonJa, dogwood ; quercus pbelios^ live oak. ; perfimun ; lonicera Jymphtricarfos ; by their barks ; pyrola maculatat with t^c Indian name pipjijjeva ; fambucus Cauadenfis ; laurus afttvallft Ipice- wood, Benjamin tree, benzoin. The iirft is more .generally known ;ta deco£tion of the bark has, in many cafes, been effedtual ; it is by fome deemed equal, when freih, to the Peruvian.f The fccond is much valued in the fouth, its native place : that of perfimon in North'Carolina, and of \Qn\Q.cn.Jympboricarpos in Virginia4 An in- fiifion of the plant pyrola maculata has been frequently ufed forfone years in Pennfylvania, under the name of pipfijlewi.% The fambu- cus , Of Miienfit, red berry elder, is by the Indians called the /war- iti/b ; a decodtion of its wood and buds being of ancient renown •mongthem.ll The laurus feftual and fafe emetic Podophyllum pthatum^ foiiis peltatis palma- tis. May apple, is lately coming into praftice as a laxative by an ei;- tra£t of the root that removes its emetic quality.f Convolvulus paniiuratut grows in the middle latitudes ; and in the fouth fome fpecies fimilar to the convolvulus jaluppa, not well explored. Ulcers and cancerous fores are frequent among thofe whofe ho* mours are vitiated by perennial fevers ; in a variety of remedie* thefe deferve notice : irit vtrficohr^ afhes of magn. glauca, in form of plafter, and a ftrong bath of faflafras root, have cui-ed ulcerated legs. The root of faururus cimuuty foiiis cordatis petiolatis, amentis folitariis recurvis, lizarJ-tailf bruiied and applied as a poultice to foro and impoftumate breads will ripen and heal them. A fpecies of nigella, called gold thread, Indian mouth root^ is an cxcclleat remedy for an ulcerous mouth.l In New-England a fpecies of geum, wa^ ttr*4n>enty throat rootj curt aU, is an efteemed remedy for ulcerate^ fore throat ; a deco£tion of the root is both a gargle and drink.J Kumex aceto/tlla, floribus dioicis, foiiis lanceolatohaftatis, four doek^ cancer rooty is recommenced againft inveterate ring-worms | this is biennis and found over the whole country; the juice is mixe<|l with vinegar; (Schoeph) another is mentioned in the Boibn Memoir^ the root of which in decoftion is ufed in fore throat. The phyto- lacca decandra^ floribus decandris decagynis, poke^ has of late giveq promising experiments in the cure of cancers; the juice of the berries is infpiflated by the fun ; the young fprouts in fpring are eaten as afparagus, but grown too far they are violently cathartic \ ^his bufh is common tl^roughout the ^tates^ * Jeriifakm oak. f The iirft grows in the northern and midJk States, the latter in thcfe and the fouthern; it hears on a ftalk of two feet a yellow fruit like a lime, of a fweeiiih tafte. X LoflcieL Mem. of the Anjcricao Academy ; the root is like a ball of Ihinirc thread. § Floribus nutanribus, fru£lu oblongo, ariftis plumolis ; powder of the root is ufed by the Canadians in fever and ague. Am. Ac. i, 5lS GENERAL INFORMATION Vrefcrvativci Agninft vcnomoun fniJces fcemto tie fcMlcttd over thf ^httlr onnntiy, nnd tlicy luciit iull iiwcAigution, in order to provide jnoMipt ictticilici, ill every plucc, »nd ngainft diftcrent kindi of ier|>eiui, rfpt f iiilly ill the new fptilcmentii. Convolvului purpurfHt^ purpU'ltintl' ^«v.«', it very |K>wcrrul» it' it is true thnt tlie liuliiiiii cun hnttiiio rattlc'ltukcs uftcr .inoititing the huiiclK with iti jiiicr, »« Catriby re- Intes ) thin grows in the luudw A (pccics oi juniic it meiitiuncd in the cited uicnu)ir>i ai growing in tlic iiori hern counirim ncnr the limntti uf nutlc'Curtltcs, luillcd nttlc-fnaitr pl.mtain. The liicracinm vi-«i»/M«/| t'ohis i'vnieil'orn)ibvii hiitii, il'iipn mulo ciiillilliiiu) crcdu, growi) tVou) the north to Virgiiim inc.Uilivcly \ iu culled ])nor Robin's [iluntain, and laid to fruAratc the bite both of tl)'r rnttlc'fnnke and of his Aippoi'rd prectirfor the pilot-lnako. I*.ri^;cron, hkcwile culled Robert's plaintnin in PennfylvHoiu, is delnilwd by Dr. tiihocph thup, •* riulix rrpcns ; lolia radicalia ovata, bu(i aitetnwta, dcntata dcnti* h\\\ panels u niredali!i, (liintus, villorus, uniiiorns, &c. 9(c." Dr. Otto, a refpcCtabrc praiiititionr.r, int'orivcd him, that the hcib ought to be given in a plnntitul deco(.Hion, and alfo apphod \viih the root to tho 'wound. I'hc he rb of folidago wV^j *«>•<•*, golden rod, is uled in the i'amc maniter.* The root of aletris fn- riM»ja is taken in powder, or bruifed and fteeperoot, blading Aar, devil's bit, and greatly cfteemcd both by the Indians and the people of fcveral States lor many qua- Ijtics.f The polygahi Senega is well known. The plantain of Negro Cxfar we jud mention, with a wifb that an authentic account coukl be obtained of the experiments for which he obtained a public re^ nvard. Many credible tclVimonies agree in the hi\y that the Indians have extraordinary Ikiil in curing the bites of ferpents ; but whether any fpecific antidote is known appears doubtful : the plants in ufc a^V, however, as powerful fudorifics and abforbents : a narrative on tb.is fubjed would herv be tQpproli\ foir our plaa« , . » " . - .\ * Schocph defcribcs it as hiifitta, raJiee amara: Bartrain as « havrng (lender purple finlks, rifiig a fvOt high, with. a fpike of fine yellow flowers, for iv;ar one-third part ^f the length of the plant," fays it is much extoll»d. f Bartran fpeaks of it pritjcipally as a •' remedy in grievous pains of the bowels;" and fays, it has a ft.dk cij'.hteen inches long, with a fine fpike of White flowers fix Inches in Icnjth, blc9,ning iijuue^ and growing plentifully in the back parte of the ^otmtry^ ■ • ■■— ;t"- - Of qua- Negro covikl ic rC' nd'mns heihcr in ufc tive oil TO EUROPEAN SETTLERft. jfp Of late yean mndneri 6f dogs hai been mnre frrqMent) tlio tvici'thk dijfformis, iccornnicndcd by Clayton, (lioiilii be tiifid.* In the fcarch of new medicineo, fpicy trecN anil biiiiny cvcr*Krrrti« are particularly itwiting. Tlic I'vvuinps of the low roiiiifi'y idfoiiiul in planti of uroinatic fccnt ; the inrigiiotia gluiiciii To fri!i|ueiit In them, IccMii to hold out her fragrtuu lilicM and niinlon beniei f(» the Ikelcron-piry «if Stycinn vapours ; probubly her lovely liileri arc ah'o i:oinp:»flloiiatc.f Indigenoii!! cduIciitH claim attention in fcvcnil views, Thofe roots, herbs grains and barks, that in c^ife of need r;in iii|>poi t lil'tf, may be ufcful to travellers in th6 wildcrncfs, and to troopii that carry on an Indian war; the Cavagcs make this ufn of the Inner bark of the elm, and the roots of araliii nuilUaulii, 'i'lie r.dliidn of many kinds, gathered in divers paitHof the country during fprinf;, ihould be generally known. Several wild fruits might be Irnprovnl by culture, as walnuts, crabap|>lcs, papaws, niwtifia, yUum, grapes, pcrlbnons, honey'locuft, gUulltJia triacanthni j (bme pfrfoni have plapted orchards of this and made plenty of n)eth(^|{lin from the fwcct podi. While the fugar maple is of late jiiflly valued, iti kindred alfo merit more attention : we arc credibly InforiTKrd, that in Canada ccpially good fugar is made from the weaker jir«c of the red maple, a tree that uhoonds through all the Statcu. The cheiiiut onk is faid by Schocph to yield iti fpring a copious a^jrerablc drink \ other trees may have fin»ilar faps. Aromatic plants dclcrve notiar i the barks of young faflTafras and of calycanibut florUlm \ inuth re* fcmble cinnamon : the acorut calamm is under name of fpic'-wort, ufed in Mairachulctts. The plants ofed as tea in divers parts de» fervo examination : tlic cajjhtr^ called South fca tea tree, it olilcurcly known, but lias long been famous among the Inrliaiis.^ Many vegetable dies are already in iife, both amojij', the Indifjc.i and the inhabitants ; fome of them arc alio record'.d by wiiter*, but acoUedlion of fcattered praAice, and a felection of tlie btjl in ftvcty kind, are yet wanted. Jn this branch, the pradtiee of other umntiies may alio be adopted : thus the rhui loxicoJtnJron veiniXf vatliiUt i)T vowels ;" owere fix zai tlic Of * Sec Gron. Virginia. f Serpent. Virg. Sarfaparilla, &c. wants no mention { fesisr^l C4nn'4 Uffi lii)w is in Mr. Bartrain's garden from fifteen to twenty feet high> and has not been affcfled with five fevere winters within twelve years, though its native place is Georgia. The flowers are large and fragrant, with lily-like petala, and a tuft •f gold-coloured itamlna. II Bignonia cata! pa floutillaes in and beyond Pennfylvania. ■• t ** ^«. »■.■'',< J g^ • Ot tribes ^ao £ throUi other < refult «f . loci daniag< which < ground ter part itw Wee Venoi confined that haui /Irong ei produce \ fweats, tr In the m pains and with a lor very noxio Among thoufands bois in th( cans know A ftrikin kinds, and wardly der venture to * Neflling 1 t They fee Spoliated by tl have their turr lities, aj we fij them. + Thunbcrg ( joptnica. ...i ■:■ Our jvL'iT. TO EUROPEAN SETTLERS. 52I Our reniarky on the animal domains fliall begin with the fmall tribes, becaufe ' fome of thefe do remarkable miichief. The Hef- iian fly has, for feveral years made great havoc in the wheat fields through all the'middle States,* tind the caiiker worms, caterpillai s, aiid other vermine, lay wafie the orchards ; fome remedies will hopefully refult from the inquiries, of late, begun in feveral places. Hofts of. locufls fome years in£eft the woods, and caufe coniiderable damage by devouriqg the leaves of trees over large diftridts, many>ot which decay when thus expofed to the burning fun ; they lie in the ° ground for a period of years, not yet afcertained ; appear in the Uit« ter part of the fpring, when the uaks are in perfect foliage, and in a few Weeks difappear.f Venomous infe£ls are rare, and obfciire^ known, as they feem confined to the wxM>ds, A fpecies of thefe, called mountain fpider, that haunts the inner parts of the fonthern States, is faid to be large, (Irong enough to take fmall birds in the net, and by his fling tq. produce violent pains at the heart, inflammations with alt«inate cold fweats, tremor^, frenzy, and death, if proper cure is not obtained. In the middle State there is a black fpider, whoi'e bite caufes great pains and a tranfient blindnefs, but is not mortal. A large ant, with a long Aing, common in Maryland and farther fouth, is alfo very noxious. Among the handfome infedls of America, the fire fly is the firfl ; thoufands of thefe illumine the fummer nights, and by their gam- bols in the air, prefent a fky full of falling flars ; | but the Ameri- cans know not where thefe lamps are hid in the long winter nights. A flriking mechanifm is remaikable in the horn beetles of various kinds, and efpecially in the wood fawer, who with two curve inr wardly dentated prongs, can cut off fmall twigs of trees. We venture to add a zoophyton in the Ohio country, which alternately * Neflling in the joints of tlic flalks, they bite it off before the giain i^s i ipi. •f- They feem to cj^tend far, as many hurdrcd acre upoi) vhe Ohio arc fiiJ to he fpoliatcd by them ; yet is their depredatiQ:i local an.', varying, fo that diiTcrcnt parts have their turn j they were in Pcnnfylvania eighty years ago, and with the fa;r.f qua- lities, as we fi^id by old Swedilh records, which alio add that the Indians fed upon them. X Thunbcrg dcfcribes thofc of J,^pan in tl>e fame maimer^ under the name of lum^rit jafanica. -\ Vol, III, sx: \y i 22 GENE|LAL INFORMATION is vegetable and animal.* But without fuch extraordinary phcpf* inenon, the econoniy of the nun^erous little aninudi is wonderful enough to awaken our attention, efpecially in this country, wh^ it is yet unexplored. Thirty or forty fpecies of fnakes are counted, but fcvcral a^e very imperfectly known, efpecially thofe which are rare or local. Th^ horn fnake is now feldom feen, but many accounts agree, that thf ifpur of his tail is fo venemous, as to kill young tjrees, if by accident it iftri^es them. The king fnake of the ibuth is not feen, .w^ believe, iPar north. The Rouble-headed fnake may be a monftrous produc- tion ; but two fpecimens of it are found in Nojir-England, and two more are now in Mr. Peale's mufeum : that fome kinds of ferpents charm birds and fquirrels is a fa£^, but in what manner we knpw not. Fortunately the fmaller number is venomous, but which fpecies fhould be avoided, is an interefiing queftion } though the green ^oake, imperceptible in the grafs, is harmlefs, fome that occaiibnally com^ nearhoufes, are not fo. On quadrupeds in general, two inquiries are interefting ; what is -the fpeciiic difference from thofe of the fame genus in the eaiftern world ? And how doth the fame fpecies vary in America under dif« ferent latitudes ? In the firft the tygers and panthers require particii* Jar notice ; in the feeond the bear, which frequents the interior coutj- try from north to fouth ; and the panther, which has alfo a wide range. Among thofe peculiar to North-America, the moofe deer is yet, we believe, undefcribcd, and known to few perfons bdow the fouth of Canada.f The opoflum, common in America, and long known for iingularities, is yet unexplored in the greateft of all, to wit, that the female breeds her young at her teats within the ifalfe * This W3S communicated to Dr, Nicholas Collin, reftor of the Swedifh churches in Pcnnfylvania, by a rcfpcflablc milTionary, who had long been among the Indians, and bad feen tikis animal, but would not have his name mentioned, as the matter may appear incredible ; it is three or four inches high, and after having crawled about the woods, is fixed in the greand, becoming a plant with a ftcm through its mouth, &c. It is analogous to the vegetable fly «f Dominica, that buries itfelf in the ground, dies, and fprjiigs up like a young coffee planti for wliich it is ioften miftaken, until the root upon examination is found to be the head, feet, and body of the animal. Ste tht Na- turcU Uif try of Dominica, by TLtmas Aituttitf fu6/iJhedTj^1. f Some years ago on.- was exhibited ill Philadelphia; it is a lai^c animal with veiy high fore l^s, a Ihort neck, &c. 3 r fjelly; kit] kdht i>erh inor< to fit «alf. Tt t^dtioi andti ^feful Tht but m deem6 cconon fivems mental tyranny turkeys, woods; Gene ionfufcc there ne £fli, tha infiflij^ food, &J Naturj learning! beftowec to increaj Wen wh( Superior «tely foi ceive all Mufeuro^ and fore *That, ^Mecarecfl •oK^e. erful qreit ivery s »tth? den^ it clieye, iroduc- id two erpents ow not. fpecies n tnaVe, lly com<5 ; what is B eaiftern nder dif- epartic\|« ribr coun- Ifo a wide )fe deer is beiow the and long of all, to the falfe idilh churchtJ the Indians, ,c matter may v»led about the mouthj kc. ground* dies, until ibe root Set tht Na- TO EUROPEAK SETTLERS. 523 wt\\ft many perfoni in diftant qyartf rs aflert they have feen them adhering to the teats when fmall as a pea. The yaft mammoth i» |>erhap8 yet ftalking through the weftern wildernefs ; but if he is no hiore, his remains ihould be carefuHy gathered, and attempts made to find a whole ikeleton of this gianf, t6 whom the elephant is but a «alf. The great herds of buffaloes in the weftern country are a valuable tJsitiona] pofleflibn, a wanton' deftru^ion of them fhould be checked, tad trial of domeftlcation wotlld,' perhaps, bd both pradicable and ^feful. The gre^t nuinlber of birds in the old fettlements have been de^ribed, but many equivocally, and our knowledge of their habits is in gene- ts ytxy fmall. The Americans fhoiild not! indifcreetly deftroy thofo deemed of no value ^ who knows what part is affigned to them in thd economy of nature } Perhaps the numerous tribes of woodpeckers iave many trees from deftruftive worms. As to the ufeful and oroa- mental birds,' they demand protection againft licentious and greedy tyranny ; the beautiful and melodious birds diminilh faftj and th« turkeys, once fo abundant, have long ago been drove into the refnote woods; General knowledge of the fiflies of America^ is very limited and eonfufed : of "thOfe ini the weftern waters we have only reports ; there never has been from eye Witnefs a tolerable account of the cat fifli, that weighs firoiii feventy to one hundred pounds. Thof-; proper in iifh ponds cannot be felefted without knowing what kind of water, food, &c. they require. Natural hiftory demands efteem from American feminaries of learning; and honorary degrees in this purfuit would be much better beftowed than on minifters of the gofpel, the only good of which is, to increafethe privilege of, and beget a blind veneration for a dafs of . men who ought to be diftinguiflied from fociety by nothing biit their fuperior piety and virtue : the principal feminaries fhould immedi* ately form botanical gardens, on a plan fo liberal a^ gradually to re- ceive all thetrees^ fhrubs, and plants mofl valuable in every refpeft. MufeUms are alfo very important, for exhibition of both native and foreign produAions.* Finally, it is neceflary to fix ge- imal with ve7 belly; *^.Thatof Mr. Fiea}« in ^iladelph«a, conuaented a few years ago, is by his lau^ dable care coining inro reputation both at home and abroad, and merits the poblic pa^ ■OBage. 3X » . serai 514 GEKERAL INFOlfMATlOK neral names for every vegetable and aAimal of public utility, that great numbers may receive and impart information* MSTEOROLOCfCAL IRQyiRIES. ' Chatigcs in the atmofphere have fuch important confequences on the affairs of human life, that the art of prognofticating them ia very beneficial. It has of late years been cultivated with great afll- duity in varions^ parts of Europe, and the feries of obfervations will ip~adually form a fyftem that may at leaft unite probable conjectures with much certain knowledge. Several circumftances of the United States point out correfponding inquiries~-they are fubjeA to fudden gulls of wind, and fome tornados that rapidly pafs over a fpace of one or two hundred miles : from the beginning of fpring till the fetting in of winter, thefe occalion many unhappy accidents on ^heir extenfive coafts and ample navigable rivers. Their traniient ftr6kes are, however, not comparable to thofe fevere fiorms that generally viflt the Americans two or three times in that feafon.: after thefe» the ga- eettes announce numerous deplorable fliipwrecks, and other di&fiers ; coming from the eaft with heavy rains, they generally caufe inunda- tions, which overflow a raft extent of meadow grounds, on the lengthy rivers and winding creeks, and fometimes damage wharfs and Aores of commercial towns. A forefight of all thefe would Mable them to elude their fur)' : veflTels might ftay in port, or feek a flielter ; merchahdife might be fecured ; the hay might be removed^ and the cattiP, which fometimes perifhes by the fudden nfe of the V/ater. In fummer the fudden gufts happen generally towards eveoo ing, after a fultry calm for fome hours : when attended with thunde and rain, warning is given by the rifing clouds : thofe with a clear Iky art lefs frequent, and preceded only by light eddies in the air for fome n>itiute3. The tornados are probably announced by fome re- markable fymptoms, though their happily rare occurrences has pre> vented attention ; tht; air is, we believe, ver ^'nltry fof twc *r three days, and on the Inft, ibniewhat hazy wiii. tremulous light breezes fiom the well. The caflcrly'ftorms are ulhered in by the gra- dual thickeniiig of the clouds and increafe of the wind for many hours. The irregularity of the feafons is agreat impediment in the bnfi- jiefs of I'ocial life ; the fallacious appearance of an early f^ring^oftenr invites the hulbandman and gardener to planting and fowing, which will be injured by fevere IVofts and cold rainst The beginning I*5SMt . t A P - . : ^ of A',i'«^>r, at ices ata afli' will ures nited dden ce of Uthc I ^hcir Jrbkcs lyvifit hega- aft^rs ; nunda- on the wharfs would feek a inovedt of the [ds evcDo thunde Ih a clear le air for fome re- has pre-- it three |t breetes the gra- Ifor many TO EUROPEAN SETTLERS. $2$ «f winter Virlei nlfo by feveral weeks : after the firft of December, mild weather it often chnnged into cold, that within two or three days fills th$ riven of the northern and middle States with ice, by which veflels outward bound are detained, and thofe coming on the coaft fuffer feverely. A greater dlfadvantage of this variation is, uncer- tainty of the feeding timCf on which much depends the future crop ; if it is too early, the luxuriance of autumnal vegetation exhaufts the root i if too late, It cnntiot ncqtitre fuflicicnt firmnefsto bear the froft. The Americans have two |)ro){tio(lics of winter which are founded in nature i the migration of wild geefe fliows that the nonhern waters are freezing, and that they may expe£l fevere north-wefterly winds : abundance of rain, by cooling the air and wetting the earth, prepares both for the ImprefTton of the frofts; increaiing number of par- tridges, pheafunti, and other ground birds in the populous parts, with the appearance of bears, doth alfo indicate that the wefteru woods are already covered with i'now. Mild winters are always fuc- V ceeded by cold fprlugiii liarly thunder is a fare token of immediate cold weather for a week or twot The progrefs of the vernal feafoa would moft probably appear from m accurate Cakntfarium Flonti the bloom and foliation of fome trees being unfolded, not by an occa* (ional warmth of the air, but by a gradual penetration of the heat to their deep roots, proves at lend nil afcendancy of the vernal tempera- ture not ealily overcome by the northerly gales. The fudden aJtemtioni of cold and heat throughout the year, would often be left injurious to health, by forcfeeing them : general rules are thefe, exceflive warmth for the ieafon feldom continues above a few days, and quickly changes into the oppofite extreme : Utie days in winter, fpring, and latter part of autumn are immedi- ately fuccecded by cold and wet, rain or fnow, according to feafoit and latitude { wherefore they are called weather breeders. FND OF THE THIRD VOLUME* , the bnri- Jing.oftenr iowingf Ibeginning of